2022年福建考研英語一試題真題及答案

——2023——20232022年福建考研英語一試題真題及答案SectionIUseofEnglishTheideathatplantshavesomedegreeofconsciousnessfirsttookrootintheearly2000s;theterm“plantneurobiology”was 1 aroundthenotionthatsomeaspectsofplantbehaviorcouldbe 2 tointelligenceinanimals. 3 plantslackbrains,thefiringofelectricalsignalsintheirstemsandleavesnonethelesstriggeredresponsesthat 4 consciousness,researcherspreviouslyreported.Butsuchanideaisuntrue,accordingtoanewopinionarticle.Plantbiologyiscomplexfascinating,butit 5 sogreatlyfromthatofanimalsthatso-called 6 ofplants’intelligenceisinconclusive,theauthorswrote.Beginningin2006,somescientistshave 7 thatplantspossessneuron-likecellsthatinteractwithhormonesandneurotransmitters, 8 “aplantnervoussystem, 9 thatinanimals,”saidleadstudyauthorLincolnTaiz,“They 10 claimedthatplantshave‘brain-likecommandattheirroottips.”This 11 makessenseifyousimplifytheworkingsofacomplexbrain, 12 toanarrayofelectricalpulses;cellsinplantsalsocommunicatethroughelectricalsignals. 13 ,thesignalinginaplantisonly 14 similartothefiringinacomplexanimalbrain,whichismorethan“amassofcellsthatcommunicatebyelectricity,”Taizsaid.“Forconsciousnesstoevolve,abrainwithathreshold15ofcomplexityandcapacityisrequired,”he16.”Sinceplantsdon’thavenervoussystems,the17thattheyhaveconsciousnessareeffectivelyzero.”Andwhat’ssogreataboutconsciousness,anyway?Plantsrunawayfrom 18 ,soinvestingenergyinabodysystemwhich 19 athreatandcanfeelpainwouldbeavery 20 evolutionarystrategy,accordingtothearticle.[A]coined[B]discovered[C]collected[D]issued[A]attributed[B]directed[C]compared[D]confined[A]Unless[B]When[C]Once[D]Though[A]copedwith[B]consistedof[C]hintedat[D]extendedto[A]suffers[B]benefits[C]develops[D]differs[A]acceptance[B]evidence[C]cultivation[D]creation[A]doubted[B]denied[C]argued[D]requested[A]adapting[B]forming[C]repairing[D]testing[A]analogous[B]essential[C]suitable[D]sensitive[A]just[B]ever[C]still[D]even[A]restriction[B]experiment[C]perspective[D]demand[A]attaching[B]reducing[C]returning[D]exposing[A]However[B]Moreover[C]Therefore[D]Otherwise[A]temporarily[B]literally[C]superficially[D]imaginarily[A]list[B]level[C]label[D]load[A]recalled[B]agreed[C]questioned[D]added[A]chances[B]risks[C]excuses[D]assumptions[A]danger[B]failure[C]warning[D]control[A]represents[B]includes[C]reveals[D]recognizes[A]humble[B]poor[C]practical[D]答案解析：[A]coined[C]compared[D]Though[C]hintedat[D]differs[B]evidence[C]argued[B]forming[A]analogous[D]even[C]perspective[B]reducing[A]However[C]superficially[B]level[D]added[A]chances[A]danger[D]recognizes[B]poorSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Peopleoftencomplainthatplasticsaretoodurable.Waterbottles,shoppingbags,andothertrashlittertheplanet,fromMountEveresttotheMarianaTrench,becauseplasticsareeverywhereanddon’tbreakdowneasily.Butsomeplasticmaterialschangeovertime.Theycrackandfrizzle.They“weep”outadditives.Theymeltintosludge.Allofwhichcreateshugeheadachesforinstitutions,suchasmuseums,tryingtopreserveculturallyimportantobjects.Thevarietyplasticobjectsatriskisdizzying:earlyradios,avant-gardesculptures,celluloidanimationstillsfromDisneyfilms,thefirstartificialheart.Certainartifactsareespeciallyvulnerablebecausesomepioneersinplasticartalwaysknowhowtomixingredientsproperly,saysTheavanOosten,apolymerchemistwho,untilretiringafewyearsago,workedfordecadesattheCulturalHeritagAgencyoftheNetherlands.likebakingacake:Ifyoudon’thaveexactamounts,itgoeswrong,”shesays.