高考必備高中化學(xué)方程式大全(分類)

高考必備高中化學(xué)方程式大全(分類)高考必備高中化學(xué)方程式大全(分類)高考必備高中化學(xué)方程式大全(分類)高中化學(xué)方程式大全一、非金屬單質(zhì)（F2，Cl2,O2,S,N2,P,C,Si，H）1、氧化性：F2+H2===2HF(慘淡處爆炸)F2+Xe(過分)==XeF22F2(過分)+Xe==XeF4(XeF4是強氧化劑，能將Mn2+氧化為MnO4)–nF2+2M===2MFn(M表示大多數(shù)金屬)2F2+2H2O===4HF+O2(水是復(fù)原劑)2F2+2NaOH===2NaF+OF2+H2OF2+2NaCl===2NaF+Cl2F2+2NaBr===2NaF+Br2F2+2NaI===2NaF+I27F2(過分)+I2===2IF7F2+Cl2(等體積)===2ClF(ClF屬于類鹵素：ClF+H2O==HF+HClO)3F2(過量)+Cl2===2ClF3(ClF3+3H2O==3HF+HClO3)Cl2+H23Cl2+2P3Cl2+2Fe2HCl(將H2在Cl2點燃；混淆點燃、加熱、光照發(fā)生爆炸)2PCl3Cl2+PCl3Cl2+CuPCl5Cl2+2NaCuCl22NaCl2FeCl3Cl2+2FeCl2===2FeCl3(在水溶液中：Cl2+2Fe2+===2Fe3++3Cl-)Cl2+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br2Cl2+2KI===2KCl+I2––Cl2+2Br-=2Cl-+Br2Cl2+2I-=2Cl-+I2–3Cl2(過分)+2KI+3H2O===6HCl+KIO33Cl2+I+3H2O=6H++6Cl+IO35Cl2+I2+6H2O===2HIO3+10HCl––5Cl2+I2+6H2O=10Cl+IO3+12H+Cl2+Na2S===2NaCl+S↓Cl2+S2=2Cl+S↓––1Cl2+H2S===2HCl+S↓水(溶液中：Cl2+H2S=2H++2Cl+S↓–Cl2+SO2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HCl––Cl2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42+2ClCl2+H2O2===2HCl+O22O2+3FeCl2+H2O2=2H++Cl+O2–Fe3O4H2SO2+K===KO22S+CS+H2S+FeS+2Cu3S+2AlCS2S+ZnZnSFeS(既能由單質(zhì)制取，又能由離子制取)Cu2S(只好由單質(zhì)制取，不可以由離子制取)Al2S3(只好由單質(zhì)制取，不可以由離子制取)催化劑高溫高壓N2+3H22NH3N2+3MgMg3N2N2+3CaK3NCa3N2N2+3BaN2+6RbP4+6H2H2+2LiBa3N22Rb3N4PH3N2+6NaN2+2AlP+3Na2Na3NN2+6K2AlNNa3P2P+3ZnZn3P22LiH2、復(fù)原性S+O2SO2S+H2SO4(濃)3SO2↑+2H2OS+6HNO3(濃)H2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2O-S+4H++6==6NO2↑+2H2O+SO243S+4HNO3(稀)3S+4H++4NO33SO2+4NO↑+2H2O3SO2+4NO↑+2H2ON2+O24P+5O22P+3X22NOP4O10(常寫成P2O5)2PX3（X表示F2，Cl2，Br2）PX3+X2PX52P4+20HNO3(濃)C+2F2CF44H3PO4+20NO2↑+4H2OC+2Cl2CCl4C+O2(足量)C+CO22C+SiO2CO22CO2C+O2(少許)2COC+H2OCO+H2(生成水煤氣)Si+2CO(制得粗硅)SiCl4(SiCl4+2H2===Si(純)+4HCl)SiO2Si+CSiC(金剛砂)Si(粗)+2Cl2Si(粉)+O2Si+2NaOH+H2O==Na2SiO3+2H22-(Si+2OH-+H2O=SiO3+2H2↑)3、歧化反響Cl2+H2O==HCl+HClO（加堿或光照促使歧化：(Cl2+H2O+HClO）Cl2+2NaOH==NaCl+NaClO+H2O+H2O)Cl2+2Ca(OH)2==CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O+H2O)3Cl2+6KOH(濃)–H++Cl–(Cl2+2OH=Cl+ClO–––(Cl2+2OH=Cl+ClO–––5KCl+KClO3+3H2O(3Cl2+6OH–5Cl+ClO3–+3H2O)2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O3S+6NaOH(3S+6OH–2S2–+SO32–+3H2O)4P+3KOH(濃)+3H2O==PH3↑+3KH2PO2(4P+3OH–+3H2O==PH3↑+3H2PO2)11P+15CuSO4+24H2O==5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4C+CaO–CaC2+CO↑33C+SiO2SiC+2CO↑二．