《國際商務信函（英文）》課程教學大綱

PAGEPAGE27國際商務信函教學大綱TeachingProgrammeforInternationalBusinessLetter-Writing經濟學院國際經濟與貿易/國際商務教研室TableofcontentsITeachingpurposesandrequirements………………3IIPointstobenoted……………………3IIITeachingcontents……………………4Unit1…………………4Unit2…………………5Unit3………………..7Unit4…………………8Unit5…………………10Unit6…………………11Unit7…………………14Unit8…………………16Unit9…………………17Unit10………………20Unit11………………22Unit12………………23Unit13………………25IVperiodallocation……………………27VMainreferencedocuments…………….…………28Teachingpurposeandrequirements教學目的與要求Throughthestudy,thestudentsshouldmastertherelevanttheories,principles,theproceduresandtherelevantknowledgeofinternationalbusinesscommunications.Thestudentsshouldmasterthecommonlyusedsentences,phrasesandexpressionsofbusinesscommunications.Thestudentsshouldmastertheskillsofwritingbusinessletters.Pointstobenoted應當注意的問題Internationalbusinesscommunicationisoneofthemainspecializedcoursesforstudentsmajoringininternationaltradeandeconomicswhichshouldbetaughtin3rdyear(6thsemester)ofthecollegeteaching.Beforestudythiscourse,thestudentsshouldhavelearnedtherelevantcourseslikeINTERNATIOANLTRADE,PATCTICEOFINTERNATIONALTRADE,INTERNATIONALFINANCE,INTRENATIONALCOMMERCIALLAW,MARKETINGandINTERNATIONALBUSINESSNEGOTIATION.Themainmethodisteachingtogetherwithstudents’participation.IIITeachingcontentsUnitOneBusinessLetterWritingIKeypoints重點ThesevenmainpartsconsistingabusinessLetterwriting:IIDifficultpoints難點EssentialsofBusinessLetterWritingIIITeachingcontents教學內容I．EssentialsofBusinessLetterWriting/Essentialqualitiesofbusinessletters/theso-calledthreeCsClearness：thelettershouldbeexactandclear,trytouseplainandsimplewordsConciseness:Don’twritethoseunnecessarywords/sentenses.Courtesy:promptness:Writetheletterinthe“you“attitude.Andtobepoliteenough.II.LayoutofBusinessLettersIntermsofcontents:Businesslettersconsistofsevenprincipleparts:A.TheletterheadB.ThedateC.InsidenameandaddressD.ThesalutationE.Themessage/thebodyF.ThecomplimentarycloseG.Thewriter’ssignatureandofficialpositionIII.Howtoaddressanenvelop?IVReviewandpointsforconsideration復習思考題WhataretheEssentialsofBusinessLetterWriting2.Howtoaddressanenvelopeandthelittlestyles？UnitTwoESTABLISHINGBUSINESSRELATIONSIKeypoints重點Letterwritingforestablishingbusinessrelations.IIDifficultpoints難點THROUGHWHATCHANNELSCANPEOPLEGETTHENAMEANDADDRESSOFAFIRM?IIITeachingcontents教學內容1.WHYDOFOREIGNFIRMSNEEDBUSINESSCONNECTIONS?Inordertostartorexpanditsbusinessactivities.2.THROUGHWHATCHANNELSCANPEOPLEGETTHENAMEANDOFAFIRM?Ifafirmneedtoopenupamarkettosellsomethingorbuysomethingfromfirmsinforeigncountries,thepersoninchargeshouldfirstofallfindoutwhomheisgoingtodealwith.Suchinformationusuallycanbeobtainedfrom:internet，tradefairs,friends,banksandadvertisingetc.3.HOWTOwriteALETTEROFESTABLISHINGBUSINESSrelations?Tobegintheletterbytellingtheaddresseehowhisnameisknown,②Thensomegeneralinformationshouldbegivenastothelinesofbusinessbeinghandled,andtellingtheotherpartywhatyoucansellorwhatyouwanttobuy.