句子結(jié)構(gòu)常見錯(cuò)誤

11/11句子結(jié)構(gòu)常見錯(cuò)誤ＳeｎtencｅStｒucｔureProbｌems英語(yǔ)句子是受嚴(yán)格的語(yǔ)法規(guī)則制約的,在寫作中如果違背這些規(guī)則,那么寫出的句子就會(huì)使人無(wú)法理解，或引起歧義.要想避免發(fā)生這些情況,在寫作時(shí)就必須處理好句子結(jié)構(gòu)方面的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題。我們對(duì)常犯的寫作錯(cuò)誤進(jìn)行了歸納。殘缺句、接排句、誤置修飾語(yǔ)和懸垂修飾語(yǔ)是句子結(jié)構(gòu)中最常見的錯(cuò)誤.我將對(duì)這些問(wèn)題逐一進(jìn)行分析,以幫助大家弄清寫作中出現(xiàn)這些問(wèn)題的原因，并掌握糾正錯(cuò)誤的方法殘缺句(SentenceFragmｅnts）所謂殘缺句，顧名思義，就是指不能獨(dú)立成句的一個(gè)不完整的句子片斷。盡管殘缺句在形式上像句子一樣是以大寫字母開頭，并在結(jié)尾處帶有標(biāo)點(diǎn),然而在邏輯上并不能單獨(dú)表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思，僅是一組詞而已。請(qǐng)看下列句子:ＦragmenｔWoｎdｅｒiｎgwｈａｔhissonｗaｓgｏiｎgtodｏ．ＲeviseｄSｅnｔｅnceMr．Smｉthｈaｄbeenwｏｎderingｗhathissonwasｇoｉnｇtodｏ．FragmenｔSomeeｒrorsinwrｉtｉnｇaｒｅseｒious。Forｅxａmpｌｅ,ｆｒａgｍenｔsandｒun-ｏnｓenｔencｅs．RｅviseｄSenｔenｃeｓＳｏｍeerrorｓinｗritiｎgareserｉｏuｓ,foｒexampｌe，fｒａgmｅｎｔｓaｎdrun—onsenteｎcｅｓ.ORSomｅe(cuò)rrorｓiｎwritinｇareｓｅｒｉｏus,aｍongwhicharefragmｅｎtsａndrｕｎ-ｏnｓentｅnｃes雖然句子的殘缺以各種形式出現(xiàn),但最常見的形式是被分隔開的從句和以各種形式拆開的短語(yǔ)，如句號(hào)錯(cuò)誤（perioｄfaｕlt)。FragmｅnｔsHavｉngｄrivenacrossthｅdeｓert．Ｗeenjoｙｅdtｈｅcoolweather。Hｅe(cuò)njｏysflｏwersaｎdｓhrｕbｓ.Whicｈhｅｌpｓcrｅe(cuò)ｎhiｓyaｒdfromtheｓｔｒｅｅt。RevisedSentｅｎceｓHａvingdriveｎacｒossｔｈedeserｔ，weｅnｊoｙeｄtｈeｃｏoｌweatｈer.Heenｊoyｓflowersandsｈrubs,ｗｈiｃhhｅlｐscreeｎhisyａrdfroｍthｅｓtｒeｅt.0ＲHｅｅｎjoysfｌoweｒsanｄshrubs．Ｔhｅyｈelｐscreenｈisyardfrｏmｔheｓｔreet.在寫作中要經(jīng)常檢查句子的殘缺問(wèn)題,特別要注意那些以從屬連詞或短語(yǔ)等開頭的句子,這些詞都是“危險(xiǎn)詞”。要確定以這些詞開始的每個(gè)從句，都應(yīng)附屬于一個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子。避免殘缺句的最好辦法是注意區(qū)別句子和句子的一部分。我們知道句子的最基本特點(diǎn)是在語(yǔ)法和邏輯上是一個(gè)完整的意義表達(dá)單位.它至少具有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞的非限定形式不能在句中作為謂語(yǔ)單獨(dú)使用，除非是在如Whｅretogｏtｏniｇht？簡(jiǎn)短的問(wèn)句中。因此在寫句子時(shí)要特別注意.改寫殘缺句主要有以下兩種方法：1將句中用的句號(hào)變成逗號(hào),或把分隔開的短語(yǔ)或從句同它所屬的句子合并成一個(gè)能表達(dá)完整意思的句子。例如：ＦragｍentsSiｎcetｈｅｒeisａlａckofｉnteresｔ．Ｔherｅisaｇｒeaｔlackoｆinformation．Yｏushｏuldｍakeａdeterminｅdeｆforｔtｏaｖoｉｄsｅntｅｎcefragments．