“Theobjectyoumakeisalreadyatimebomb.”Andsometimes,nottheartist’sfault.Inthe1960s,theItalianartistbegantocreatehundredsofbright,colorfulfoampieces.Thosepiecesincludedsmallbedsrosesandotheritemsaswellasafewdozen“naturecarpets”—largerectanglesdecoratedwithfoampumpkins,cabbages,andwatermelons.Hewantedviewerstowalkaroundonthecarpets—whichmeanttheyhadtobedurable.Unfortunately,thepolyurethanefoamheusedisinherentlyunstable.It’sespeciallyvulnerabletolightdamage,andbythemid-1990s,Gilarispumpkins,roses,andotherweresplittingandcrumbling.Museumslockedsomeofthemawayinthedark.SovanOostenandhercolleaguesworkedtopreserveGilardi’ssculptures.Theyinfusedsomewithstabilizingandconsolidatingchemicals.VanOostencallsthosechemicals“sunscreens”becausetheirgoalwastopreventfurtherlightdamageandrebuildwornpolymerfibers.Sheproudthatseveralsculptureshaveevengoneondisplayagain,albeitsometimesbeneathprotectivecases.DespitesuccessstorieslikevanOosten’s,preservationofplasticswilllikelygetharder.Oldobjectscontinuetodeteriorate.Worse,biodegradableplastics,designedtoareincreasinglycommon.Andmoreisatstakeherethanindividualobjects.JoanaLiaFerreira,anassistantprofessorofconservationandrestorationattheNOVASchoolofScienceandTechnology,notesthatarchaeologistsfirstdefinedthegreatmaterialagesofhumanhistoyStoneAge,IronAge,andsoon—afterexaminingartifactsinmuseums.Wenowliveinanageofplastic,shesays,whatwedecidetocollecttoday,whatwedecideto…willhaveastrongimpactonhowinthefuturewe’llbeseen.”AccordingtoParagraph1,museumsarefacedwithdifficultiesin .maintainingtheirplasticitemsobtainingdurableplasticartifactshandlingoutdatedplasticexhibitsclassifyingtheirplasticcollectionsVanOostenbelievesthatcertainplasticobjectsare .immunetodecayimproperlyshapedinherentlyflawedcomplexinstructureMuseumsstoppedexhibitingsomeofartworksto .keepthemfromhurtingvisitorsduplicatethemforfuturedisplayhavetheiringredientsanalyzedpreventthemfromfurtherdamageTheauthorthinksthatpreservationofplasticsis .costlyunworthyunpopularchallengingInFerreira’sopinion,preservationofplasticartifacts .willinspirefuturescientificresearchhasprofoundhistoricalsignificancewillhelpusseparatethematerialageshasanimpactonculturalSectionIIReadingComprehension答案解析：[A]maintainingtheirplasticitems[C]inherentlyflawed[D]preventthemfromfurtherdamage[D]challenging[B]hasprofoundhistoricalText2Asthelatestcropofstudentspentheirundergraduateapplicationformandweighupoptions,itmaybeworthconsideringjusthowthepoint,purposeandvalueofadegreehaschangedandwhatGenerationZneedtoconsiderastheystartthethirdstageoftheireducationaljourney.Millennialsweretoldthatifyoudidwellinschool,gotadecentdegree,youwouldbeupforlife.Butthatpromisehasbeenfoundwanting.Asdegreesbecameuniversal,theybecamedevalued.Educationwasnolongerasecurerouteofsocialmobility.Today,28percentofgraduatesintheUKareinnon-graduateroles,apercentagewhichisdoubletheaverageamongOECDcountries.Thisisnottosaythatthereisnopointingettingadegree,butratherstressthatadegreeisnotforeveryone,thattheswitchfromclassroomtolecturehallisnotaninevitableoneandthatotheroptionsareavailable.Thankfully,therearesignsthatthisisalreadyhappening,withGenerationZseekingtofromtheirmillennialpredecessors,evenifparentsandteacherstendtobestillsetinthedegreemindset.Employershavelongseentheadvantagesofhiringschoolleaverswhooftenprovethemselvestobemorecommittedandloyalemployeesthangraduates.Manytooareseeingtheadvantagesofscrappingadegreerequirementforcertainroles.Forthoseforwhomadegreeisthedesiredroute,considerthatthismaywellbethefirstofmany.Inthisageofgeneralists,itpaystohavespecificknowledgeorskills.Postgraduatesnowearn40percentmorethangraduates.Whenmoreandmoreofushaveadegree,itmakestohavetwo.ItisunlikelythatGenerationZwillbedonewitheducationat18or21;theywillneedtobeconstantlyup-skillingthroughouttheircareertostayemployable.Ithasbeenestimatedthatthisgeneration,duetothepressuresoftechnology,thewishforpersonalfulfilmentanddesirefordiversity,willworkfor17differentemployersoverthecourseoftheirworkinglifeandhavefivedifferentcareers.Education,andnotjustknowledgegainedoncampus,willbeapartofGenerationZ’scareertrajectory.Oldergenerationsoftentalkabouttheirdegreeinthepresentandpersonaltense:‘Iamageographe’or‘Iamaclassis’.Theirsonsordaughterswouldneversaysuchathing;sasiftheyalreadyknowthattheirdegreedefinetheminthesameway.TheauthorsuggeststhatGenerationZshould .becarefulinchoosingacollegebediligentateacheducationalstagereassessthenecessityofcollegeeducationpostponetheirundergraduateapplicationThepercentageofUKgraduatesinnon-graduaterolesreflect .Millennial’sopinionsaboutworktheshrinkingvalueofadegreepublicdiscontentwitheducationthedesiredrouteofsocialmobilityTheauthorconsidersitagoodsignthat .GenerationZareseekingtoearnadecentdegreeschoolleaversarewillingtobeskilledworkersemployersaretakingarealisticattitudetodegreesparentsarechangingtheirmindsabouteducationItisadvisedinParagraph5thatthosewithonedegreeshould .makeanearlydecisionontheircareerattendonthejobtrainingprogramsteamupwithhigh-paidpostgraduatesfurthertheirstudiesinaspecificfieldWhatcanbeconcludedaboutGenerationZfromthelasttwoparagraphs?Lifelonglearningwilldefinethem.Theywillmakequalifiededucators.Degreeswillnolongerappealthem.Theywillhavealimitedchoiceof答案解析：[C]reassessthenecessityofcollegeeducation[B]theshrinkingvalueofadegree[C]employersaretakingarealisticattitudetodegrees[D]furthertheirstudiesinaspecificfield[A]LifelonglearningwilldefineText3Enlightening,challenging,stimulating,fun.TheseweresomeofthewordsthatNaturereadersusedtodescribetheirexperienceofart-sciencecollaborationsinaseriesofarticlesonpartnershipsbetweenartistsandresearchers.Nearly40%oftheroughly350peoplewhorespondedtoanaccompanyingpollsaidtheyhadcollaboratedwithartists;andalmostallsaidtheyconsiderdoingsoinfuture.Suchanencouragingresultisnotsurprising.Scientistsareincreasinglyseekingoutvisualartiststohelpthemcommunicatetheirworktonewaudiences.