③Expressthehopethatbusinessrelationscansoonbeestablished4.Howshouldthereceiverofaletterreply?Heshouldreplyinfullwithouttheleastdelayandwithcourtesy.SpecimenLetters:Reviewthesevenpartsconsistingabusinessasper1stletterwithsomecommentsLetter-2(1)ChinaNationalChemicalsImport&ExportCorporationNational/branch/sub-branchSINOCHEM/SINOPECKnowledgepoints:USUALLYTHEREAREFOURSTEPSFORBUSINESSCONSULTATION：Enquiryoffer—counteroffer—acceptance.Amongthesefoursteps,offerandacceptancearethetwoindispensablestepsBeautifulphrases:Withreferenceto/asfor/astoEnterinto/establish/setupForyourreferenceIncompliancewith/InaccordancewithASPERLetter-2(2)SpecializeinLookforwardtodoingsth.ShippingqualityandweightThestructureoftheletterItisaverytypicalletterofestablishingbusinessrelationsandexplainthepurposeofeachparagraph.Especiallythefirsttwoparas.Letter-2(3)ThisistointroduceAregularsupplyofCompetitiveofferfor50MTCompetition/compete/competitive;MT/tonTobuyinlargequantitiesIVReviewandpointsforconsideration復習思考題HOWTOWRITEALETTEROFESTABLISHINGBUSINESSRELATIONS?UnitThreeStatusenquiriesIKeypoints重點：LetterwritingforstatusenquiriesforI/EcorpsIIDifficultpoints難點：Whatisstatusenquiries?IIITeachingcontents教學內容I．Whatisstatusenquiries?Statusenquiriesarethosewrittencommunicationsinwhichtradersaskforinformationconcerningthefinancialposition,credit,reputation,andbusinessmethodsofotherfirmsoneisgoingtoenterintorelationswith.IITradersmayapplytobanks,chamberofcommerceorinquiryagencies.Generallyspeaking,informationfrombanksorachamberofcommerceisreliable.ThiskindoflettershouldbeheadedwithPrivateandconfidentialLetterofcreditIII．Threemainpaymentterms:Remittance（匯付）/collection（托收）:D/P&D/A/L/C（信用證）即期、遠期BemostgratefulTobemuchobligedClient/customerDue/duetos.s.steamshipvesselWordsandphrasesWhatarethefunctionsofstatusenquiries?……istogetinformationconcerningthefinancialposition,credit,reputation,andbusinessmethodsofdoingbusinessofotherfirms.Whyisitimportanttoobtainalltheinformationpossiblerespectingthefirmoneisabouttoenterintorelationswith?…….Willhelptodecidewhetheritisadvisabletodobusinesswiththefirmornot.AsfarasourinformationgoesForyourreferenceBemostgratefulEnjoyhighreputationIVReviewandpointsforconsideration復習思考題Whatisstatusenquiries?andthroughwhatChannelscanyouapplytoforstatusenquiries?UNITFOURINQUIRIESANDREPLIESIKeypoints重點Letterwritingfirmakinganenquiryletter?(themainstructuresandsteps)IIDifficultpoints難點ThefourstepsandtheunderlyingmeaningformakingadealIncludinganinquiry.IIITeachingcontents教學內容1.Bywhomaretheenquiriesusuallymadeinforeigntrade?buyers.2.Whatistheaimofmakingenquiries?togetinformationaboutthegoodstobeorderedsuchasprice,deliverydateandotherterms.3.Shouldenquiriesbeaddressedtoindividual?Whynot?NO.,becauseiftheparticularpersonisawayfromoffice,theenquirieswillhavetowait,ortheenquiriesmaybeaddressedtothewrongperson,thiswillmeandelay.4.Whatshouldtheanswerstoenquiriesbe?Theanswertoenquiriestoenquiriesshouldbeprompt,courteousandhelpful.I.Aninquiry/enquiryisarequestforinformationconcerningthepossibilityortheconditionsofmakingabusiness.Itisusuallythefirststepinabusinessnegotiationandisoftenmadebybuyers.Itisnotlegallybindinguponeitherthebuyerortheseller.Therearetwotypesofinquiries:generalandspecific.Theformerissenttoacquiresomegeneralinformationaboutproducts,suchasaskingforpricelists,cataloguesandsamples,etc.Thelatterexpressesadefinitewishtopurchaseaspecificproduct,anditrequiresmoredetailedinformationsuchastheavailabilityofgoods,pricesandotherterms.Aninquiryshouldbewrittendirectlyandcourteously,Ifitisafirstinquiry,startyourletterbytellingtherecipientfromwhichsourceyougothisname,thenyoucangiveanintroductionofyourownbusinessandexplainwhatyouwantthereceivertodo.II.Howtowriteanenquiryletter?1.Stateyourchannelsofgettingtheinformation2.Putforwardyourrequirements.3.expressthehopethatapositivereplycansoonbereceivedThegeneralstepsandcommonlyusedsentencesforwritinganinquiryletterareasfollows:1.Stateyourchannelsofgettingtheinformation(toinformtheotherpartythechannelsofgettinghisnameandaddress.)e.g.WehavegotyournameandaddressthroughtheintroductionofourfriendMr.LiinBeijing.YournamehasbeengivenusbyBankofChinaofthiscity…2.Putforwardyourrequirements.①Statedirectlythegoodsyouwanttobuy.e.g.weareconsideringthepurchaseof…weareinterestedinimportingchemicals.weareregularbuyerofmen’sknitwear.②asktheotherpartytosendcatalogue,pricelist,sample,andothertermsandconditions.e.g.wouldyoupleasesendusyourlatestcatalogueandpricelist.Weshouldliketoknowifyouallowanydiscount.PleaseletushaveyourlowestFOBYantaiprices,quantityavailable,packing,termsofpayment,etc.Ifyourquotation③Stresstheimportanceofacompetitiveandreasonablepricee.g.Ifyourofferisreallycompetitive,wewillsendyouatrialorder.Ifyourtermscomparefavorablywiththoseofothersuppliers,wecanplaceyouregularorder3.expressthehopethatapositivereplycansoonbereceivede.g.Pleaseletusknowbyreturninge-mailwhetheryouwouldbeinterestedsuchanorder.Lookingforwardtohearingfromyousoon.Usefulphrasesinthespecimenletters:Dozen/scorediscountBeexcellentinqualityandreasonableinpricebecomepopularmeetthedemandinviteyourattentionplaceanorderATRIALORDERthereisasteadydemandforsomethingWeareinthemarketforsomethingtakeitthat:youmaybelievethatthedemandexceedsthesupply.thesupplyisinadequatetomeetthedemand/supplyfallsshortofdemandsupplygoesoverdemand.Pleaserestassuredthatpleaseputyourheart/mindateaseTobeinthemarketforIVReviewandpointsforconsideration復習思考題Howtowriteanenquiryletter?(themainstructuresandsteps)UNITFIVESENDINGFROFORMAINVOICEIKeypoints重點LetterwritingforSENDINGFROFORMAINVOICE.IIDifficultpoints難點Thedifferencesbetweenanordinaryinvoiceandaproformainvoice.IIITeachingcontents教學內容I.MeaningandfunctionsofproformainvoiceAproformainvoiceisaninvoicesentforform’ssake.Itbindsneitherthebuyernortheseller。Itcanbeusedasaformalquotation,andthebuyercanuseittomaketherelevantpreparations.Itdoesnotnecessarilyinvolveineverybusiness。II.Good/usefulwordsandphrases:Duplicate/triplicate/quadruplicateImportlicence:alegalpermittodosomethingdrivinglicenceExpire:cometoanendTheforthcomingGuangzhoufairWordsandphrasescommonusedinforeigntradeUsefulexpressionsHoldtheofferfirm/open//good/validIVReviewandpointsforconsideration復習思考題TheletterwritingforSENDINGFROFORMAINVOICE.UNITSIXOFFERS&COUNTEROFFERSIKeypoints重點LetterwritingformakinganofferIIDifficultpoints難點Meaningoffirmofferandnon-firmofferIIITeachingcontents教學內容I.Anofferwhichcanalsobecalledaquotationisusuallythesuggestionorthetermsandconditionssentbythesellerinresponsetoaninquiryforacceptanceinordertoconcludeadeal.Ifthebuyersendsanoffer,itiscalledabid.Therearetwokindsofoffer:firmofferandnon-firmoffer.Afirmofferisapromisetosellgoodsatastatedpriceandquantity,usuallywithinastatedperiodoftimewhichcannotbewithdrawn,revokedandamendedanditisuptothebuyertoacceptortorejectortomakeacounterofferduringthevalidityperiod.AspertherelevantUNregulations,anoffer,aslongasithasthenameofthecommodity,thepriceandthequantity,thenitisafirmoffer.(itiscomplete)Yetinthefactualbusiness,afirmoffershouldbeinasmuchdetailsaspossible,suchaspaymentterms,timeofshipment,packingandspecifications,etc)Afirmoffershouldbedefinite,clear,completeandfinal.II.EffectiveWritingSkillsforwritingaletterofmakinganoffer?Lettersofmakingoffersarealsooneoftheroutinedutiesforaforeigntrader.Theyshouldbewrittenpromptlyandhelpfully.Replytoallinquiriespromptly.Sincebuyers’inquiriesarevaluablesalesleads,yourresponseandthetimeittakesyoutoreplyarecriticaltobesuccessful.Makeyourofferhelpful.Asatisfactoryletterofmakingofferswillbringafavorableresult,creatingchancesofbusiness.Thus,thiskindoflettershouldanswerallthequestionsmentionedintheinquiries.Thesamplesandcataloguesshouldbesenttotheprospectivebuyerassoonaspossible.Tobeaccurateandwithconfidence.Theinformationsuchaspriceandquantityyouprovideshouldbeexactandaccurate.Youshouldtrytowritetheletterwithassuranceanddesireforfuturecooperation.Thegeneralstepsandcommonlyusedsentencesforwritingaletterofmakinganofferareasfollows:1.Expressyourthanksfortheinquirye.g.(Many)thanksforyourinquiryofOct1andforyourinterestinourproducts.WethankyouforyourinquiryofOct1andarepleasedtoquoteasfollows.2.Providetheinformationrequiredbytheotherparty,andpreferablymakesomefavorablecommentsonyourproductse.g.Asrequested,wearepleasedtoofferyouasfollowsandaresendingyouthecataloguesandsamples.Ourproductsenjoygreatpopularityforthegoodqualityandreasonableprice.Ourproductsaregoodinqualityandreasonableinprice.3.Indicatethevalidityperiodoftheoffer(ifitisafirmoffer).e.g.Pleasenotethattheaboveofferisvalid(firm/good)for5days.TheofferissubjecttoyouracceptancebeforetheendofthisweekWemuststressthattheofferwillremainopenforthreedays.4.Expressthehopethattheofferwillbeaccepted.e.g.Welookforwardtoreceivingyourpromptconfirmation.Wetrustthatyouwillfindourquotationsatisfactoryandlookforwardtoreceivingyourorder.4.Howtowritealetteraletterofrejection?(p.111)SpecimenlettersLetter1/2PlaceregularorderswithyouprovidedyourpricesarecompetitiveParticularlystresstheimportanceofpriceHaverepeatordersUSD13/eachCIFNYTermsofpaymentTimeofshipmentL/Catsight/L/Cat30days’sight/L/C30daysaftersightWearepleasedtoofferyouourbestpriceasfollows.Wearegladtoquoteyouourbestprice/mostcompetitiveprice/mostfavorablepriceasfollowsRock-bottompriceThequotationissubjecttoourfinal/furtherconfirmationThisofferisvalid/good/firmforthreedaysLetter3thecontentsisveryusefulandbeautiful,youshouldtrytorecitethefirsttwoparagraphsYourpricesappeartobeonthehighsideascomparedwiththoseofothermakesTobefrankwithyou/TobecandidwithyouTomake（conclude）adeal/business