Becauｓetheyarｅconｓideredserｉｏusmistaｋesinwriting。Iloｏkｆorwarｄｔoholiｄａｙs.Forexamplｅ，TｈanksgivingandChrisｔmas．ReｖｉｓedSentenｃｅsSincｅthereisalacｋｏｆｉnｔerest，ｔherｅisａgrｅaｔｌaｃkｏfｉnformａt(yī)ion.Youｓhouldmakｅaｄeterminedeffoｒttoａｖｏｉdｓｅnｔenｃeｆｒagmenｔsbｅcauseｔheyａrecｏnｓｉｄeredseriousｍistakｅsiｎwｒiｔing．Ｉloｏkｆoｒwaｒdtohoｌidａｙs，forexample，ThａｎｋsｇｉvingandChristmａs.2）把殘缺句擴(kuò)展到主句中，或通過(guò)添加或減少某些成分.把殘缺改寫為獨(dú)立、完整的句子。例如：FragmｅntｓＩamiｎteｒeｓｔeｄonlyiｎｔhｅpropｅrtiesｏｆcitrusfｒuit.Suchａslemoｎs，ｏrangeｓ，andgｒａpefｒｕit．Ｈavingnomoｎeｙandｂeingｌonelyintｈeｂigcity.Ｉtwasｄifｆiｃulｔtoｄecide.whｉcｈchoｉcetomakｅ.Ｔoｒｅtｕrnｔoschｏoｌortoａcceptｔhejob。ＲｅviｓｅdSentenｃｅsＩamiｎterestｅｄonｌyinｔhepｒopｅｒtiesofciｔrusｆrｕiｔ．Eｘａｍplesarｅｌeｍonｓ，ｏrａngeｓ，ａｎdgｒapｅfruiｔ.Ｈaｖｉngnomoｎeyandbeｉｎｇｌｏnelyiｎthｅbｉgciｔy，thｅｗomencomｍittｅdsuicｉde.Iｔｗasdiｆficuｌttｏdecidｅwｈethertorｅｔurnｔoschｏｏlorｔoａｃcｅptthejob．Direｃｔｉons：Trytoreｖisetｈefollowinｇfragmentsinonｅｏrmｏreｔhanoneｗaｙ.1．Becauｓeｓomestｕｄｅntsｈavepart-timejｏbsinaddｉtiｏntogoiｎgｔosｃhool2。Thetablewascoverｅdwithfreｓhｖegeｔaｂlｅs．Suｃｈａslettuce，cａｒrｏｔs,sｐiｎaｃh，anｄｓquash.3．Ｊｏeｔrieｓtocalｌhoｍeonｃeaweek．Ｔoｂeｉntoｕchwithhiｓｆamｉly４.Hemadeapoinｔofenｔｅringeａchmｉｓｓpeｌｌedwｏrdinanoteｂooｋ.Whｉｃhhｅkeptforｔhａt(yī)purｐoｓe.5.Iｔｗaｓawｏnｄｅｒfulweｅk。Fisｈｉｎganｄsｗimminｇeverｙdａｙａnｄdanciｎgevｅｒyｎigｈt。Rｅvisedｓｅｎtenｃes1．Becaｕsｅｓomesｔudeｎtsｈaｖｅpart-tｉmeｊobsiｎａddiｔiontofuｌl—tｉmeclaｓｓｗoｒｋ,theyｈaｖeveryｌittlｅｆreｅｔiｍe．2．Ｔhｅtableｗａｓcovereｄｗithｆreｓhｖegetablｅssuchasｌｅttuｃe,carrｏts，sｐinaｃｈandsｑuasｈ.3．Joetｒiｅstocallhoｍｅonｃeaweektｏkeepintouchwithｈisｆａｍilｙ。4.Ｈｅｍaｄeapointofｅｎｔeｒinｇeacｈmisspelｌeｄwｏrdinanｏｔebook,whiｃhｈekｅｐtfoｒtｈatｐurposｅ．5．Iｔwａsawonderfulweek．Wｅｗentｆisｈingandｓｗimmｉnｇeｖeryｄayanｄdancｉｎgeveryｎｉghｔ.ＯＲ:Itwasawｏnｄerfｕlweek。Wefisｈｅdandswameｖerｙdａyanddａncedevｅrｙnｉgｈｔ.2。接排句（Run-ｏnＳeｎｔence）所謂接排句就是兩個(gè)或更多的句子混合交織在一起，而沒(méi)有正確的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)標(biāo)明它們之間關(guān)系的句子.這樣的句子，意思含混不清，使讀者不能理解各部分之間的關(guān)系。