英語詞匯學(第一講)

englishlexicology主講人：許寧云博士副教授英語詞匯學上海海事大學外國語學院lecture1language,linguisticsandlexicologydifferentwaysofgreetingpeopleakissabowafirmhandshakealovinghugdoyouknowtheraiseddotsbelow?braillehaveyoueverbeenshockedbythemagnificentperformance?othermeansofcommunicationemoticonseyecontactgesturesfacialexpressionsemotion+icon=emoticoncommunicationwithpeople’seyesamovementofthehands,armsorhead,etc.toexpressanideaorfeelingfeelingsarereflectedonthefacesguessthemeaningoftheeachfollowingemoticons:-)=:-(=sadness:-o=surprise:-d=greatjoy:-p=makingaface:~-(=crying8-)=amanwhoiswearingglassesissmiling.gesturesbyhand

thumbsup!thumbsdown!ok!victory/winapplausecallme!(inamericansignlanguage)iloveyou.guessthemoodfromthefacialexpressionsconfusedsadangryhappytiredexamplesofiqtestitemsiqissuesiqscoresareinfluencedby:socioeconomicstatus:middleclasskidstendtodobetterthanlowerclasskidslanguagestatus:childrenfromthedominantculturetendtodobetterage:iqscoresontimedteststendtodeclinewithageheredity:iqscoresofidenticaltwinsraisedapartarequitesimilarstatisticalnormsforiqmentalretardationmentalretardationusuallyreflectsbelowaverageintellectualfunctioning(iqislessthan70)peoplecanberetardedinmostareasyetaverageorgiftedinothersusethesesuppliestomountthecandleonawallsolutiontocandleproblemcommunicationbetweenanimalsanimallanguagelikehumanbeings,animalsneedtocommunicatewitheachothertosurvive.theydonotspeaktoeachotherinthesamewayaswedo;insteadtheyusemanydifferentsoundsandactionstoexpressthemselves.forexample,beesmakeabuzzingnoise,lionsandbearsgrowls,catsmiaow,anddogsbark.ifyouseeacatstandingwithitsbackarched,headloweredorlegsbent,itcouldbescared.ifadoggrowlsatyou,itprobablyisangryandyoushouldbecareful.animallanguageissimplerthanhumanlanguage,butitshowshowintelligentanimalsare.beesdancefortheirhoneywhenbeesfindanewfoodsourcetheygobacktothehiveanddoadancethattellstheotherbeesthedirectionanddistanceofthefood.everymovementhasmeaning

toindicateafoodsourcethatistoodistantfromthehivetobesmelledorseen,thescoutbeedancesonthehoneycombinthehive.ifthefoodsourceiswithinabout50meters(160feet)ofthehive,thebeedoesacirculardanceonthehoneycomb.thedirectionandanglethedancingbeecutsacrossthediameterofthecirclerevealthedirectionofthefood.ifshewigglesacrossthecirclestraightup,thewatchingbeesknowtheycanfindthefoodbyflyingtowardsthesun.ifthedancingbeecutsacrossthecircleatanangle,theothersknowtheymustflytotherightorleftofthesunatthesameanglethedancermovedtotherightorleftofanimaginedverticalline.dolphin很久以前，漁民和海員們就發(fā)現(xiàn)，海豚會發(fā)出“的答”聲、“咪咪”聲、“嘯嘯”聲等多種聲音。據(jù)說海豚能發(fā)出7000赫茲至12萬赫茲的多種波長的高頻超聲波。dolopinsusesoundtohelpthemfindtheirway,lookfortheirfoodandtalkwitheachother.soundisjustliketheireyesandmouths.howmanylanguages?5000-70005651（德語言學家1979）2796（法科學院）2500-3500（國際輔助語協(xié)會）6809（人類學家）i.whatislanguage?definitionfromwikipedia,thefreeencyclopedialanguageisatermmostcommonlyusedtorefertoso-called“naturallanguages”—thespokenformsofcommunicationubiquitousamonghumankind.alanguageisasystemofsigns(symbols,indices,icons)forencodinganddecodinginformation.webster’snewworlddictionary1).a.humanspeechb.theabilitytocommunicatebythismeansc.asystemofvocalsoundsandcombinationsofsuchsoundstowhichmeaningisattributed,usedfortheexpressionorcommunicationofthoughtsandfeelingsd.thewrittenrepresentationofsuchasystem2).a.anymeansofexpressingorcommunicating,asgestures,signs,oranimalsoundsb.aspecialsetofsymbols,letters,numeral,rulesetc.usedforthetransmissionofinformation,asinacomputerlanguageissystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.systemarbitraryvocalsymbolshumancommunicationii.distinctivefeaturesofhumanlanguage1.arbitrarinessbyarbitrariness,wemeanthereisnonaturalrelationshipbetweensoundsandmeaning.howeverthereseemstobedifferentlevelsofarbitrariness.