/transactionIfyoucannotdoso,weshallhavenoalternativesbuttoleavethebusinessasitis.Letter4AvailablefromstockNotavailableforsupplyatpresentAfortnightDonothesitatetodosomethingWillreceiveourcarefulattentionWordsandphrasescommonlyusedinforeigntradeUsefulexpressionsExercises:ExerciseIIIpointoutwhichofthefollowingexpressionsarefirmoffersExerciseIVWritealettertome,withaquotationofaproductofyourhometown,givingfavorablecommentsontheproductandrecommendingmyacceptance.IVReviewandpointsforconsideration復習思考題Howtowritealetterofmakinganofferandacounteroffer.UNITSEVENSALESPROMOTIONIKeypoints重點LetterwritingforwritingasalesletteIIDifficultpoints難點Typesofsalespromotionlettersandtherelevantknowledge.IIITeachingcontents教學內容Typesofsalespromotionletterssalesletter促銷信:letterstopersuadebuyertobuywhatthesellercansupply.Usuallythiskindofletterforbotholdandnewcustomers,especiallyfornewcustomersagoodsalesletterconsistsoffourelementsA.arouseinterestB.createdesireC.carryconvictionD.induceactionrevivers振興信:letterstoregainortooldcustomersfollow-upletters隨訪信:(alsoforoldcustomers)letterswhichrefertocustomers’inquirywhichhasbeenpreviouslymade,expresstheregretthatnoorderornobusinessandinquireintothereasons,andputforwardnewandpossibleadvise.Rulestoobserve:TokeepthelettershortCatchthereader’sinterestGivetheletteranattractivelookspecimenlettersSellfastOrdercardlookthroughinsubstantialquantityitisjustthenextnewesttoclearthestockuptothepresentwritingawaitwaitforIIIwordsandphrasesandusefulexpressionsYourpricesaretoohightointerestthebuyersinmakingacounterofferByvirtueofitssuperiorqualityTobesaleableinyourmarketTobenotavailableforsupplyatpresentIVReviewandpointsforconsideration復習思考題Letterwritingforwritingasalesletter,areviverandafollow-upletterUnitEightOrdersandTheirFulfilmentIKeypoints重點Letterwritingofplacinganorder.IIDifficultpoints難點Theunderstandingoftheobligationsofthebuyerandthesellerrespectively.IIITeachingcontents教學內容I.Knowledgepoints:1.Whatisanorder?2.Whatarethecontentsofanorder?3.Whenanorder/agreementcomesintoforce,whataretheobligationsofthebuyerandthesellerrespectively?Theseller:todeliverthequalifiedgoodsattheagreedtimeandquantity.Thebuyer:toacceptthegoodsandmakethepayment.BooktheshippingspaceSomemostcommonlyusedphrases:Areductioninprice/ToreducethepriceReplacementofgoodsCanceltheordertomakeaclaimII.SpecimenlettersPlacingafirstorderTosupplyfromcurrentstockInduplicateacknowledgementofthefirstorderbythefirstavailablesteamercoveringletterwithorderformacknowledgementoforderNO.237salesconfirmation/agreement/contractpurchasingcontractcountersigninsb’sfavorwiththeleastpossibledelaystipulations/termsandconditions/clausesIVReviewandpointsforconsideration復習思考題Letterwritingofplacinganorder.UnitNineTermsofPaymentIKeypoints重點L/CAmendment&ExtensionUrgingEstablishmentofL/CIIDifficultpoints難點L/CAmendment&ExtensionIIITeachingcontents教學內容PartItherelevantknowledgeofPayment***Threemainkindsofpayment:L/CCollectionremittanceWhyL/CisthemostwidelyusedpaymenttermsItissafeandreliableforboththesellerandthebuyerandithassolvedtheproblemofdisbeliefbetweensellerandthebuyer.2.theproceduresofopeninganL/C.3.whatismeaningofanirrevocableL/CTheapplicantcannotamendthetermsoftheL/Cwithouttheagreementoftherelevantparties.theexportercanonlyacceptanirrevocableL/C4.compareL/C,D/PandD/A,whydopeoplesay(fortheexporter)L/CisbetterthanD/PandD/PisbetterthanD/A?Ifyouareanexporteranditisuptoyoutodecide,whichdoyouprefer?D/PcallsforactualpaymentagainsttransferoftheshippingdocumentswhereasD/Acallsfordeliveryofdocumentsagainstacceptance.