接排句有兩種形式：一是融合句（fusｅdｓenｔenｃe），即在句子之間沒(méi)有標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)和句間連接詞；另一種更為常見的形式是逗號(hào)連接（commaspｌｉce），即沒(méi)有并列連詞,只用逗號(hào)代替分號(hào)和句號(hào),把兩個(gè)完整的意思連接起來(lái)。請(qǐng)看例句：FusｅdSｅntｅnces1．Thegｉrlsscoｒedｈigheｒｉnmatｈthｅboｙｓscoｒedhｉｇheｒinvｅｒbａlskilｌｓ.2.Ｇｅｓtｕrｅｓareａmeansofｃommｕｎicatiｏnｆｏｒeveryｏnetheｙareessｅnｔｉalfoｒｔhehearｉng－iｍｐaireｄ．CommaSplｉces1．Ｅdｕcａt(yī)ionisaneluｓivｅｗord，itoftenｍｅansdiffｅrｅｎｔthingsｔodiffereｎtpeoｐle．2。HiｋerswouldespeciａlｌyｅnｊｏyavaｃaｔioｎatＹellowｓtoneＮatioｎａｌPark，tｈeparｋｃoｎｓistsoftｗoｍillionacresｏｆbacｋcｏuｎtry.改正接排句的基本方法可根據(jù)句子之間的不同關(guān)系分為以下５種1.用句號(hào)分隔。當(dāng)長(zhǎng)句或兩個(gè)句子之間的關(guān)系不是很密切或毫無(wú)關(guān)系時(shí),可使用這種方法.例如：RｅviseｄＳeｎtenｃｅsThegirlｓscｏrｅdhigherｉｎmatｈ.Ｔheboyssｃoreｄｈiｇherinｖeｒbalskiｌls．Gestｕresareamｅaｎsｏfcｏmｍunｉcａt(yī)ioｎfｏreveｒyone．Tｈeyareesｓentialｆoｒtheｈearing－iｍpａired．Eｄucatｉoｎisaneluｓｉｖｅwｏｒｄ．Itofteｎmeansdifｆｅrentthｉnｇstｏdifferｅｎtpeople.HiｋeｒswoｕlｄｅspeciａlｌｙenjoyavacationatYellｏｗsｔｏneＮａt(yī)ionａｌPark。Tｈｅpａrkconsisｔsoftｗomilliｏnacresofbａｃkcｏuｎtry２用分號(hào)隔開.用分號(hào)連接兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的分句時(shí),它們之間的關(guān)系在意義和語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)上比起使用句號(hào)時(shí)，關(guān)系較緊密。RevｉｓeｄＳenｔｅnｃｅsTｈegirｌsscoredhigheｒinmatｈ；ｔheboｙsscoreｄhｉgherinｖeｒbalskilｌｓ．Gestuｒｅsareamｅanｓofcomｍunicationfｏrｅveryｏnｅ；theｙarｅe(cuò)ssｅntiaｌfｏrtheｈeaｒinｇ—imｐaired.Eｄucationｉsanelusｉｖewｏｒｄ;itoftenｍeansdiｆfereｎｔｔhingstodiｆｆｅrenｔpeopｌe。ＨikerswouｌｄespeciaｌlｙeｎｊｏyａvacatｉｏｎatＹelloｗstoneNaｔｉoｎalPark；ｔhepaｒkcｏnｓｉstsｏfｔwomiｌlｉｏnacresofbａckcｏuntｒy.３使用并列連詞連接。當(dāng)接排的句子之間關(guān)系緊密,容易辨別且合乎邏輯時(shí),可以借助并列連詞來(lái)連接，通常在這些連詞前要加上逗號(hào)。ReviｓｅｄＳenteｎceｓＴhegirlｓscｏｒedhigｈeｒｉnmａt(yī)ｈ，aｎd/bｕttｈｅｂｏysｓcoｒedhigheｒinvｅrbalskilｌs。Gｅｓturesareameansofcｏmmunicatioｎｆoreveｒyonｅ，butthｅｙａreesｓｅntｉaｌｆorthｅhearing—ｉｍpaｉred．Edｕｃａt(yī)ionisａneｌusivｅword,foritoftenmeａnsｄiffｅｒenｔｔhingstｏdifｆｅrenｔpeoplｅ。YellｏwstｏｎｅNaｔionａｌPａrkconｓistsoftwoｍilｌionacresｏfbackcouｎtry，aｎdhｉkｅｒｓwouldespｅcialｌyenｊoyaｖａcationthere．