1)morphemic(word)level

語音理據(jù)擬聲詞（onomatopoeia)splash;cuckoo;mew語音象征（soundsymbolism)glide;glisten;glimmer;glitterglbright“吧吧”（bābā），“吧嗒”(bādā),“吧唧”(bājī),“嗶嗶”(bìbi),“嚓嚓”（cāc?。?，“嘀嗒”(dídá),“叮咚”（dīngdōng）“叮當”(dīngdāng),“咕噥”(gūnōng),“咕咚”(gūdōng),“轟隆”(hōnglōng),”呼呼”(hūhu),“呼拉”（hūlā),咔吧（kāb?。?，”咔嚓”（kāch?。?，“噼啪”(pīpā),“撲哧”(pūchā),“撲嗤”(pūchī),“撲撲”（pūpū）,“撲通”(pūtōng),“颯颯”(sàsà)，“瑟瑟”(sèsè),“沙拉”(shālā)，“刷拉”(shuālā)，“唰唰/刷刷”(shuāshuā),“咝咝”（sīsī），“颼颼”(sōusōu)，“簌簌”(sùsù)，“索落”（su?luò）“籔籔”(s?us?u),，索索

(su?su?)，等等。以–ang結(jié)尾的音韻更多地表示強壯，主要，繁盛，寬敞，長，多和芬芳等意義，

昂(áng),盎(āng),棒(bàng),昌(chāng),長(cháng),常(cháng),敞(ch?ng),暢(chàng,),創(chuàng)(chuàng),芳(fāng),放(fàng),剛（gāng),綱(gāng),吭(hàng),況(kuàng),沆(hàng),皇(huáng,emperor),光(guāng),廣(gu?ng),獎（ji?ng）,芒(máng),強(qiáng),壯(zhuàng),洋(yáng)，揚(yáng),糖(táng),堂(táng),等。

當“w”聲母處于字的音節(jié)之首，往往具有負面的或不存在的意義，如無

(wú),勿

(wú),毋

(wú),完

(wán),亡

(wáng),忘

(wàng),罔

(w?ng),偽

(wěi),未

(wèi).以“f”起首的字表示否定，如反(f?n),犯(fàn),非(fēi),匪(fěi),誹(fěi),菲(fē),費(fèi),廢(fèi),墳(fén),焚(fén),否(f?u),弗(fú)語形mountainsnakestraight?trainbedbreakfastbreak+fastholidayholy+day