金屬單質(zhì)（Na,Mg,Al,Fe,Cu）的復(fù)原性2Na+H22Na+O22NaH4Na+O2==2Na2O2Na2O+O22Na2O2Na2O22Na+S==Na2S（爆炸）2Na+2H2O=2Na++2OH+H2↑―2Na+2H2O==2NaOH+H2↑2Na+2NH3==2NaNH2+H2↑2Na+2NH3=2Na++2NH2+H2↑4Na+TiCl2Mg+O24NaCl+TiMg+Cl2Mg+SMgCl2Mg+Br2MgSMgBr22MgO2Cu+SCu2S(Cu2S只好由單質(zhì)制備)Mg(OH)2+H2↑Ti+2MgCl22MgO+CMg+2H2O2Mg+TiCl42Mg+CO2Mg+2RbCl2Mg+SiO2MgCl2+2Rb2MgO+SiMg+H2S==MgS+H2Mg+H2SO4==MgSO4+H2↑2Al+3Cl22AlCl3(Mg+2H+=Mg2++H2↑)4Al+3O2===2Al2O3(常溫生成致密氧化膜而鈍化，在氧氣中焚燒)4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O===2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg（鋁汞齊）4Al+3MnO22Al+Fe2O32Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Cr2O32Al+3FeOAl2O3+2Cr(鋁熱反響)Al2O3+3FeAl2O3+2Fe2Al+6HCl===2AlCl3+3H2↑2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑2Al+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2↑2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑2Al+6H2SO4(濃)===Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O(Al,Fe在冷,濃的4H2SO4,HNO3中鈍化)Al+4HNO3(稀)===Al(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2OAl+4H++NO3=Al3++NO↑–+2H2O2Al+2NaOH+2H2O===2NaAlO2+3H2↑2Al+2OH+2H2O=2AlO2––+3H2↑2Fe+3Br2===2FeBr33Fe+2O2Fe3O42Fe+O22FeO煉(鋼過程)Fe+I2Fe+SFeI2FeS(FeS既能由單質(zhì)制備，又能由離子制備)Fe3O4+4H2↑Fe+2H+=Fe2++H2↑Fe+Cu2+=Fe2++Cu↓3Fe+4H2O(g)Fe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2↑Fe+CuCl2===FeCl2+CuFe+SnCl4===FeCl2+SnCl2(鐵在酸性環(huán)境下,不可以把四氯化錫完滿復(fù)原為單質(zhì)錫Fe+SnCl2==FeCl2+Sn↓Fe+Sn2+=Fe2++Sn↓三．非金屬氫化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3)金屬氫化物(NaH)1、復(fù)原性:4HCl(濃)+MnO2–MnCl2+Cl2↑+2H2OMn2++Cl2↑+2H2O4H++2Cl+MnO24HCl(濃)+PbO2–PbCl2+Cl2↑+2H2OPb2++Cl2↑+2H2O4H++2Cl+PbO24HCl(g)+O22Cl2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO4===2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2↑+8H2O16H++10Cl+2MnO4=2Mn2++5Cl2↑+8H2O-–56HCl+KClO3==KCl+3Cl2↑+3H2O6H++5Cl+ClO3=3Cl2↑+3H2O––14HCl+K2Cr2O7===2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2↑+7H2O14H++6Cl+Cr2O72=2Cr3++5Cl2↑+7H2O––2H2O+2F2===4HF+O22HCl+F2=2HF+Cl2(F2氣與HCl、HBr、HI、H2S、NH3氣體不可以共存)2HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2(Cl2氣與HBr、HI、H2S、NH3氣體不可以共存)2H2S+3O2(足量)2SO2+2H2O2H2S+O2(少許)2S↓+2H2O2H2S+SO2===3S↓+2H2OH2S+H2SO4(濃)===S↓+SO2↑+2H2O3H2S+2HNO3(稀)===3S↓+2NO↑+4H2O3H2S+2H++2NO3=3S↓+2NO↑+4H2O–5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S↓+8H2O5H2S+2MnO4+6H+=2Mn2++5S↓+8H2O–3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4===Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S↓+7H2O3H2S+Cr2O72+8H+===2Cr3++3S↓+7H2O–H2S+4Na2O2+2H2O===Na2SO4+6NaOH-H2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=8Na++SO2+OH-42NH3+3CuO3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3Cl2===N2+6HCl8NH3+3Cl2===N2+6NH4ClNH3+NaNO2+HCl==NaCl+N2↑+2H2ONH3+NO2+H+=N2↑+2H2O–4NH3+3O2(純氧)2N2+6H2O4NH3+5O2催化劑△4NO+6H2O4NH3+6NO===5N2+6H2O(用氨除掉NO)NaH+H2O===NaOH+H2↑(生氫劑)NaH+H2O=Na++OH+H2↑–4NaH+TiCl42、酸性:Ti+4NaCl+2H2↑CaH2+2H2O=Ca(OH)2↓+2H2↑4HF+SiO2===SiF4+2H2O（可測定礦樣或鋼樣中SiO2的含量，玻璃雕琢）4HF+Si===SiF4+2H2↑2HF+CaCl2===CaF2+2HClH2S+Fe===FeS↓+H2↑H2S+CuCl2===CuS↓+2HCl(弱酸制強酸的典型反響)H2S+Cu2+=CuS↓+2H+H2S+2AgNO3===Ag2S↓+2HNO3H2S+2Ag+=Ag2S↓+2H+H2S+HgCl2===HgS↓+2HClH2S+Hg2+=HgS↓+2H+H2S+Pb(NO3)2===PbS↓+2HNO3(鉛試紙查驗空氣中