4使用連接副詞連接。根據(jù)作者的意圖和句子的需要.接排的句子可以使用連接副詞來(lái)連接.這時(shí),句子之間要用分號(hào)。在連接副詞的后面還要加逗號(hào),但是一般在單音節(jié)的連詞后不加逗號(hào)。如so，yｅｔ.ｔhus等.ReｖisｅdＳentenｃesＴｈegirlsscoredhｉgherinmatｈ；however,thebｏysscｏredhigｈeriｎverbａlskｉlls.Ｇesｔureｓａreaｍeanｓｏｆｃommｕniｃatｉｏnforevｅryone;neｖｅrｔhe1ｅss，tｈeyaｒeeｓｓｅntialforthehｅａｒing—ｉmｐairｅd．Educａt(yī)ioniｓanelｕsiveworｄ；ｉndeｅd,itoｆｔenmeａnｓdifｆereｎttｈiｎｇstｏdｉfferentpeoｐle．YeｌｌｏwstｏｎeNationａlParｋconsｉstsoｆtwｏmｉllionacresｏfbackcoｕntry;therefore，hｉkerswouldespｅｃiａｌlｙenｊｏyavaｃatioｎtｈeｒｅ.5．使用從屬連詞、關(guān)系副詞或關(guān)系代詞連接。當(dāng)可以判斷出一個(gè)句子從邏輯上或意義上從屬于另一個(gè)句子時(shí)，可以將此接排句改寫成復(fù)合句.ReｖｉｓｅdSentencesThegirｌsscｏredhigheriｎｍath,wｈｉleｔheboyｓscorｅｄhiｇherinverｂalskills．Ａlｔhoughgｅｓtｕresａrｅameａnsofcｏmmunｉcaｔｉonfｏreｖeryｏne,ｔheyａreｅssｅｎtiａlfortheｈｅaｒiｎg-iｍpａiｒed.Ｔheｐowerfailuｒecａusｅｄａblacｋoutwhｉcｈcreａt(yī)edalotoｆprobｌems。HikeｒswoｕldespecｉallｙｅnｊoyavaｃatiｏnatYｅllｏwstｏneNationaｌPark，whicｈconsｉｓtsoｆｔｗomillionacresofbackcountryDｉｒectｉons：Rｅvｉｓethefｏllｏwｉngｒun－oｎsｅｎtｅnceｓWoｍｅnnｏlongerneedtｏmoｖeiｎｔoｔhetrａｄitｉｏnａllｙmａleprｏfｅssiｏnｓthｅyhaveaｌrｅａｄyｏｐｅnedmosｔofthｅｄoorstodeｓｉrａｂlecaｒeerpａt(yī)ｈs.２。Icalledｆorarｅserｖatｉｏnatafａmouｓrｅｓtaurａntintown,aｌｌｔheｔaｂｌｅｓweretaｋenbeｆoｒeｔheDraｇoｎＢoaｔFeｓｔivａl。3．Erｉcwaｓlatｅtoｗorkherａnaｌｌtheway．Reｖiseｄｓenteｎces１．Wｏmennｏloｎgerneeｄtomoｖｅｉntｏthetrａｄｉｔｉonaｌlymaleprｏｆｅssiｏns，fｏｒtheyhaveａlreａdyopeｎedmｏｓtoftｈｅdｏorstodesirabｌecareerｐaths.ＯR：Womeｎnｏloｎｇeｒnｅｅdtomｏveｉntotｈetradｉtionａlｌyｍaleprofessｉonｓ；thｅyhaｖealrｅadyopenｅdmostofｔhｅdｏorstｏｄeｓirａblecａreeｒpａt(yī)hs．ＯR：Ｗｏmenｎoｌongerneedｔoｍovｅintoｔheｔraditiｏnａllｙmaleproｆessionｓ。Ｔheyhaｖｅalrｅａｄyｏｐenｅdｍostoｆthedoorｓtoｄesirablecarｅe(cuò)rpａt(yī)hs。OR：Ｂecausewｏmenｈａvealreaｄｙopeｎｅｄmostofthedｏorstoｄeｓiraｂｌeｃarｅe(cuò)rpatｈs，theyｎｏlongｅrneｅdtomoｖeintothetｒaditiｏnaｌlymalｅprofｅssions．2。Iｃａlleｄｆorａreserｖａt(yī)ｉoｎａt(yī)afamｏｕsrｅstａuｒａntｉntoｗn．ＡllthetａbleswerｅtａkeｎbｅforeｔｈｅDraｇonBoaｔFesｔival。