iceland休罷休“境”“婚”卡詞法理據(jù)speakermovement椅語義理據(jù)山頭；山腰原義衍生義隱喻詞義的理據(jù)性

semanticmotivation晦暗詞（opaquewords）themeaningofopaquewordscannotbederivedfromtheirconstituents.butterfly；blackmail;jailbird透明詞（transparentwords)themeaningoftransparentwordscanbeinferredbytheirconstituents.buttermilk（酪乳）;airmail,hummingbird(蜂鳥）2)arbitrarinessatthesyntacticlevelsyntax:howwordsareorganizedtoformintoasentence.thereislessarbitrarinessatthesentencelevel.eg.(payattentiontothesequenceofactions)hecameinandsatdown.hesatdownandcamein.johnputonhiscapandwentout.johnwentoutandputonhiscap.whatthenisthelinkbetweenalinguisticsign(sound)anditsmeaning?itisamatterofconvention(f.desaussure)戰(zhàn)國末期荀況（公元前335—255年）曾在其《正名篇》中指出：“名無固宜，約之以命，約定俗成謂之宜，異于約則謂之不宜。名無固實，約之以命，約定俗成謂之實名?！庇纱丝梢?，早在春秋戰(zhàn)國時期，我國學者就持有與“約定俗成派”相類似的觀點。howaboutanimals’system?(cocks,bees,forinstance)3)arbitrarinessandconvention2.duality“bydualityismeantthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization”(lyons,1982:20)soundsvswords(soundvsmeaning)advantageofduality:greatproductivepowerofhumanlanguage48sounds?tensofthousandsofwords?unlimitedsentenceswhereas,manyanimalscommunicatewithspecialcalls,whichhavecorrespondingmeanings.theprimaryunitscannotbefurtherdividedintoelements.3.creativitybycreativitywemeanwecanutterasentencethathasneverbeenspokenorheardbefore.eg.ared-eyedelephantisdancingonmyhand.anothersenseofcreativityoflanguageliesinitspotentialtocreateendless(embedded)sentences.eg.theboy’sfatherlivesinasmallvillagewhichwasneararailwaystationwhichwasbuiltinavalley..communicationsystemofanimals,asweknow,birds,bees,crabs,isseverelylimitedandconfinedtoasmallsetofmessages.everyfarmerwhoownsadonkey,beatsit.4.displacementdisplacementmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.inotherwords,wecanbreakdownthebarriersoftimeandspaceincommunicationwithlanguage.animalcommunicationsystemsareunderimmediatestimuluscontrol,whilehumanlanguagesarestimulusfree.eg.tiger,beethreeturtlesrestedonafloatinglogandafishswambeneaththem.iii.functionsoflanguagephaticfunctioninformativefunctionperformativefunctionevocativefunctiondirectivefunctioninterrogativefunctioniv.language,societyandthought1.languageandsocietylanguageisamirrorreflectingthecultureofasociety.vehicle;kinshipterms囧雷山寨人肉搜索lexicalization英語的詞匯化程度遠大于漢語giveastrongbadsmellstinkthedeathofthe/anemperor崩墳冢陵林體力負運：拉挑荷扛擔背駁頂挎拎負等烹調(diào)：煎炒烹蒸煨馇烀炸燔燉燒汆炮腌薰炙燴熘涮熗醬煮燜烙焯熬煲等駒：兩歲的馬；驪：深黑色的馬驥：千里馬；駑：劣馬；駿：良馬駟：同時駕車的4匹馬；驕：身高6尺的馬牛（18），豬（13），羊（11），犬（10），雞（6）2.languageandthoughtman’sthoughtisindispensibletolanguagejustaslanguageisinseperablefromsociety.v.linguistics1.definition:linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.thestudyofhumanspeechincludingtheunits,nature,structure,andmodificationoflanguage.2.thescopeoflinguisticsunits:phonetics,phonology,morphology,lexicology,syntax,discoursemethodology:generallinguistics,descriptive,contrastive,comparativeregions:sociolinguistics,psycholiguistics,computational,corpus,neurolinguistics,etc.vi.lexicology1.definitionthescienceofwordslexicologyisthebranchoflinguisticsconcernedwiththestudyofthevocabularyofagivenlanguage.itdealswithwords,theirorigin,development,history,structure,meaningandapplication.2.aimsofthecourseofenglishlexicologydiachronically:originanddevelopmentsynchronically:word-structure;word-formation