“Artistshelpscientistsreachabroaderaudienceandmakeemotionalconnectionsthatenhanceleaing.”O(jiān)nerespondentOneexampleofhowartistsandscientistshavetogetherrockedthesensescamelastmonthwhentheSydneySymphonyOrchestraperformedareworkedversionofAntonioVivalisTheFourSeasons.Theyreimaginedthe300-year-oldscorebyinjectingthelatestclimatepredictionforeachseason—providedbyMonashUniversity’sClimateChangeCommunicationResearchHub.TheperformancewasacreativecalltoactionaheadofNovember’sUnitedNationsClimateChangeConferenceinGlasgow,UK.Butagenuinepartnershipmustbeatwo-waystreet.FewerartiststhanscientistsrespondedtotheNaturepoll;however,severalrespondentsnotedthatartistsdonotsimplyassistscientistswiththeircommunicationrequirements.Norshouldtheirworkbeconsideredonlyasanobjectstudy.Thealliancesaremostvaluablewhenscientistsandartistshaveasharedstakeinaproject,areabletojointlydesignitandcancritiqueeachother’swork.Suchanapproachcanbothpromptnewresearchaswellasresultinpowerfulart.Morethanhalfacenturyago,theMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyopeneditsCenterforAdvancedVisualStudies(CAVS)toexploretheroleoftechnologyinculture.Thefoundersdeliberatelyfocusedtheirprojectsaroundlight—hencethe“visualstudies”inthename.Lightwasasomethingthatbothartistsandscientistshadaninterestin,andthereforecouldformthebasisofcollaboration.Asscienceandtechnologyprogressed,anddividedintomoresub-disciplines,thecentrewassimultaneouslylookingtoatimewhenleadingresearchersalsobeartists,writersandpoets,andviceversa.Nature’spollfindingssuggestthatthistrendisasstrongasever,but,tomakeacollaborationwork,bothsidesneedtoinvesttime,andembracesurpriseandchallenge.Thereachofart-sciencetie-upsneedtogobeyondthenecessarypurposeofresearchcommunication,participantsmustnotfallintothetrapofstereotypingeachother.Artistsandscientistsalikeareimmersedindiscoveryandinvention,andchallengeandcritiquearecoretoboth,too.AccordingtoParagraph1,art-sciencecollaborationshave .caughttheattentionofcriticsreceivedfavorableresponsespromotedacademicpublishingsparkedheatedpublicdisputesThereworkedversionofTheFourSeasonsismentionedtoshowthat .artcanofferaudienceseasyaccesstosciencesciencecanhelpwiththeexpressionofemotionspublicparticipationinsciencehasapromisingfutureartiseffectiveinfacilitatingscientificinnovationsSomeartistsseemtoworryaboutintheart-sciencepartnership .theirrolemaybeunderestimatedtheirreputationmaybeimpairedtheircreativitymaybeinhibitedtheirworkmaybemisguidedWhatdoestheauthorsayaboutCAVS?Itwasheadedalternatelybyartistsandscientists.Itexemplifiedvaluableart-sciencealliances.Itsprojectsaimedatadvancingvisualstudies.Itsfounderssoughttoraisethestatusofartists.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorholdsthatart-sciencecollaborations .arelikelytogobeyondpublicexpectationswillintensifyinterdisciplinarycompetitionshoulddomorethancommunicatingsciencearebecomingmorepopularthan答案解析：[B]receivedfavorableresponses[A]artcanofferaudienceseasyaccesstoscience[A]theirrolemaybeunderestimated[B]Itexemplifiedthevaluableart-sciencealliances.