OR：Ｉｃalledforareservatioｎaｔafａmｏｕsreｓtauraｎｔｉntoｗｎ，bｕtaｌlｔhｅｔablｅｓｗerｅtａkenbｅforｅｔheDｒａgonBｏatFestivaｌ.OR:Icalｌeｄfoｒaｒeｓｅｒvatｉoｎａt(yī)afａｍoｕsrestａuｒanｔintｏwn；howｅver，alｌtｈetａbｌesweretakenbｅｆorｅtheDragonBoatＦeｓtｉvaｌ．OR:Iｃalleｄforareservatioｎatafamｏuｓｒestaurａntintowｎ;ａllthetablesｗeretakenbeforetheDrａｇｏnＢｏaｔFeｓtival．OR:ＡltｈouｇhIcalledｆorareservaｔionatafamousｒｅｓtauｒantiｎtowｎ,allthetａbleswerｅtａｋenbeforethｅDraｇonBoａt(yī)Fｅsｔｉvａl．3.Ericwasｌatｅｔowork，ｓoherａnallthｅｗay．oｒ：Ｅricrａnａlltheway；ｏtｈｅrｗisｅ，hｅｃouldhavebeenlatｅtｏwork．oｒ:ＢｅcaｕseErｉcwａslatｅtｏworｋ，herａｎalltｈeway．ｏｒ：Ericrａｎaｌlｔhｅwaｙｂecauseheｗasｌateｔｏwｏｒｋ。or:Ｅricwａｓlａｔetｏｗorｋａlthoｕｇhhｅｒanaｌlthｅｗaｙ．Directions：Idenｔiｆｙandcｏrrectserｉouseｒrors（sucｈasｆraｇmｅnts·ｆusｅｄsenｔencｅsandｃoｍmａspｌiｃｅs）inｅachofｔheｆollowing．１。Withouｔｔellinganyｏnｅ,evｅｎhｅrsiｓteｒ，Mａｒｙ,goｉngtoｔheparｋ，mｅe(cuò)tingｈｅrfｒiends。2．Thepｈｙsｉcsprobleｍswereｊustimposｓｉｂlｅ,theytoｏkａｌldａytoｄｏ·3．Tｈａｔtｈecouｒsｅwaｓsｏhaｒdｗeaｌlsｔudieddaｙａndnigｈt,withnooneｇetｔinganAoraB．4。Ｉｋnockeｄon/atthｅdoorwheｎｔheladycameＩｇａveｈermostin－gratiaｔｉngｓmile.５.Ｗｈｙdoyouaskwhaｔcoｎceｒnisｉtofyouｒs？6．Ｇeｔtingmａrriedisｅasy，ｓtａyｉnｇmaｒｒｉedｉsａdifferentmaｔtｅｒ.7．Mｉchｅｌletriedeachｏfｔheａppetizeｒsｏnｔｈetable．Aｎｄthenfoｕｎdtｈａt(yī),wheｎtｈediｎｎerａrｒived,ｈeｒaｐｐetitehadgｏne·８.Sｈedidn’tknowwhａｔtosaytohisaｎnoｕncement,shｅwasnoｔａt(yī)acoｍpｌeｔeｌossforｗｏrds,eｉｔher．Ｒｅｖisｅdｓｅntencｅs1。Withｏuttelｌiｎganyoｎｅ，ｎotevｅnｈerｓistｅr，Marywenttotｈepaｒktｏmeetherfrｉenｄｓ.2.Theｐhｙsicsｐroblｅmswｅrejuｓｔimpossible；therefore,ｔheytｏｏkａlldaｙｔodo。3．Thecoｕｒsewassohardthatweallstudiｅddayanｄniｇhｔ,ｗithnooｎｅgettingａnAorａB．4。Iｋnｏckedｏn/atthｅdoor．Wｈｅnｔhelａdｙcame，Igａvehermostingratiatｉｎｇｓmile．5．Whｙｄｏyｏuask?Whatconcｅrnisiｔｏｆyouｒs？6．Geｔtiｎgmarriedｉｓeａsｙ；stayｉngｍａrｒieｄiｓadiｆfereｎtmａｔter．OＲ:Geｔtingmarｒiｅdｉｓeasy，bｕｔstａｙingmarｒｉｅdisaｄifferentmatter。OR：Ａltｈoughgetｔiｎgmaｒriediｓeasy，sｔａyｉngmarrieｄｉsadiffｅｒeｎｔmａt(yī)ter。７．Michelｌｅｔriｅdeachofthｅａｐｐｅtizｅrｓoｎｔheｔaｂlｅ．Ｓhetｈenfouｎdｔｈａt(yī)，wheｎtｈedinｎerａrrived，ｈeｒappetｉｔｅhａｄgonｅ.８。Ｓhedidn'tknoｗwhattosayｔｏｈisannoｕncemｅｎｔ，norｗａsshｅaｔacｏmpleｔelossforwoｒds，ｅｉther。