十一選十和概要寫(xiě)作復(fù)習(xí)講義-高考英語(yǔ)沖刺復(fù)習(xí)

上海2022屆高考英語(yǔ)沖刺復(fù)習(xí)

十一選十和概要寫(xiě)作復(fù)習(xí)?知識(shí)點(diǎn)梳理（一）十一選十1、解題步驟第一步：詳讀選項(xiàng)，詞分類(lèi)。第二步：略讀全文，定中心第三步：瞻前顧后，靈活選第四步：復(fù)核檢查，定結(jié)果2、判斷方框單詞詞性確定空格為名詞（句子缺主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)）1）句子缺主語(yǔ)2）句子缺動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ)3）注意名詞也可作定語(yǔ)確定空格為動(dòng)詞（句子缺謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞）注意此時(shí)動(dòng)詞形式為原形，三單，過(guò)去式，進(jìn)行時(shí)或被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的過(guò)去分詞。1）及物動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)2）不及物動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)3）系動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)4）祈使句5）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和進(jìn)行時(shí)情況確定空格為形容詞（句子缺定語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)）1）單個(gè)形容詞作前置定語(yǔ)2）形容詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)3）形容詞作表語(yǔ)確定空格為副詞（句子不缺主要成分，用來(lái)做狀語(yǔ)）1）句子完整，副詞可修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、整個(gè)句子、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式、過(guò)去分詞等2）副詞還可修飾名詞或代詞，如only,hardly,almost,precisely等3）注意省略情況確定動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)形式（do,doing,done）1）動(dòng)名詞①作主語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)和介詞賓語(yǔ)②注意動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)2）不定式①注意帶to和不帶to兩種情況②注意to還可能是作介詞用3）分詞①單個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞作前置定語(yǔ)，分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)。②單個(gè)分詞也可作后置定語(yǔ)，如left,used,gained等（二）概要寫(xiě)作1、解題步驟1）閱讀記敘文Who/when/what/where/how/theresult/thewriter'spoint議論文Argument1/supportingdetailArgument2/supportingdetailConclusion說(shuō)明文Thetopic-whatThereason-whyTheeffects-howThesolution/conclusion①把握文章體裁。概要寫(xiě)作一般包括記敘文、議論文、和說(shuō)明文。將注意力集中到原文的中心思想和文章的整體結(jié)構(gòu)上，根據(jù)文章體裁特點(diǎn)決定內(nèi)容的取舍。②畫(huà)出主題句或關(guān)鍵詞。主題句一般出現(xiàn)在段首或段尾。如果沒(méi)有明顯的主題句，那么需要考生自己重新組合。③整合概括大意。最后，考生要根據(jù)閱讀時(shí)獲取的信息、主題句或關(guān)鍵詞（組）等，對(duì)相關(guān)的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行整合，理清各層次、要點(diǎn)之間的關(guān)系，用自己的語(yǔ)言把詞（組）擴(kuò)展成句，歸納出各段落的大意，也就是表達(dá)的要點(diǎn)。2）寫(xiě)作概要寫(xiě)作在透徹理解原文基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)原文進(jìn)行高度的概括。要注意以下幾點(diǎn)：①準(zhǔn)確。概要寫(xiě)作必須絕對(duì)忠實(shí)原文，既不能遺漏任何要點(diǎn)，也不能隨意添加內(nèi)容。概要寫(xiě)作的時(shí)態(tài)、順序應(yīng)與原文寫(xiě)作的時(shí)態(tài)、順序一致。由于概要寫(xiě)作是轉(zhuǎn)述別人的事情或觀(guān)點(diǎn)，所以，不管原文使用何種人稱(chēng)，概要寫(xiě)作一般都要用第三人稱(chēng)。②客觀(guān)。在進(jìn)行概要寫(xiě)作時(shí)，考生要依據(jù)原文作者的觀(guān)點(diǎn)，客觀(guān)地轉(zhuǎn)述文中的要點(diǎn)，不要把自己個(gè)人的觀(guān)點(diǎn)和看法摻雜進(jìn)去，不要使用“Ithink”和“Ibelieve”等主觀(guān)性的詞句。由于概要寫(xiě)作不允許照抄原文中的句子，因此，考生可采用句型轉(zhuǎn)換、同義詞轉(zhuǎn)化、語(yǔ)態(tài)互換等手法將原文中的句子進(jìn)行改頭換面，到達(dá)“雁過(guò)不留痕”的效果。③簡(jiǎn)潔。概要寫(xiě)作的詞數(shù)有限，去掉原文中的一些實(shí)例、冗長(zhǎng)的說(shuō)明、描述性的修飾語(yǔ)以及省略或簡(jiǎn)化圖表，刪除直接引語(yǔ)的對(duì)話(huà)。采用主謂縮寫(xiě),句式省賂，合并句子，使用簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句，with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，適當(dāng)使用復(fù)合句等方法來(lái)進(jìn)行概要寫(xiě)作。但必須注意的是，簡(jiǎn)潔的同時(shí)一定要保證所寫(xiě)的內(nèi)容概要意義完整，表達(dá)清楚，連貫緊湊。④連貫。概要寫(xiě)作不是簡(jiǎn)單地羅列各個(gè)要點(diǎn)，哪怕只有一個(gè)段落，考生也要根據(jù)原文的層次結(jié)構(gòu)，在適當(dāng)?shù)牡胤教砑舆B接詞，使所寫(xiě)的內(nèi)容概要銜接緊密，條理清楚。3）檢查①查。查一查要點(diǎn)是否全面；查人稱(chēng)與時(shí)態(tài)是否正確；查銜接是否連貫；查是否有直接照抄原文的句子（注意照抄原文超過(guò)5個(gè)詞扣一分）；查拼寫(xiě)和語(yǔ)法是否有誤；查標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)及大小寫(xiě)是否正確等等。②數(shù)。數(shù)一數(shù)內(nèi)容概要的詞數(shù)是否符合要求，一個(gè)單詞也不能超過(guò)。