[C]shoulddomorethancommunicatingText4ThepersonalgrievanceprovisionsofNewEmploymentRelationsAct2000(ERA)preventanemployerfromfiringanemployeewithoutgoodcause.Instead,dismissalsmustbejustified.Employersmustbothshowcauseandactinaprocedurallyfairway.Personalgrievanceproceduresweredesignedtoguardthejobsofordinaryworkersfrom“unjustifieddismissals”.Thepremisewasthatthecommonlawofcontractlackedsufficientsafeguardsforworkersagainstarbitraryconductbymanagement.Longgonearethedayswhenbosscouldsimplygiveanemployeecontractualnotice.Buttheseprovisionscreatedifficultiesforbusinesseswhenappliedtohighlypaidmanagersandexecutives.Ascountlessboardsandbusinessownerswillattest,constrainingfirmsfromfiringpoorlyperforming,high-earningmanagersisahandbrakeonboostingproductivityandoverallperformance.ThedifferencebetweenC-gradeandA-grademanagersmayverywellbethedifferencebetweenbusinesssuccessorfailure.Betweenpreservingthejobsofordinaryworkersorthem.Yetmediocrityisnolongerenoughtojustifyadismissal.Consequently—andparadoxically—lawsintroducedtoprotectthejobsofordinaryworkersbeplacingthosejobsatrisk.Ifnotplacingjobsatrisk,totheextentemploymentprotectionlawsconstrainbusinessownersfromdismissingunder-performingmanagers,thoselawsactasaconstraintonfirmandthereforeonwages.Indeed,in“AnInternationalPerspectiveonNewZealand’sProductivityParadox”(2014),theProductivityCommissionsingledoutthelowqualityofmanagerialcapabilitiesasacauseofthecountry’spoorproductivitygrowthrecord.NorarehighlypaidmanagersthemselvesimmunefromtheharmcausedbytheERA’sunjustifieddismissalprocedures.Becauseemploymentprotectionlawsmakeitcostliertofireanemployee,employersaremorecautiousabouthiringnewstaff.Thismakesitharderforthemarginalmanagertogainemployment.Andfirmspaystafflessbecausefirmscarrytheburdenoftheemploymentarrangementgoingwrong.Societyalsosuffersfromexcessiveemploymentprotections.Stringentjobdismissalregulationsadverselyaffectproductivitygrowthandhamperbothprosperityandoverallwell-being.AcrosstheTasmanSea,Australiadealswiththeunjustifieddismissalparadoxbyexcludingemployeesearningaboveaspecified“high-incomefromtheprotectionofitsunfairdismissallaws.InNewZealand,a2016privatemembers’Billtriedtopermitfirmsandhigh-incomeemployeestocontractoutoftheunjustifieddismissalregime.However,themechanismsproposedwereunwieldyandtheBillwasvoteddownfollowingthechangeingovernmentlaterthatyear.ThepersonalgrievanceprovisionsoftheERAareintendedto .punishdubiouscorporatepracticesimprovetraditionalhiringproceduresexemptemployersfromcertaindutiesprotecttherightsofordinaryworkersItcanbelearnedfromparagraph3thattheprovisionsmay .hinderbusinessdevelopmentundermineauthorityaffectthepublicimageofthefirmsworsenlabor-managementrelationsWhichofthefollowingmeasureswouldtheProductivityCommissionsupport?Imposingreasonablewagerestraints.Enforcingemploymentprotectionlaws.Limitingthepowersofbusinessowners.Dismissingpoorlyperformingmanagers.Whatmightbeaneffectofunjustifieddismissalprocedures?Highlypaidmanagerslosetheirjobs.Employeessufferfromsalarycuts.Societyseesariseinoverallwell-being.Employersneedtohirenewstaff.Itcanbeinferredthatthe“high-incomeinAustralia .hassecuredearningshasproducedundesiredresultsisbeneficialtobusinessownersisdifficulttoputintopractice答案解析：[D]protecttherightsofordinaryworkers[A]hinderbusinessdevelopment[D]Dismissingpoorlyperformingmanagers.[B]Employeessufferfromsalarycuts.[D]isdifficulttoputintopracticePartB題目要求暫無，需要考生總結(jié)人物觀點(diǎn)然后選擇正確選項(xiàng)，類似英語二信息匹配題。