H2S)H2S+Pb2+=PbS↓+2H+H2S+2Ag===Ag2S+H2↑(銀器在空氣中變黑的原由)2NH3(液)+2Na==2NaNH2+H2↑(NaNH2+H2O===NaOH+NH3↑)3NH3+HX===NH4X(X：F、Cl、Br、I、S)

、NH3的堿性：NH3+HNO3===NH4NO32NH3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4NH3+H+=NH4+NH3+H+=NH4+NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2===NaHCO3+NH4Cl（侯德榜制堿：用于工業(yè)制備7小蘇打，蘇打）NH3+H2S==NH4HS4、不堅固性：2HFNH3+H2S=NH4++HS-H2+F22HClH2+Cl2H2+S2H2O2NH32H2+O2催化劑2H2O2===2H2O+O2H2SN2+3H22HIH2+I2四．非金屬氧化物(SO3、SO2、N2O、NO、N2O3、NO2、N2O4、N2O5、CO、CO2、SiO2、P2O3、P2O5、Cl2O、Cl2O3、Cl2O5、Cl2O7、ClO2)1、廉價態(tài)的復(fù)原性：(SO2、CO、NO)2SO2+O2+2H2O===2H2SO4（這是SO2在大氣中遲緩發(fā)生的環(huán)境化學(xué)反響）2SO2+O2催化劑加熱2SO3SO2+NO2===SO3+NOSO2+Cl2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HCl+2Cl–Cl2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42–SO2+Br2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HBrBr2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42+2Br––SO2+I2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HII2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42+2I––2NO+O2===2NO2NO+NO2+2NaOH===2NaNO2（用于制硝酸工業(yè)中汲取尾氣中的NO和NO2）NO+NO2+2OH=2NO22CO+O23CO+Fe2O3––2CO2CO+CuO催化劑加熱Cu+CO2CO2+H22Fe+3CO2CO+H2O82、氧化性：SO2+2H2S===3S+2H2OSO3+2KIK2SO3+I2NO2+2KI+H2O===NO+I2+2KOH（不可以用淀粉KI溶液鑒識溴蒸氣和NO2）4NO2+H2S===4NO+SO3+H2O2NO2+Cu4CuO+N2N2O+ZnZnO+N2CO2+2Mg火災(zāi))SiO2+2H22MgO+C(CO2不可以用于息滅由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K等焚燒的Si+2H2OSiO2+2Mg2MgO+Si3、與水的作用:SO2+H2O===H2SO3SO3+H2O===H2SO4SO3+H2O=2H++SO42–3NO2+H2O===2HNO3+NO(NO2不是硝酸的酸酐)N2O5+H2O===2HNO3N2O5+H2O=2H++2NO3–P2O5+H2O(冷水)===2HPO3P2O5+3H2O(熱水)===2H3PO4(P2O5極易吸水,可作氣體干燥劑)P2O5+3H2SO4(濃)===2H3PO4+3SO3CO2+H2O===H2CO3Cl2O+H2O==2HClOCl2O7+H2O==2HClO4Cl2O7+H2O=2H++2ClO4–4、與堿性物質(zhì)的作用:SO2+2NH3+H2O===(NH4)2SO3SO2+(NH4)2SO3+H2O===2NH4HSO32NH4HSO3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4+2H2O+2SO2↑(硫酸工業(yè)尾氣辦理)SO2+Ca(OH)2===CaSO3↓+H2O(不可以用澄清石灰水鑒識SO2和CO2.可9用品紅鑒識)SO3+MgO===MgSO4SO3+Ca(OH)2===CaSO4↓+H2OCO2+NH3+H2O===NH4HCO3CO2+2NH3(過(NH4)2CO3CO2+2NH3(NH2)2CO+2H2O(NH2)2CO+H2O(工業(yè)制取尿素)2OH+CO2=CO32+H2O-–-–量)+H2O===(NH4)2CO3CO2+2NaOH(過分)==Na2CO3+H2OCO2(過分)+NaOH==NaHCO3OH+CO2=HCO3CO2+Ca(OH)2(過分)==CaCO3+H2OCa2++2OH+CO2=CaCO3↓+H2O2CO2(過分)+Ca(OH)2==Ca(HCO3)2―–OH+CO2=HCO3CO2+CaCO3+H2O==Ca(HCO3)2CO2+CaCO3+H2O=Ca2++2HCO3–CO2(不足)+2NaAlO2+3H2O===2Al(OH)3↓+Na2CO3CO2+3H2O+AlO2=Al(OH)3↓+CO32––CO2(足)+NaAlO2+2H2O===Al(OH)3↓+NaHCO3CO2+2H2O+AlO2=Al(OH)3↓+HCO3CO2+C6H5ONa+H2O===C6H5OH↓+NaHCO3CO2+C6H5O+H2O=C6H5OH↓+HCO3SiO2+CaOCaSiO3(煉鋼造渣)―–––SiO2+2NaOH===Na2SiO3+H2O(常溫下強堿遲緩腐化玻璃)SiO2+Na2CO3SiO2+CaCO3Na2SiO3+CO2(制取玻璃)CaSiO3+CO2(制取玻璃)102NO2+2NaOH==NaNO2+NaNO3+H2O2NO2+2OH=NO3+NO2+H2O―–―NO+NO2+2NaOH==2NaNO2+H2O(制取硝酸工業(yè)尾氣汲取)NO+NO2+2OH=2NO3+H2O五．