***Collection-_--D/PD/A5.Ifyouareanimporter,whichpaymenttermwouldyouchoosefirst?andwhichisyoursecondchoice?Paymentinadvance,L/CorD/P?IIspecimenlettersPlaceaninitialorderAsagreedAdequatestocksDrawonFreightprepaid→CIF/CFRFreighttocollect→FOBThedrawer→exporter→payeeThedrawee→importer→payerPartIIUrgingEstablishmentofL/CThemeaningofurgingEstablishmentofL/CitisthesellerwhourgesthebuyertoopentheL/CifthebuyerfailstoissueitortheL/Cdoesnotreachthesellerintime.Specimenletters:3rd/5th/letterforoptionalstudyareverytypical.HowtowritealetterofurgingestablishmentofL/C?①WehavenotreceivedyourL/Csofar,andthegoodshasbeenready.②PleaseopentheL/CASAP,Or….③LookingforwardtoreceivingyourL/Csoon.Sample:Dearsirs:We’dliketodrawyourattentiontothefactthatwehavemadethegoodsreadyforthe2000dozenofThermosFlaskfordeliveryinJuly,butyourL/Chasnotreachedussofar.Thishascausedusmuchinconvenience.PleaseopentheL/CASAP,ortheshipmentmightbedelayed.HopewecanreceiveyourL/Csoon.PartIIIL/CamendmentandextensionThemeaningofL/Camendment.ItisthesellerwhoasksthebuyertoamendtheL/C.WhenthesellerreceivestheL/C,theveryfirstjobforhim/hertodoistocheck/examinetheL/C.Ifhefindssomediscrepancies(somepointswhicharenotinaccordancewiththecontract),thenheshouldasktheapplicanttoamendtheL/CAmendment&extensionUsuallytherearethreedatesinanL/C:ThedateofissuingtheL/CThelatestshippingdateTheexpirydateRespectivelyThedeadlineforbookingtheshippingspaceUsefulexpressionsHowtowritealetterofamendingtheL/C?⑴WehavereceivedyourL/CNo.xxx,butonexamination,wehavefoundsomediscrepanciesasfollows:a.Thepriceshouldbe“”⑵PleaseamendtheL/Caccordingly,ortheshipmentmightbe……⑶LookingforwardtoreceivingyourL/Camendment.SAMPLE:ChinaNationalI/ECorpxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx,P.R.CTele:xxxxxFax:xxxxxE-mail:xxxxxDate:July15th,xxxxHuaFengTradingCo.DearMr.Zhang:WehavereceivedyourL/CNo.94625,butonexamination,wehavefoundsomediscrepanciesasfollows:a.PleaseamendtheL/Ctoread“100%confirmedandirrevocable…”b.ThetotalamountshouldbeUSD8,750.00c.Transhipmentshouldbeallowed.d.PleaseextendthelatestshippingdateandexpirydatetoAugust31standSept21strespectively.WehopeyoucanamendtheL/CaccordinglyandarrangetheL/CamendmenttoreachusbytheendofJuly,ortheshipmentmightbedelayed.LookingforwardtoreceivingyourL/Camendment.YourssincerelyXXXIVReviewandpointsforconsideration復習思考題Letter-writingforamendingL/CUnitTenPACKINGIKeypoints重點TypesofmarkingsIIDifficultpoints難點LetterforthepackingclauseIIITeachingcontents教學內容Twotypesofpacking:⑴Transportationpackingwhichcanbecalledlarge/outerpacking⑵Salespackingwhichcanbecalledsmall/innerpacking2.Typesofmarkings⑴Asperthereasons:①theconsignee’sowndistinctivemarking②officialmarkings③Specialmarkings⑵Purposes:①