(41)TeriByrdIamaveterinarianwhowasazooandwildlifeparkemployeeforyearsbeforeobtainingmyveterinarydegree.Boththewildlifeparkandzooclaimedtobeoperatingforthebenefitoftheanimalsandforconservationpurposes.Thisclaimwasfalse.Neitheroneofthemactuallyparticipatedinanycontributionstoanimalresearchorconservation.Theyareprofitableinstitutionswhosebottomlineismuchmoreimportantthantheconditionoftheanimals.Animalsdespisebeingcaptivesinzoos.Nomatterhowyou“enhance”enclosures,theynotallowforfreedom,anaturaldietoradequateexercise.Animalsendupstressedandunhealthyordead.It’spasttimefortransparencywiththeseinstitutions,andit’spasttimetoeliminatezoosfromourculture.KarenR.SimeAsazoologyprofessorand,thankstomykids,afrequentzoovisitor,IagreewithEmmaMarristhatzoodisplayscanbesadandcruel.ButsheunderestimatestheeducationalvalueofThezoologyprogramatmyStateUniversityofNewYorkcampusattractsstudentsforwhomvisitswerethecrucialformativeexperiencethatledthemtomajorinbiologicalsciences.Thesearemostlystudentswhohadnoopportunityaschildrentotraveltowildernessareas,wildliferefugesornationalparks.AlthoughgoodTVshowscanhelpstirchildren’sinterestinconservation,theycannotreplacetheexcitementofazoovisitasanintense,immersiveandinteractiveexperience.Theyalsogettomeetadultswhohaveturnedtheirloveforanimalsacareer,andwithwhomtheycanidentify.Surelytheremustbesomemiddlegroundthatbalanceszoos’treatmentofanimalswiththeireducationalpotential.GregNewberryEmmaMarris’articleisaninsultandadisservicetothethousandsofpassionate,dedicatedpeoplewhoworktirelesslytoimprovethelivesofanimalsandprotectourplanet.Ms.Marrisusesoutdatedresearchanddecades-oldexamplestounderminethenoblemissionoforganizationscommittedtoconnectingchildrentoaworldbeyondtheirown.Zoosareattheforefrontofconservationandconstantlyevolvingtoimprovehowtheycareforanimalsandprotecteachspeciesinitsnaturalhabitat.Aretheretragedies?Ofcourse.theyaretheexception,notthenormthatMs.Marrisimplies.Adistressedanimalinazoowillgetasgoodorbettertreatmentthanmostofusatourlocalhospital.DeanGalleaAsafellowenvironmentalist,animal-protectionadvocateandlongtimevegetarian,IcouldproperlybeinthesamecampasEmmaMarrisontheissueofzoos.ButIbelievethatwell-runzoos,andtheheroicanimalsthatsuffertheircaptivity,doserveahigherpurpose.Wereitforopportunitiestoobservethesebeautiful,wildcreaturesclosetohome,manymorepeoplewouldbedrivenbytheirfascinationtotraveltowildareastoseekout,disturbandevenhuntthemdown.Zoosare,inthatsense,similartonaturalhistoryandarchaeologymuseums,servingtosatisfyourneedforcontactwiththeselivingcreatureswhileleavingthevastmajorityundisturbedtheirnaturalenvironments.JohnFraserEmmaMarrisselectivelydescribesandmisrepresentsthefindingsofourresearch.Ourstudiesfocusedontheimpactofzooexperiencesonhowpeoplethinkaboutthemselvesandnature,andthedatapointsextractedfromourstudiesdonot,inanyway,discountwhatislearnedinavisit.Zoosaretoolsforthinking.Ourresearchprovidesstrongsupportforthevalueofzoosinconnectingpeoplewithanimalsandwithnature.Zoosprovideacriticalvoiceforconservationandenvironmentalprotection.Theyaffordanopportunityforpeoplefromallbackgroundstoencounterarangeofanimals,fromdronebeestospringbokorsalmon,tobetterunderstandthenaturalworldwelivein.41. 