金屬氧化物1、廉價態(tài)的復(fù)原性:6FeO+O2===2Fe3O4FeO+4HNO3===Fe(NO3)3+NO2+2H2OFeO+4H++NO3=Fe3++NO2↑+2H2O――–2、氧化性:Na2O2+2Na2Na2O（此反響用于制備Na2O）MgO，Al2O3幾乎沒有氧化性，很難被復(fù)原為Mg，Al.一般經(jīng)過電解制Mg和Al.Fe2O3+3H2Fe3O4+4H22Fe+3H2O(制復(fù)原鐵粉)3Fe+4H2OCuO+H2Cu+H2O2Fe3O4+16HI==6FeI2+8H2O+2I22Fe3O4+16H++4I=6Fe2++8H2O+2I2―Fe2O3+FeFeO+C2FeO+Si3FeO(煉鋼過程中加入廢鋼作氧化劑)Fe+CO(高溫?zé)掍撜{(diào)理C含量)2Fe+SiO2(高溫?zé)掍撜{(diào)理Si含量)3、與水的作用:Na2O+H2O==2NaOHNa2O+H2O=2Na++2OH–2Na2O2+2H2O===4NaOH+O2↑2Na2O2+2H2O=4Na++4OH+O2↑–(此反響分兩步:Na2O2+2H2O===2NaOH+H2O2;2H2O2===2H2O+O2H2O2的制備可利用近似的反響:BaO2+H2SO4(稀)===BaSO4+H2O2)MgO+H2O===Mg(OH)2(遲緩反響)4、與酸性物質(zhì)的作用:Na2O+SO3==Na2SO4Na2O+CO2==Na2CO3MgO+SO3===MgSO4Na2O+2HCl==2NaCl+H2ONa2O+2H+=2Na++H2O2Na2O2+2CO2==2Na2CO3+O2↑Na2O2+H2SO4(冷,稀)===Na2SO4+H2O2MgO+H2SO4===MgSO4+H2OMgO+2H+=Mg2++H2OAl2O3+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2OAl2O3+6H+=2Al3++3H2OAl2O3+2NaOH===2NaAlO2+H2OAl2O3+2OH=2AlO2+H2OFeO+2HCl===FeCl2+H2OFeO+2H+=Fe2++H2OFe2O3+6HCl===2FeCl3+3H2OFe2O3+6H+=2Fe3++3H2OFe3O4+8HCl===FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OFe3O4+8H+=2Fe3++Fe2++4H2O六．含氧酸1、氧化性:4HClO3+3H2S===3H2SO4+4HCl――(Al2O3兩性氧化物)–ClO3+3H2S=6H++SO42+Cl––HClO3+HI===HIO3+HClClO3+I=IO3+Cl3HClO+HI===HIO3+3HCl––––3HClO+I=IO3+3H++Cl-––HClO+H2SO3===H2SO4+HCl––HClO+H2SO3=3H++SO42+ClHClO+H2O2===HCl+H2O+O2↑–HClO+H2O2=H++Cl+H2O+O2↑(氧化性:HClO>HClO2>HClO3>HClO4,但濃,熱的HClO4氧化性很強)2H2SO4(濃)+C2H2SO4(濃)+SCO2↑+2SO2↑+2H2O3SO2↑+2H2OH2SO4+Fe(Al)室溫下鈍化6H2SO4(濃)+2Fe+6H2O2H2SO4(濃)+CuFe2(SO4)3+3SO2↑CuSO4+SO2↑+2H2OH2SO4(濃)+2HBr===SO2↑+Br2+2H2O(不可以用濃硫酸與NaBr制取HBr)H2SO4(濃)+2HI===SO2↑+I2+2H2O不(能用濃硫酸與NaI制取HI)H2SO4(稀)+Fe===FeSO4+H2↑2H++Fe=Fe2++H2↑H2SO3+2H2S===3S↓+3H2O4HNO3(濃)+CCO2↑+4NO2↑+2H2OH2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2OH3PO4+5NO2↑+H2O3H3PO4+5NO↑3H3PO4+5NO↑6HNO3(濃)+S5HNO3(濃)+P5HNO3(稀)+3P+2H2O5H++5NO3-+3P+2H2O6HNO3(濃足)+Fe===Fe(NO3)3+3NO2↑+3H2O134HNO3(濃)+Fe(足)===Fe(NO3)2+NO2↑+2H2O(先得Fe3+,在Fe過分時重生成Fe2+的鹽)4HNO3(稀足)+Fe===Fe(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O4H++NO3-+Fe=Fe3++NO↑+2H2O30HNO3+8Fe===8Fe(NO3)3+3N2O↑+15H2O30H++6NO3+8Fe=8Fe3++3N2O↑+15H2O–36HNO3+10Fe===10Fe(NO3)3+3N2↑+18H2O36H++6NO3+10Fe=8Fe3++3N2↑+18H2O–30HNO3+8Fe===8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2O30H++3NO3+8Fe=8Fe3++3NH4++9H2O–4Zn+10HNO