OR：Sheｗasneitherｒeadｙwiｔhaｒeｓponsenｏratacoｍpletelossfoｒwoｒds．3.誤置修飾語(yǔ)(MispｌacedＭodifiｅｒs）在寫作中，為了使句子生動(dòng)和更具有吸引力，常常需要添加修飾語(yǔ).按照英語(yǔ)構(gòu)句規(guī)則，充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)的詞、短語(yǔ)或從句必須盡可能地靠近所修飾的成分.如果忽視了這個(gè)規(guī)則,在修飾語(yǔ)和其所修飾的中心詞之間不恰當(dāng)?shù)貖A進(jìn)了其他成分,就可能造成句子意思混淆，產(chǎn)生歧義。請(qǐng)看下面句子：MｉsplacedModifiersＨesoldｔheoｌdcａｒtothemａnwithｌeathｅｒseats。Ｐl(wèi)eaｓｅgiveｔhebｏoktoｔheboywｉthtｈeｂｌuecover．Tｈatcaｔbelongstｏmyneighｂｏrwithfｉvekittｅns．ＲevisedSentencｅsＨeｓｏｌｄthｅoｌdｃarwithｌeatherseａt(yī)stotｈeｍａn．Pｌeａsegｉvethebｏokwitｈthebluｅcｏvｅrtothebｏy.Tｈatcａt(yī)ｗitｈfivekiｔtensbｅｌonｇstomyｎeｉｇhbor．如果一個(gè)修飾語(yǔ)既可以修飾其前面的詞也可修飾其后面的詞，這樣的修飾語(yǔ)稱為歧義修飾語(yǔ)(squｉntingmｏdiｆieｒ）。歧義修飾語(yǔ)會(huì)使讀者對(duì)其修飾目的感到困惑不解。所以,應(yīng)該把易產(chǎn)生歧義的修飾語(yǔ)放在它所惟一修飾的詞的前面。例如：Ｔheeqｕｉpmentｗithouttheａｃｃｅssorieｓｓｏlｄthｅbest.（Differ-enttypesofｅquiｐｍｅntwｅreaｖａiｌable,sｏmeｗiｔhaｎdsomｅwitｈoutｔheacｃesｓorｉes．）Tｈeeqｕipmentsoｌdthebestwｉｔhouｔtheａccesｓorｉeｓ.（Onetyｐeofequipｍentｗasａvaｉlａble，ａndthｅacｃｅssｏrｉeｓｗereoｐtionaｌ．)SquinｔｉngModifiersWeａｇreedonｔhenextdａytomaｋethｅadｊusｔｍents·Studｅnｔswhoprａcticewｒitinｇoftenwilｌｂeneｆit。ReｖisedSｅｎtencesＷeagreedｔｏｍaketｈeａdｊustmentsonthenextday·（Weagreedthａt(yī)ｏnｔhｅneｘtdayweｗouldmａketheａdjustｍｅnｔs）－ＯrOnthｅnｅxtday，ｗeagreedｔｏmaketｈeadjｕsｔmentｓ．（Oｎthｅnextday,weagｒｅe(cuò)dthatwｅwoｕlｄmaｋetheａdｊｕｓｔ—ｍｅnts.)Studｅntswｈooftenpｒａctiｃewrｉtingwilｌbenefｉｔ。Studentswｈoｐrａcｔicｅwｒitingｗｉｌlｏｆｔenｂenefit.所以,在寫作中我們要特別注意副詞的位置,要把它們放在使讀者對(duì)句子的意義更清楚的地方。請(qǐng)分析下面這個(gè)句子:Ｈｅonlｙsugｇeｓtedthｒeerulesforuｓｔofollow.除非我們?cè)谶@里確實(shí)是指“Heonlｙsuｇｇesteｄtｈｅm;hedｉdn’tiｎsistonthｅｍ．”,否則oｎly這個(gè)詞就應(yīng)放在它所修飾的詞前面：HeｓuggesｔeｄonlｙthreerulｅｓfoｒUStofollow．要注意句子會(huì)隨著ｏnlｙ位置的改變而改變其意義.Dｉrectiｏｎs：Ｉｄｅｎtｉfyｔｈemisplacedwoｒdorworｄｓｉneachsentence．Tｈenrewriｔeｔheｓeｎtencesａnｄmakethemｅａｎingclear.1。Ｏuｒteamdｉdｎ’ｔeｖenscorｅoｎｃe.２.ShｅisｔｅａcｈinｇasｅmiｎarthistermｏｎmarkeｔeconomyattheOsakaIntｅｒnationalUniverｓｉty．3。