42. 43. 44. 45. Zoos,whichsparenoefforttotakecareofanimals,shouldnotbesubjectedtounfaircriticism.Topressurezoostospendlessontheiranimalswouldleadtoinhumaneoutcomesforthepreciouscreaturesintheircare.Whileanimalsincaptivitydeservesympathy,zooplaysignificantroleinstartingpeoplesownthepathofrelatedsciences.Zoossavepeopletripstowildernessareasandthuscontributetowildlifeconservation.Forwildanimalsthatcannotbereturnedtotheirnaturalhabitats,zoosofferthealternative.Zoosshouldhavebeencloseddownastheyprioritizemoneymakingoveranimals’well-being.Marrisdistortsourfindingswhichactuallyprovethatzoosserveasanindispensablelinkbetweenmanandnature.答案解析：[F]Zoosshouldhavebeencloseddownastheyprioritizemoneymakingoveranimalswell-being.[C]Whileanimalsincaptivitydeservesympathy,zooplaysignificantroleinstartingyoungpeoplesownthepathofrelatedsciences.[A]Zoos,whichsparenoefforttotakecareofanimals,shouldnotbesubjectedtocriticism.[D]Zoossavepeopletripstowildernessareasandthuscontributetowildlifeconservation.[G]Marrisdistortsourfindingswhichactuallyprovethatzoosserveasanlinkbetweenmanandnature.SectionIIITranslationPartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Between1807and1814theIberianPeninsula(comprisingSpainandPortugal)wastheofatitanicandmercilessstruggle.Ittookplaceonmanydifferentplanes:betweensFrencharmyandtheangryinhabitants;betweentheBritish,everkeentoexacerbatetheemperor’sdifficulties,andthemarshalssentfromParistotrytokeepthemincheck;betweennewforcesofscienceandmeritocracyandoldonesofconservatismandbirth.(46)Itwasalso,andthisisunknowneventomanypeoplewellreadabouttheperiod,abattlebetweenthosewhomadeandthosewhobrokethem.IfirstdiscoveredtheNapoleoniccryptographicbattleafewyearsagowhenIwasreadingSirCharlesepicHistoryofthePeninsularWar.InvolumeVhehadattachedanappendix,“TheScovell(47)ItlistedmanydocumentsincodethathadbeencapturedfromtheFrencharmyofSpain,andwhosesecretshadbeenrevealedbytheworkofoneGeorgeScovell,anofficerinBritishheadquarters.OmanratedScovell’ssignificancehighly,butatthesametime,thegeneralnatureofhisHistorymeantthat(48)hecouldnotanalyzecarefullywhatthisobscureofficermayormaynothavecontributedtothatgreatstrugglebetweennationsorindeedtellusanythingmuchaboutthemanhimself.Iwaskeentoreadmore,butwassurprisedtofindthatOman’sappendix,publishedin1914,wastheonlyconsideredthingthathadbeenwrittenaboutthissecretwar.IbecameconvincedthatthisstorywaseverybitasexcitingandsignificantasthatofEnigmaandthebreakingofGermancodesintheSecondWorldWar.Thequestionwas,coulditbeStudyingpapersatthePublicRecordOffice,London,Ifoundthathehadleftextensivejournalandcopiousnotesabouthisworkinthepeninsula.Whatwasmore,manyoriginalFrenchdispatcheshadbeenpreservedinthiscollection.Irealizedatoncethatthiswaspriceless.(49)TheremayhavebeenmanyspiesandintelligenceofficersduringtheNapoleonicWars,butitisusuallyextremelydifficulttofindthematerialtheyactuallyprovidedorworkedon.Furthermore,Scovell’sstoryinvolvedmuchmorethanjustintelligencework.HisstatusinLordWellington’sheadquartersandtherecognitiongiventohimforhisworkwereallbounduptheclasspoliticsofthearmyatthetime.Histaleofself-improve