3(稀)==4Zn(NO3)2+N2O↑+5H2O4Zn+10H++2NO3=4Zn2++N2O↑+5H2O–4Zn+10HNO3(稀)==4Zn(NO3)2+NH4NO3+3H2O4Zn+10H++NO3=4Zn2++NH4++5H2O–2、復(fù)原性:H2SO3+X2+H2O===H2SO4+2HX(X表示Cl2,Br2,I2)H2SO3+X2+H2O=4H++SO42-+X2H2SO3+O2==2H2SO42H2SO3+O2=4H++SO42-H2SO3+H2O2===H2SO4+H2O–H2SO3+H2O2=2H++SO42+H2O–5H2SO3+2KMnO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2O5H2SO3+2MnO4=2Mn2++4H++3SO42+3H2O––H2SO3+2FeCl3+H2O===H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl14H2SO3+2Fe3++H2O=4H++2Fe2++SO42–3、酸性:H2SO4(濃)+CaF2酸)H2SO4(濃)+NaCl酸)H2SO4(濃)+2NaCl發(fā)性酸)H2SO4(濃)+NaNO3酸)CaSO4+2HF↑不(揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性NaHSO4+HCl↑(不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性Na2SO4+2HCl↑(不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮NaHSO4+HNO3↑(不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性3H2SO4(濃)+Ca3(PO4)22H2SO4(濃)+Ca3(PO4)23CaSO4+2H3PO42CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)2強(酸制弱酸酸)(工業(yè)制磷肥)3HNO3+Ag3PO4==H3PO4+3AgNO33H++Ag3PO4=H3PO4+3Ag+2HNO3+CaCO3==Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO2↑2H++CaCO3=Ca2++H2O+CO2↑（用HNO3和濃H2SO4不可以制備H2S，HI，HBr，SO2等復(fù)原性氣體）4H3PO4+Ca3(PO4)23Ca(H2PO4)2（重鈣）H3PO4(濃)+NaBr是非氧化性酸)H3PO4（濃）+NaI4、不堅固性：NaH2PO4+HBr↑不(揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸,磷酸NaH2PO4+HI↑2HClO4HNO32HCl+O2↑(保留在棕色瓶中)4NO2↑+O2↑+2H2O保(存在棕色瓶中)H2SO3H2CO3H4SiO4H2S2O3H2O+SO2↑(在加熱或酸性條件下分解)H2O+CO2↑(在加熱或酸性條件下分解)H2SiO3+H2OH2SiO3SiO2↓+H2OH2O+S↓+SO2↑(在加熱或酸性條件下分解)七．堿1、廉價態(tài)的復(fù)原性：4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O===4Fe(OH)32、與酸性物質(zhì)的作用：2NaOH+SO2(少許)==Na2SO3+H2OOH+SO2=SO32+H2O––NaOH+SO2(足)==NaHSO3OH+SO2(足)=HSO3-–2NaOH+SiO2==Na2SiO3+H2OOH+SiO2=SiO32+H2O-–2NaOH+Al2O3==2NaAlO2+H2O2OH+Al2O3=2AlO2+H2O2KOH+Cl2==KCl+KClO+H2O–––-Cl2+2OH=Cl+ClO+H2ONaOH+HCl==NaCl+H2OH++OH=H2ONaOH+H2S(足)==NaHS+H2OOH+H2S=HS+H2O2NaOH+H2S(少許)==Na2S+2H2O––2OH+H2S=S2+2H2O––3NaOH+AlCl3==Al(OH)3↓+3NaCl3OH+Al3+=Al(OH)3↓–NaOH+Al(OH)3==NaAlO2+2H2O（AlCl3和Al(OH)3哪個酸性強？）OH–+Al(OH)–3=AlO2+2H2OCa(OH)2+2NH4Cl2CaCl2+2NH3↑+2H2O(實驗室制NH3)NaOH+NH4ClNaCl+NH3↑+H2OMg(OH)2+2NH4Cl==MgCl2+2NH3·H2O(Al(OH)3+NH4Cl不溶解)Ba(OH)2+H2SO4==BaSO4↓+2H2O2H++2OH–+Ba2++SO–42=BaSO4↓2H2O3、不堅固性:Mg(OH)2MgO+H2O2Al(OH)3Al2O3+3H2O2Fe(OH)3Fe2O3+3H2OCu(OH)2CuO+H2O2AgOH==Ag2O+H2O八．