2、解題技巧「提煉一2、解題技巧「提煉一刪除細(xì)節(jié)刪除具體例子要點(diǎn)要點(diǎn)防止重復(fù)整合要點(diǎn)語(yǔ)言丁同義轉(zhuǎn)換：近義詞、同義詞、反義詞等替換■句子重構(gòu)：調(diào)整詞類(lèi)、句型、時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)等邏輯銜接：照應(yīng)、替代、省略、連接和詞匯銜接?課堂檢測(cè)（一）VocabularyDirections:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.prizedB.answerableC.limitD.accessibleE.projectedF.justifyG.piratedH.insightfulI.chieflyJ.purchaseK.genuinelyWelivetodayindebtedtoMcCardell,Cashin,Hawes,Wilkins,andMaxwell,andotherwomenwholiberatedAmericanfashionfromthe31ofParisiandesign.Independencecameintying,wrapping,storing,andrationalizingthatwardrobe.Thesedesignersestablishedthemodemdresscode,lettingplaysuitsandotheractiveoutfitssuitcasualclothing,allowingpantstoenterthewardrobe,andprizingrationalismandutilityindress,incontradictiontodressingforanoccasion.FashioninAmericawaslogicaland32tothewillofthewomenwhoworeit.Americanfashionaddressedademocracy,whereastraditionalParis-basedfashionwasprescriptiveandimposedonwomen,willingornot.Inanearliertime,AmericanfashionhadalsofollowedthedictatesofParis,oreven33specificFrenchdesigns.DesignersportswearwasnotmodeledonthatofEurope,as"modemart“wouldlaterbe;itwas34inventedanddevelopedinAmerica.Itsdesignerswerenothigh-endwithsupplementarylines.Thedesignobjectiveandthebusinesscommitmentweretargetedtosportswear,andthedistinctivetraitswereproblem-solvingingenuity（獨(dú)創(chuàng)性）andrealisticlifestyleapplications.Easeofcarewasmostimportant:summerdressesandoutfits,inparticular,were35cotton,readilycapableofbeingwashedandpressedathome.Closingsweresimple,practical,and36,asthemodemwomandependedonnopersonalmaidtodressher.Americandesigners37thefreedomofwomenwhoworetheclothing.Manyhavearguedthatthewomendesignersofthattime38theirownclothingvaluesintoanewstyle.Ofcourse,muchofthisargumentinthe1930s-40swasadvancedbecausetherewaslittleornoexperienceindesigningclothesonthebasisofutility.Butcouldutilityalone39thenewideasoftheAmericandesigners?Fashionisoftenregardedasapursuitofbeauty,andsomecherishedfashion^relationshiptothefinearts.WhatthedesignersoftheAmericansportswearprovedwasthatfashionisadesignart,answeringtothedemandingneedsofservice.Ofcoursethesepractical,40designershavedeterminedthecourseoflatetwentieth-centuryfashion.Theywerethepioneersofgenderequity,intheiruseful,adaptableclothing,whichwasbothmadeforthemassesandcapableofself-expression.31-40CBGKIDAEFHDirections:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.conditionB.reverseC.monitorD.presentE.matureF.mobilityG.rejectedH.potentialI.symptomsJ.progressionK,transformedJapanresearchersonMondayannouncedthefirsthumantrialusingakindofstemcelltotreatParkinson'sdisease,buildingonearlieranimaltrials.TheresearchteamatKyotoUniversityplanstoinjectfivemillioninducedPluripotentStem（IPS）cells（誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞）—whichhavethe31todevelopintoanycellinthebody-intopatientbrains,theuniversitysaidinapressrelease.TheIPScellsfromhealthydonorwillbedevelopedintodopamine-producingbraincells,whicharenolonger32inpeoplewithParkinson'sdisease.Parkinson'sdiseaseisachronic,degenerativeneurologicaldisorderthataffectsthebody'smotorsystem,oftencausingshakingandotherdifficultiesinmovement."Currentlyavailabletherapiesimprovesymptomswithoutslowingorputtingastoptothedisease33__/thefoundationsays.Butthenewresearchaimstoactively34thedisease.Theclinicaltestwithsevenparticipantsagedbetween50and69willbeginonWednesday.Theuniversitywill35theconditionsofthepatientsfortwoyearsaftertheoperation.Thehumantrialcomesafteranearliertrialinvolvingmonkeys.ResearchersannouncedlastyearthatprimateswithParkinson'ssymptomsregainedsignificant36afterIPScellswereinsertedintotheirbrains.TheyalsoconfirmedthattheIPScellshadnot37intotumoursduringthetwoyearsaftertheimplant.IPScellsarecreatedbystimulating38,alreadyspecialized,cellsbackintoaninfantstate—basicallycloningwithouttheneedforanembryo(胚胎).Thesecanbederivedfromthepatient,makingthemlesslikelytobe39,whilealsoavoidingethicalconcernsabouttakingcellsfromembryos.Thecellscanbetransformedintoarangeofdifferenttypesofcells,andtheiruseisakeysectorofmedicalresearch.Riken,aJapanesegovernment-backedresearchinstitution,carriedouttheworld'sfirstsurgerytoimplantIPScellstotreatapatientwithage-relatedmaculardegeneration(AMD),acommonmedical40thatcanleadtoblindnessinolderpeople.OsakaUniversityisalsoplanningaclinicaltesttotreatheartfailurebyusingaheartmusclecellsheetcreatedfromIPScells.31—40HDBJCFKEGA(二)SummaryDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Fordecades,ithasbeencommonpracticeforrichcountriestogiveaidtotheirpoorcounterparts.However,inrecentyearstherehasbeenagrowingbeliefthatinternationalaidcouldbeharmfultotherecipients.Iagreethatgivingaidtopoorcountriescoulddomoreharmthangood.Itistruethatforeignaidhassomebenefits.Poorcountriescanusefinancialaidtobuildinfrastructuresuchasroadsandschools,therebyfacilitatingeconomicgrowth.MillionsofAfricansnowhaveaccesstocleanwaterwells,builtwithaidmoney,whenpreviouslymanyofthemgotsickdrinkingfilthywater.Whennaturaldisastersstrikepoorcountries,itiscommonfortheinternationalcommunitytosendmedicalassistanceandfoodtothem,thushelpingtorelievethesufferingofthoseaffectedandsavelives.However,internationalaidhasfarmoredrawbacks.Aroundtheglobepoorcountriesareoftentroubledbypoorgovernance,anditislikelythataidtothesecountrieswillendupbeingembezzled(盜用)bycorruptofficials,ratherthanbringingreal,concretebenefitstopeopleinneed.Inwar-tornareas,financialassistancemayevenbeusedtopurchaseweaponsandineffectfuelconflicts.Foreignaidalsohastheeffectofdisruptingthelocalmarketsoftherecipientcountries.Whenfarmerscanreceivefreefoodonaregularbasistheymaylosetheincentivestogrowfoodontheirown.Thiswillhinderthegrowthofthefoodindustryandcreateacultureofdependencethatisharmfultoacountry'slong-termdevelopment.Insummary,althoughinternationalaiddoeshaveitspositiveaspects,theseremainlimitedinbothscopeandscale.Inmanycases,givingaidtopoorcountriesoftendefeatsitspurpose,andgovernmentstheworldovershouldbeprudentwhenitcomestosendingandreceivingaid.參考答案：Theharmsofaidingpoornationsactuallyoutweighitsbenefits.(1)Thoughforeignaidboostseconomicgrowthandhealthlevels,andeasespeople'ssufferings,(2)itmaybemisusedbycorruptofficialsandevenformilitarypurpose.(1)Worsestill,foreignaidsmaydisruptthelocalmarkets,encouragingdependencewhilehinderingthedevelopment.(1)Therefore,moreprudenceisneededregardingforeignaids.?課后作業(yè)(一)VocabularyDirections:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.associationsB.characteristicsC.dinersD.experiencedE.exploitF.implicationsG.interpietH.playI.previouslyJ.processedK.simplyHowsoundandcolourinfluencethetasteoffoodThesoundpeoplehearwhiletheyareeatingfoodcanchangethewaytheythinkittastes,scientistshavediscovered.Infact,researchershavealsofoundthatchangingthecolourofafoodcaninfluencetheflavour31byconsumers.Foodmanufacturersarenowhopingto32thefindingsinanattempttomaketheirfoodsmoreappealing.Itwas33thoughtthatthesenseoftasteandsmellweretheonlyhumansensesthatplayedaroleinexperiencingflavour.ProfessorCharlesSpence,asensorypsychologistatOxfordUniversity,isaleadingexpertinhisfield.Hebelievesthatitispossibletochangetheflavoroffoodsimplybyexcitingpeople'ssenseofhearing.Forexample,listeningtowaveshittingtheseashorecanmake34detectseafoodflavours.ProfessorSpencehasalsodiscoveredthat35changingthecolourofafoodcaninfluencethewayittastes.Hefoundthatbychangingadrinkfromyellowtoadeepred,itispossibletomakeittasteupto12percentsweeterthanitreallyis.Hesaid:"Thiscolourhasstrong36withveryripefruit.9Flavourisnotjustassimpleasthewaysomethingtastes,asalltheothersensescomeinto37andsomecandominatethewaythebrainwill38afood.Icecreamactivatesapartofthebrainwhichisjustbehindtheeyesandiswhereemotionsare39,Bymelting,itchangesitsphysical40andcreatescontraststhatcontinuallykeepyoursensesinterested.Sonexttimeyouareinarestaurantorasupermarket,orjustsittingdownathometoeatsomething,thinkaboutwhetheryourchoiceshavebeeninfluencedbysoundorcolour.Youmaybesurprised!31—40DEICKAHGJB（二）SummaryDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint（s）ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.BlowingaFewTopsEverstoppedtoconsidertheupsideofvolcaniceruptions?It'snotalldeath,destructionandhotliquidrock一scientistshaveaplantocooltheplanetbysimulatingonesucheruption.Solargeoengineeringinvolvessimulatingavolcanobysprayingaerosols（氣溶月交）intotheatmosphere.Whentheycombinewithoxygen,dropletsofsulfuricacid（硫酸）form.ThesedropletsreflectsunlightawayfromEarth,coolingtheplanet.Allgoodintheory,buttheconsequencesarelargelyunknownandafewcouldbedisastrous.InastudyrecentlypublishedinNatureCommunications,researchersledbyAnthonyJones,aclimatescientistfromtheUniversityofExeter,foundthatusingthistechnologyintheNorthernHemispherecouldreducethenumberoftropicalwindshittingtheU.S.andCaribbean.Butthere'sanannoyingexchange:morewindsintheSouthernHemisphereandadroughtacrosstheSahelregionofAfrica.That'sbecausetheentireclimatesystemislinked-disruptingoneregionwillinvariablyaffectanother.Howwouldanationreactifanotherwascausingitsweathertogetmuchworse?Wouldthatbeanactofwar?Thereis,however,acaseforusingsolargeoengineeringonaglobalscale.Jonessaysitcouldbeusedto“taketheedgeoff"thetemperatureincreasesscientistsarepredicting.Itcouldbeusedwhiletheworldsearchesformoreeffectivestrategies.Thestudyalsohighlightsafarbiggerproblemwithsolargeoengineering:itscompletelackofregulation.“There'snothingthatcouldstoponecountryjustdoingit,“Jonessays.uYouonlyneedabout100aircraftwiththreeflightsperday.Itwouldcost$1billionto$10billionperyear."Headds,"It'sdeeplydisturbingthatwehavethistechnologythatcouldhavesuchamassiveinfluenceontheclimate,yetthere'sjustnoregulationtostopcountriesorevenorganizationsfromdoingit.”Jonescautionsthatthereismuchabouttheclimatesystemwedonotunderstand,aswellasfarmorethatwillneedtobedonebeforesolargeoengineeringisconsideredsafe-ortoodangeroustoevendiscuss.參考答案：Theplanetcouldbecooledbyusingsolargeoengineering,ifscientistssimulateaneruptingvolcano.However,itcouldhavedevastatingside-effectsbecausetheclimatechangeinoneregionmayaffectanother.Thefactthatthereisnolawtostopanycountryorcompanyfromusingthistechnologyworriesscientists.Thetechnologyrequiresfurtherstudybeforebeingputintouse.Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint（s）ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.e-learning:Hazypast-betterfuture?Howmuchofaneffectdoestechnologyhaveonstudents9learning?Asignificantone,itseems,accordingtoexperts.Cunentlyavailabletechnologies,themostimportantofwhicharecomputersandtheInternet,apparentlyprovidealearningenvironmentinwhichproblem-solvingandintellectualenquirycanflourish.Theprocessoflearningintheclassroommaybecomesignificantlymoreeffectiveasstudentscandealwithinformationonthecomputer.Orsothetheorygoes.Myownviewpointisratherdifferent,Tmafraid.Computershavebeenaroundfortwodecadesaspartofschoolequipment.Thereare,ofcourse,obstacleslikec