Ｔｈeciｔyalｍostspentｔwｅnｔyｍiｌliｏndolｌaｒsonｔｈenｅwstadium４。Tｏｎybｏughtanoｌdcarｆromaｃｒookeddeａlerwithafaｕltｙｔraｎsｍissｉon。5。Thｅｓuｂurbsnearｌyhaｄfｉveｉnchesｏfrain.6.Weｃouｌdｓeethefootballstadiumdriviｎgａcｒossｔhｅbｒｉｄge．7．IalmosthaｄadozeｎjobintｅrviewsafterIsｅntoutｍｙreｓｕme8.Ｔherｅｗｅｒesｔronｇcaｌｌｓfｏｒaniｍmediａt(yī)eceaｓｅfiｒeintheＵNSecuｒityＣｏuncil9.Ｔheexchangesｔuｄentswｅｍetforcoｆfeeｏｃcａｓionａllyquｅsｔionedusaboutourｌatｅstslａng．10．IpｕtthechaｉｒintheｍiddleoftheroｏmｔhａｔIhａdｒｅceｎtlypurchaｓeｄ．Revisｅdsentｅnｃｅs１．Ｏuｒｔeａmｄidn’tscoreevenonce．2．ThｉstermsheｉsteachiｎgasｅmｉnａronmａrketeconｏmyattheＯsaｋaInteｒnaｔiｏnaｌUniversity.３．Tｈｅcｉtｙspｅｎtalｍｏｓｔtwentyｍilliondoｌｌarｓonthｅｎｅｗｓtadium．4.Ｔonybｏughtanoldcarwｉthａfaulｔytransmisｓiｏnfromacｒookedｄealer。5。Tｈesuburｂsｈaｄnｅarlyfiveinchesoｆｒain．６。Dｒivingacrｏssｔhebｒidｇe，wecoｕldｓｅe(cuò)thefootbalｌstadium.7。IhａdaｌmosｔaｄozenjｏｂinterviｅwsaｆterIsenｔoｕtｍyresuｍｅ。8.ＴhｅｒeｗerestｒｏnｇｃalｌsintｈeＵNSｅcuritｙCouncｉlfoｒanimｍediateｃeａsefire．9．Theexcｈaｎｇeｓｔudentswｅoccasionallymeｔｆｏrcoffeｅqueｓtｉonｅdusａboutｏurlatｅsｔslang.OR：Ｔheexchanｇestudentｓｗｅmｅｔforcoffeｅqｕeｓtionedｕｓｏccasionallyabｏuｔouｒｌateｓtsｌａng.1O．ＩpｕtｔhｅchａirthatIhadrｅceｎtlｙpuｒchａｓedｉnthｅmiddlｅofｔhｅrｏoｍ。4。懸垂修飾語(yǔ)（DangｌingMｏｄｉｆieｒs）懸垂修飾語(yǔ)是與句子的主語(yǔ)不能構(gòu)成邏輯關(guān)系的修飾語(yǔ)。懸垂修飾語(yǔ)可以出現(xiàn)在句中的任意位置，但大多位于句首。請(qǐng)看下面例句：DangｌingMoｄiｆierｓBygｏｉnｇtotｈevaｒiousｓororitｙhouｓesoncampusaｎｄmeｅtinghuｎdredsofnewgirls,myconverｓatｉｏn，maｎｎerｓ,ａndpｏisebecaｍｅｍorｅpoｌiｓhｅｄ．Tｏwriteｔheproｐosａl,ｒｅseａrchｍｕｓtbｅdonｅ.兩句中斜體的修飾語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不存在邏輯關(guān)系。在第一句中，當(dāng)作者想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為“Ｉ"是句子的主語(yǔ),并打算對(duì)自己做個(gè)描述。但是由于用了“myｃonverｓatｉoｎ…"做句子的主語(yǔ)就破壞了句子中的邏輯關(guān)系而引起荒謬可笑的解釋:Itｗasherconversaｔionthatｖiｓiｔeｄｔｈｅsoｒorｉtyhouses．動(dòng)詞的非限定性短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與句子主語(yǔ)保持一致，否則就會(huì)形成懸垂性修飾語(yǔ)。如果把句子的主語(yǔ)改成“Ｉ”,就可改成一個(gè)令人滿意的句子了。同樣,在第二句中，動(dòng)詞不定式在邏輯上不能修飾句子的主語(yǔ)，theｒｅseaｒｃh．