鹽1、氧化性：(在水溶液中)2FeCl3+Fe==3FeCl22Fe3++Fe=3Fe2+2FeCl3+Cu===2FeCl2+CuCl2用(于雕琢銅線路版2Fe3++Cu=2Fe2++Cu2+2FeCl3+Zn(少許)===2FeCl2+ZnCl22Fe3++Zn=2Fe2++Zn2+FeCl3+Ag===FeCl2+AgCl↓2Fe3++Cl-+2Ag=2Fe2++2AgCl↓Fe2(SO4)3+2Ag===FeSO4+Ag2SO4↓(較難反響)Fe(NO3)3+Ag不反響2FeCl3+H2S===2FeCl2+2HCl+S↓2Fe3++H2S=2Fe2++2H++S↓2FeCl3+2KI===2FeCl2+2KCl+I22Fe3++2I-=2Fe2++I2FeCl2+Mg===Fe+MgCl2Fe2++Mg=Fe+Mg2+17)NaNO2+NH4Cl==NaCl+N2↑+2H2O(實驗室制氮氣)NH4++NO2=N2-↑+2H2O2、復(fù)原性：2FeCl2+3Cl2===2FeCl3(在水溶液中不需加熱)2Fe2++3Cl2=2Fe3++6Cl-3Na2S+8HNO3(稀)===6NaNO3+2NO↑+3S+4H2O3S2+8H++2NO3=2NO↑+3S+4H2O--3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀)===3Na2SO4+2NO↑+H2O3SO32+2H++2NO3=3SO42+2NO↑+H2O---2Na2SO3+O2===2Na2SO4(Na2SO3在空氣中易變質(zhì))Na2SO3+SNa2S2O3Na2S+Cl2==2NaCl+S↓(在水溶液中)S2+Cl2=2Cl+S↓--3、與堿性物質(zhì)的作用：Ca(OH)2+CuSO4==Cu(OH)2↓+CaSO4↓(波爾多液)MgCl2+2NH3·H2O===Mg(OH)2↓+2NH4ClMg2++2NH3·H2O=Mg(OH)2↓+2NH4+AlCl3+3NH3·H2O===Al(OH)3↓+3NH4ClAl3++3NH3·H2O=Al(OH)2↓+3NH4+FeCl3+3NH3·H2O===Fe(OH)3↓+3NH4ClFe3++3NH3·H2O=Fe(OH)3↓+3NH4+CuSO4+2NH3·H2O(不足)==Cu(OH)2↓+(NH4)2SO4Cu2++2NH3·H2O=Cu(OH)2↓+2NH4+Cu(OH)2+4NH3·H2O=Cu(NH3)4(OH)2+4H2OCu(OH)2+4NH3·H2O=[Cu(NH3)4]2++2OH+4H2O銅氨溶液-CuSO4+4NH3·H2O(足)==Cu(NH3)4SO4+4H2OCu2++4NH3·H2O=[Cu(NH3)4]2++4H2O總方程式銅氨溶液AgNO3+NH3·H2O==AgOH↓+NH4NO32AgOH=Ag2O(灰黑色)+H2OAg2O+4NH3·H2O=2[Ag(NH3)2]++2OH+3H2O銀氨溶液-AgNO3+2NH3·H2O==Ag(NH3)2NO3+2H2OAg++2NH3·H2O=[Ag(NH3)2]++2H2O總方程式ZnSO4+2NH3·H2O(不足)==Zn(OH)2↓+(NH4)2SO4Zn2++2NH3·H2O=Zn(OH)2↓+2NH4+Zn(OH)2+4NH3·H2O=Zn(NH3)4(OH)2+4H2OZnSO4+4NH3·H2O(足)==Zn(NH3)4SO4+4H2OZn2++4NH3·H2O=[Zn(NH3)4]2++4H2O總方程式4、與酸性物質(zhì)的作用：強酸制弱酸，或不揮發(fā)性酸制揮發(fā)性酸Na3PO4+2HCl===Na2HPO4+2NaClPO43+2H+=H2PO4--Na2HPO4+HCl===NaH2PO4+NaClNaH2PO4+HCl===H3PO4+NaClHPO42+H+=H2PO4--H2PO4+H+=H3PO4-Na2CO3+HCl===NaHCO3+NaClCO32+H+=HCO3--NaHCO3+HCl===NaCl+H2O+CO2↑HCO3+H+=CO2↑+H2O-3Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O==2Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑+6NaCl(物質(zhì)之間的雙水解反響)3CO32+2Al3++3H2O=2Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑-3Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O===2Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2+6NaCl(物質(zhì)之間的雙水解反響)3CO32+2Fe3++3H2O=2Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2↑-3NaHCO3+AlCl3===Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑(物質(zhì)之間的雙水解反響)3HCO3+Al3+=2Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑-3NaHCO3+FeCl3===Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2↑(物質(zhì)之間的雙水解反響)3HCO3+Fe3+=2Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2↑-3Na2S+Al2(SO4)3+6H2O===2Al(OH)3↓+3H2S↑物(質(zhì)之間的雙水解反響)3S+2Al3++3H2O=2Al(OH)3↓+3H2S↑3NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O==4Al(OH)3↓+3NaCl2-(物質(zhì)之間的雙水解反響)3AlO2+Al3++6H2O=4Al(OH)3↓-3NaAlO2+FeCl3+6H2O==3Al(OH)3↓+Fe(OH)3↓+3NaCl3AlO2+Fe3++6H2O=3Al(OH)3↓+Fe(OH)3↓-NaAlO2+NH4Cl+2H2O==Al(OH)3↓+NH3·H2O+NaClAlO2+NH4++2H2O=Al(OH)3↓+NH3·H2O-Na2CO3+H2O+CO2===2NaHCO3CO32+H2O+CO2=2HCO3--Na2CO3+H2O+2SO2==2NaHSO3+CO2↑(1:2)20CO32+H2O+2SO2=2HSO3+CO