shippingmarks②Indicativemarks③Warningmarksthestudentsshouldlist/namesomespecifiedpackingcontainersbag/drumscarton,etc.palletsandcontainersTwomostcommontypesofcontainers:20and40feetcontainersTEUShanghaiisnowoneofthethreelargestportsinthewholeworldintermsofimportandexportvolume.ShanghaiwhereasYantaihasreached1millionwhichisoneofthetenlargestportsinChina.LinerFCL—fullcontainerloadTWO20feetFCLsLCL—lessthancontainerloadspecimenlettersWordsandphrasesUsefulexpressionsIVReviewandpointsforconsideration復習思考題LetterforpackingclausesUnitElevenINSURANCEIKeypoints重點therelevantKnowledgespointsconcerninginsuranceIIDifficultpoints難點InsuranceclausesIIITeachingcontents教學內容I.Keypointswhichthestudentsmustmaster:1.Specializedwords:Insurancepolicy/certificateMainriskswhichareusuallycoveredunderaninsurancepolicythepremium2．Insurer→insurancecompanytheinsured→I/Ecorporations3.ChinainsuranceClausescanbeabbreviatedasCIC,therearethreeprincipalperilsunderCIC,whatarethey?TheyareFPA,4．Usuallypeopleeffecttheinsurancefor110%oftheinsurancevalue.Sometimesthebuyermayrequesttocovermorethan110%,thentheextrapremiumshouldbeforthebuyer’saccount.5.Whatarethedifferencesbetweengeneralaverageandparticularaverage?Thecausesforthelossaredifferent{particularaveragemeanspartiallossordamageaccidentallycausedtotheshiportheparticularlotofgoodsWhereasthecauseforgeneralaverageisvoluntarysacrificeorexpenditureintimeofperilandforthesafetyofthevesselandthegoods.ForParticularaverage,itistheownerofthegoodsorthevesselwhoshouldbeartherelevantcharges,whereasforgeneralaverage,itissharedbyallwhohaveafinancialinterestinthevoyageanditsrisksinproportiontothevalueoftheirinterests.6.Howshouldtheinsurancevaluebecalculated?Therearefourpartsconsistingtheinsurancevalue:cost,freight,insuranceandexpectedprofitWhatarethemainfactorsdeterminingthetypeofinsurancewhichpeopleshouldeffect?Natureofcargo,modeoftransportation,destinations,packing,creditofbusinesspartners*(judge)Ithasbeentheusualpracticethatininternationaltrade,peopleeffectinsurancefor120%oftheinvoicevalueunderCIFtransactions.*(judge)Ifpeoplehaveeffectedinsuranceagainstallrisks,theinsurershouldberesponsibleforallthelossesunderanyeventincludingthefactthatthereisawar.IVReviewandpointsforconsideration復習思考題therelevantKnowledgespointsconcerninginsuranceUnitTwelveShipmentIKeypoints重點TwotypesofoceanvesselsIIDifficultpoints難點FunctionsofB/LIIITeachingcontents教學內容Knowledgepointstomaster:1.TwotypesofoceanvesselsLiners:withregularroute/ports/rate&schedule,loadingandunloadingchargesincludedinthefreight,idealforsmallquantityofgoodsTramps:withnoregularroute/ports/rate&schedule,loadingandunloadingchargesareusuallynotincludedinthefreight,idealforlargequantityofthegoods2.FunctionsofB/L:itpresentsthreeaspects:itisareceiptofthegoods,itisacontractevidence&anditisatitledocument.3.TherearemanytypesofB/L.Amongallthesetypes,shipped/cleanandorderB/Lismostwidelyused.4.TEUreferstoa20feetcontainer,andthemostwidelyusedcontainersininternationaltradeare20/40feetcontainers*Shanghaiisoneofthethreelargestportsintheworldintermsofimportandexportvolume,whichis20millionTEUbyend2006Yantaiisoneofthetenla