RevｉsedSenｔenceｓBｙgｏiｎgtｏｔhevａriousｓｏｒｏriｔyhousesｏｎcａmpusandmeetｉｎghuｎｄredｓoｆｎeｗgirlｓ,Ｉpoｌｉsｈedｍyconｖｅrｓation，ｍａｎners，ａnｄpoise。Ｔowｒitｅtｈeｐroｐosaｌ，ｔhｅprofessoｒｍｕstｆirsｔdｏｓomｅｒe-searｃh.2.懸垂動(dòng)名詞(DanglingGｅrund)DanglinｇMoｄifｉersByinstallingａbirdbath．tｈebｉrｄswerｅgｉvenaｓｏurcｅoｆwaｔｅr.Afterfiniｓhingtｈｅｒeseａｒch，thepaperｗaｓeaｓｙtｏwrｉtｅ。RevisedSenｔeｎｃesByinstalliｎｇabiｒdbaｔh，wegaveｔhｅbirｄsasoｕrceofwatｅｒ。Ａftｅrfinｉshingtheｒeseaｒch,Ifounｄthatthepaperwaseasytｏwritｅ．３．懸垂動(dòng)詞不定式（DanglingInfｉnitive）DａngｌｉｎgＭｏｄifieｒsＴoｓkipｒｏperlｙ，aｃouｒsｅｏfinstｒucｔioniｓnｅcessaｒy．Toｗriｔeweｌl,goodbｏoksmuｓtberｅad.RｅvisedＳentｅｎｃeｓToskiｐropeｒly，abeginｎｅrsｈouldtａkeacｏｕrseofinｓtructioｎ.Tｏwriｔewell，Iｍustreadgoodboｏks..4．懸垂省略從句(DangｌｉnｇEｌlｉｐticalＣlａuse)DaｎｇｌｉngModifierWhileclimbiｎｇthｅhill，tｈeｒａｉnbeｇaｎtｏfalｌ·Wheｎoｎｌyaｓmalｌbｏy，myfathertookｍｅwｉｔｈｈimtoChicagｏ·RevisedＳentｅｎcesＷhiｌeclimbiｎgｔｈehill,shefｅltthｅrａinbｅgiｎniｎｇtofａll·WhenIwasonlyasｍａllboy,ｍyfａt(yī)herｔｏokmewｉｔhｈimtoＣhiｃaｇo。常用的修改懸垂性修飾語(yǔ)的方法有：1。找出句子中隱含的主語(yǔ)，對(duì)所修飾的短語(yǔ)提供行為者（acｔｏr）（承擔(dān)動(dòng)作行為的人或物）。DａngｌingＭｏdiｆiｅrsＡｔtheagｅofsixmyunｃleboｕghtｍyfirsｔｐet，agoｌdfish。Ｗhileleavingtｈehｏuse，tｈephoneｒａnｇ·Usiｎｇthisdｒｕｇ，maｎyｕｎdｅsiraｂｌesideｅffectｓaｒeexpeｒｉｅnced．ReｖｉsedSentencｅｓＡtｔheａgｅofsix，Irｅｃeivedmyfｉrstｐeｔ，agoldｆishfrｏmmyｕncｌe。Wｈileｌeａvｉngtｈehouse，Iheaｒdthｅphonｅｒｉng·Uｓiｎgthｉsｄｒug，ｐatiｅntｓexpｅrieｎｃｅmanｙundesiraｂlesideeffｅcｔs．2.補(bǔ)足懸垂短語(yǔ)或省略從句必要的成分,擴(kuò)展其成為一個(gè)完整的從句，由行為者做主語(yǔ)。RevisedSｅｎｔｅnｃesWhenＩｗassｉx，myｕｎｃlｅbｏughtｍemｙfirｓtｐｅｔ，aｇｏldｆiｓh·AsIwaslｅaviｎgｔhehouse,theｐhoneranｇ.Ｍanyunｄeｓiｒabｌesiｄeeｆｆectsaｒｅｅxperiencedwhenｔhiｓdrugiｓuｓed．Dｉｒｅｃtions：Pleａsｅrevｉsethefoｌｌowingsenｔeｎceｓwithｄａｎgｌｉngmoｄifierｓ。1．Thumbinｇthrougｈｔｈemagazine，ｈereyesautｏmaｔiｃalｌｙnoticeｄｔhecｏｓmｅtｉcads。2．Ｔｏpleａｓethevisｉtors,acrosstaｌkｗaｓpｅrfｏrmed.３．Onenteｒｉｎgthetｅachｅr’sofficｅ，aterrestrｉalglobeｃaughｔhisattｅｎｔｉon．;4。Tｈoughｏnlysｅｖenｔeen，ｔheaｒmｙaｃｃepｔｅdhisapｐlｉｃatioｎ．5。Froｍattenｄiｎｇｐrofｅｓsionａlmeeｔiｎgs，ｉmporｔantｌessonsｃaｎbelearned．6．Withｆｉｆtypagｅsleftｔoreaｄ,