2↑--2Na2CO3(足)+H2O+SO2==Na2SO3+2NaHCO3(CO2中的SO2不可以用Na2CO3洗氣)2CO32+H2O+SO2=SO32+2HCO3(2:1)---Na2CO3+SO2==Na2SO3+CO2CO32+SO2=SO32+CO2--(1:1)NaHCO3+SO2===NaHSO3+CO2(CO2中的SO2可能用NaHCO3洗氣)2HCO3+SO2=2HSO3+CO22NaHCO3+SO2==Na2SO3+2CO2+H2O2HCO3+SO2=SO32+2CO2+H2O----Na2SiO3+2HCl===H2SiO3↓+NaCl或Na2SiO3+2HCl+H2O===H4SiO4↓+2NaClSiO32+2H+=H2SiO3↓或SiO32+2H++H2O=H4SiO4↓--Na2SiO3+CO2+2H2O===H2SiO3↓+Na2CO3SiO32+CO2+2H2O=H4SiO4↓+CO32--5、鹽與鹽復(fù)分解反響Na2SO4+BaCl2==BaSO4↓+2NaCl(積淀不溶于鹽酸、硝酸)SO32+Ba2+=BaSO4↓-Na2SO3+BaCl2==BaSO3↓+2NaCl(積淀溶于鹽酸,在硝酸中生成新的積淀,積淀不用失)SO32+Ba2+=BaSO3↓-Na2CO3+BaCl2==BaCO3↓+2NaCl(積淀溶于鹽酸、積淀消逝)21CO32+Ba2+=BaCO3↓-Na2CO3+CaCl2==CaCO3↓+2NaCl(NaHCO3不反響)CO32+Ca2+=CaCO3↓-AgNO3+NaCl==AgCl↓+NaNO3AgNO3+NaBr==AgBr↓+NaNO3AgNO3+KI==AgCl↓+KNO3Ag++Cl=AgCl↓-Ag++Br=AgBr↓-Ag++I=AgI↓--3AgNO3+Na3PO4==Ag3PO4↓+3NaNO33Ag++PO43=Ag3PO4↓CuSO4+Na2S==CuS↓+Na2SO4FeCl3+3KSCN==Fe(SCN)3+3KClFe3++3SCN=Fe(SCN)3(血紅色，用于Fe3+的特色查驗)-Cu2++S=CuS↓2-6、不堅固性:Na2S2O3+H2SO4===Na2SO4+S↓+SO2↑+H2OS2O32+2H+=S↓+SO2↑+H2O-NH4ClNH4INH4INH3↑+HCl↑NH3↑+HI↑2HINH3↑+H2↑+I2↑NH3↑+H2O+CO2↑H2+I2NH4HCO32KNO32KNO2+O2↑2CuO+4NO2↑+O2↑2Ag+2NO2↑+O2↑(保留在棕色瓶中)2Cu(NO3)32AgNO35NH4NO310NH4NO34N2↑+2HNO3+9H2O8N2↑+4NO2↑+O2↑+20H2O↑(硝酸銨爆炸反響)222KMnO42KClO32NaHCO3K2MnO4+MnO2+O2↑2KCl+3O2↑Na2CO3+H2O+CO2↑CaCO3+H2O+CO2↑MgCO3MgO+CO2↑Ca(HCO3)2CaCO3CaO+CO2↑九、電離方程式1、酸的電離(H2SO4、HNO3、HCl、HBr、HI、H3PO4、HF、H2SO3、CH3COOH、H2CO3、H2S、HNO2、C6H5OH、HCN、HClO)H2SO4==2H++SO42或：H2SO4+2H2O==2H3O++SO42--HNO3==H++NO3或：HNO3+H2O==H3O++NO3(以下相同)--HCl==H++Cl-HBr==H++Br-HI==H++I-H3PO4HFH2SO3CH3COOHH2CO3H2SHNO2HCN-HPO24H++H2PO-4-H++PO34H2PO-4H++HPO2-4H++F---H++HSO3HSO32-H++SO3H++CH3COO---H++HCO3HCO32-H++CO3H++HS-HS-H++NO-2H++CN-H++S2-H++C6H5O-(苯酚不是酸，顯酸性)C6H5OH23HClOH2O2H2OH++ClO-H++OH-H3O++OH-2、堿的電離(NaOH、KOH、Ba(OH)2、Mg(OH)2、Al(OH)3、NH3·H2O)NaOH==Na++OH-Mg(OH)2Al(OH)3NH3·H2OKOH==K++OH-Ba(OH)2==Ba2++2OH-Mg2++2OH-Al3++3OH-酸式電離：Al(OH)3+2OHNH+4-H++AlO-+H2O2Ca(OH)2==Ca2++2OH-(澄清石灰水)Ca(OH)2Ca2++2OH-(石灰懸濁液)3、鹽的電離(NaCl、Na2SO4、NaHSO4、Na2SO3、NaHSO3、MgSO4、CaSO4、Al2(SO4)3、CuSO4、AlCl3、AgNO3、CH3COONa、NH4NO3、FeCl3、Na2CO3、NaHCO3、Na2S、NaHS、NaH2PO4、Na2HPO4、Na3PO4、KI、NaBr、NaClO、AgCl、CaCO3)NaCl==Na++Cl--Na2SO4==2Na++SO24-NaHSO4==H++Na++SO24-Na2SO3==2Na++SO24NaHSO3==Na++HSO3-(錯誤書寫：NaHSO3==Na++H++SO42-)-MgSO4==Mg2++SO24-Al2(SO4)3==2Al3++3SO24-CuSO4==Cu2++SO24AlCl3==Al3++3Cl-AgNO3==Ag++NO3CH3COONa==CH3COO-+Na+NH4NO3==NH4++NO3-FeCl3==Fe3++3Cl-2-Na2CO3==2Na++CO3-2-NaHCO3==Na++HCO3(錯誤書寫：NaHCO3==Na++H++CO3)Na2S==2Na++S2-NaHS==Na++HS-(錯誤書寫：NaHS==Na++H+S2-)NaH2PO4==Na++H2PO-4++-3-Na2HPO4==2Na++HPO24(錯誤書寫：Na2HPO4==2Na+H+PO4)-Na3PO4==3Na++PO34KI==K++IAgClCaCO3CaSO4―NaBr==Na++Br―NaClO==Na++ClO―Ag++Cl-(難溶、微溶物質(zhì)在水中發(fā)生略微電離)2-2-Ca2++CO3(錯誤書寫：CaCO3==Ca2++CO3)2+--Ca2++SO2(錯誤書寫：CaSO==Ca+SO2444)3、熔融電離NaClNa2ONa++Cl-2Na++O2―MgCl2Al2O3Mg2++2Cl-2Al3++3O2―十、水解反響1、單水解---可逆水解NH4Cl+H2ONH3·H2O+HClNH4++H2O25H++NH3·H2OFeCl3+3H2OAlCl3+3H2OCuSO4+2H2O子均水解)NaHCO3+H2O解)Na2CO3+H2ONaHCO3+H2O加)Na2SO3+H2ONaHSO3+H2OFe(OH)3+3HClFe3++3H2OAl(OH)3+3HClAl3++3H2OFe(OH)3+3H+Al(OH)3+3H+Cu(OH)2+H2SO4(金屬活動次序表中Mg2+此后的陽離H2CO3+NaOH(NaHSO4不水解，NaHSO3電離大于水NaHCO3+NaOHCO32+H2O-HCO3+OH-–H2CO3+NaOH(第一步遠遠大于第二步，二步不可以疊NaHSO3+NaOHSO32+H2O-HSO3+OH-–H2SO3+NaOH(第一步遠遠大于第二步，二步不可以疊加)HSO3+H2OS2+H2O--H2SO3+OHHS-+OH–-Na2S+H2ONaHS+H2ONaHS+NaOHH2S+NaOH(第一步遠遠大于第二步，二步不可以疊加)HS+H2O--H2S+OHHPO42+OH-–-Na3PO4+H2ONa2HPO4+H2ONaH2PO4+H2OCH3COONa+H2OCH3COO+H2OC6H5ONa+H2O2、雙水解-Na2HPO4+NaOHPO43+H2O-NaH2PO4+NaOHHPO42+H2OH3PO4+NaOHH2PO4+H2O–-H2PO4+OHH3PO4+OHCH3COOH+NaOH–-–CH3COOH+OHC6H5OH+NaOHC6H5O+H2O-C6H5OH+OH–CH3COONH4+H2OCH3COOH+NH3·H2ONH4F+H2OHF+NH3·H2OAl2S3+6H2O==Al(OH)3↓+H2S↑隔(絕空氣，密封保留)Mg3N2+6H2O==Mg(OH)2↓+NH3↑(間隔空氣，密封保留)Na3P+3H2O==3NaOH+PH3↑(間隔空氣，密封保留)Zn3P2+6H2O==Zn(OH)2↓+PH3↑(Zn3P2一種老鼠藥，PH3劇毒神經(jīng)毒劑)CaC2+2H2O==Ca(OH)3↓+C2H2↑(間隔空氣，密封保留)C2H5ONa+H2O==C2H5OH+NaOH十一、電解及電極方程式1、電解質(zhì)溶液在惰性電極條件下，或陰極是較開朗金屬電極，陽極是惰性電極條件下的電解2NaCl+2H2O2NaOH+H2↑+Cl2↑(-)2H2O+2e-==H2↑+2OH-或2H++2e-==H2↑(+)2Cl-2e-==Cl2↑-2Cl-+2H2OCuCl22OH-+H2↑+Cl2↑Cu+Cl2↑(-)Cu2++2e-==Cu↓2Cu2++2Cl-Cu↓+Cl2↑2Cu↓+O2↑+2H2SO42CuSO4+2H2O(-)2Cu2++4e-==2Cu↓22224H2O4H++4OH-272Cu2++2H2O2H2O2H2↑+O2↑2Cu↓+O2↑+4H+(-)4H++4e-==2H2↑(+)4OH-4e-==O2↑+2H2O2H2O酸性水解：(-)4H++4e-==2H2↑(+)2H2O-4e-==O2↑+4H+4OH-4e-==O2↑+2H2O--H2↑+O2↑2H2O堿性水解：H2↑+O2↑(-)4H2O+4e-==2H2↑+4OH或：4H++4e-==2H2↑-222H2OH2↑+O2↑-2、電鍍：鍍件作陰極，被鍍金屬作陽極，被鍍金屬的含氧酸鹽作電解質(zhì)溶液鍍銅：CuSO4電鍍液鍍件(-)Cu2++2e==Cu↓-純銅(+)Cu–2e==Cu2+-鍍鋅：ZnSO4電鍍液鍍件(-)Zn2++2e==Zn↓-純鋅(+)Zn–2e==Zn2+-鍍銀：AgNO3電鍍液鍍件(-)Ag++e==Ag↓-純銀(+)Ag–e==Ag+-鍍鎳：NiSO4電鍍液鍍件(-)Ni2++2e==Ni↓-純鎳(+)Ni–2e==Ni2+-3、熔融狀態(tài)下的電解：2NaCl(熔融)2Na+Cl2↑(-)2Na++2e-==2Na22Na++2Cl(熔融)---2Na+Cl2↑2Al2O3(熔融)4Al+2O2↑–(-)4Al3++12e==4Al24Al3++6O2NaHF2(熔融)-4Al+3O2↑H2↑+F2↑(-)2H++2e==H2↑–2-2HFH2↑+F2↑十二、原電池反響X—Y(電解質(zhì)溶液)或X//電解質(zhì)溶液//Y29(1)不可以逆電池蘇打電池：Zn—Cu(H2SO4)Zn極(-)Zn–2e==Zn2+(氧化反響)-Cu極(+)2H++2e==H2↑還(原反響)-離子方程式Zn+2H+==H2↑+Zn2+化學(xué)方程式Zn+H2SO4=ZnSO4+H2↑鐵碳電池：Fe—C(H2CO3)Fe極(-)Fe–2e==Fe2+(氧化反響)-C極(+)2H++2e==H2↑還(原反響)-離子方程式Fe+2H+==H2↑+Fe2+(析氫腐化)鐵碳電池：Fe—C(H2O、O2)Fe極(-)2Fe–4e==2Fe2+(氧化反響)-C極(+)O2+2H2O+4e==4OH-(復(fù)原反響)化學(xué)方程式2Fe+O2+2H2O==2Fe(OH)2(吸氧腐化)4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O==4Fe(OH)32Fe(OH)3==Fe2O3·nH2O+(3-n)H2O(鐵銹的生成過程)鋁鎳電池：Al—Ni(NaCl溶液、O2)Al極(-)4Al–12e==4Al3+---(氧化反響)Ni極(+)3O2+6H2O+12e==12OH-(復(fù)原反響)化學(xué)方程式4Al+3O2+6H2O==4Al(OH)3(大海燈標(biāo)電池)干電池：Zn—Mn