江蘇專用2023高考英語二輪增分策略專題四任務(wù)型閱讀第二節(jié)分類突破一原文詞匯類優(yōu)選習(xí)題20231216319

內(nèi)部文件，版權(quán)追溯內(nèi)部文件，版權(quán)追溯內(nèi)部文件，版權(quán)追溯第二節(jié)分類突破一、原文詞匯類(2023·江蘇)PopulationChangeWhyistheworld’spopulationgrowing？Theanswerisnotwhatyoumightthink.Thereasonfortheexplosionisnotthatpeoplehavebeenreproducinglikerabbits，butthatpeoplehavestoppeddroppingdeadlikeflies.In1900，peoplediedattheaverageageof30.By2000theaverageagewas65.Butwhileincreasinghealthwasatypicalfeatureofthe20thcentury，decliningbirthratecouldbeadefiningoneofthe21st.Statisticsshowthattheaveragenumberofbirthsperwomanhasfallenfrom4.9intheearly1960sto2.5nowadays.Furthermore，around50%oftheworld’spopulationliveinregionswherethefigureisnowbelowthereplacementlevel(i.e.2.1birthsperwoman)andalmostalldevelopednationsareexperiencingsub-replacementbirthrate.Youmightthinkthatdevelopingnationswouldmakeuptheloss(especiallysince80%oftheworld’speoplenowliveinsuchnations)，butyou’dbewrong.Decliningbirthrateisamajorprobleminmanydevelopingregionstoo，whichmightcausecatastrophicglobalshortagesofworkforcewithinafewdecades.AgreatdeclineinyoungworkforceislikelytooccurinChina，forinstance.Whatdoesitimply？First，Chinaneedstoundergorapideconomicdevelopmentbeforeapopulationdeclinehitsthecountry.Second，ifotherfactorssuchastechnologyremainconstant，economicgrowthandmaterialexpectationswillfallwellbelowrecentstandardsandthiscouldinvitetrouble.Russiaisanothercountrywithpopulationproblemsthatcouldbreakitseconomicpromise.Since1992thenumberofpeopledyinghasbeenbiggerthanthatofthosebeingbornbyamassive50%.Indeedofficialfiguressuggestthecountryhasshrunkby5%since1993andpeopleinRussialiveashorterlifenowthanthosein1961.Whyisthisoccurring？Nobodyisquitesure，butpoordietandabovealllong-timealcoholismhavemuchtodowithit.Ifcurrenttrendsdon’tbend，Russia’spopulationwillbeaboutthesizeofYemen’sbytheyear2050.InthenorthofIndia，thepopulationisboomingduetohighbirthrates，butinthesouth，wheremosteconomicdevelopmentistakingplace，birthrateisfallingrapidly.Inafurthertwist，birthrateishighestinpoorlyeducatedruralareasandlowestinhighlyeducatedurbanareas.Intotal,25%ofIndia’sworking-agepopulationhasnoeducation.In2030，asixthofthecountry’spotentialworkforcecouldbetotallyuneducated.Onesolutionisobviouslytoimportforeignworkersviaimmigration.AsfortheUSA，itisalmostuniqueamongdevelopednationsinhavingapopulationthatisexpectedtogrowby20%from2023-2030.Moreover，theUSAhasatrackrecordofsuccessfullyacceptingimmigrants.Asaresultit’slikelytoseeariseinthesizeofitsworking-agepopulationandtowitnessstrongeconomicgrowthoverthelongerterm.考場(chǎng)思維模式第一步：讀表格，知文章大意通過略讀樹狀圖，可知本文話題是“人口下降”，并且分析了幾個(gè)國(guó)家存在的人口問題。第二步：定位，定詞，定性，定形任務(wù)型閱讀樹狀圖高度概括了原文信息，為了節(jié)約時(shí)間并且提高解題的針對(duì)性，先讀圖中的內(nèi)容，然后在原文中進(jìn)行定位，定位后進(jìn)行定詞，定詞后定性(如名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞)，最后定形(如單復(fù)數(shù)、非謂語形式、大小寫等)。1．原文詞匯類74．答案economic解析文章第三、四、五段分別分析了中國(guó)、俄羅斯、印度存在的人口問題以及對(duì)本國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的影響，結(jié)合第三、五段中出現(xiàn)的economicdevelopment以及第四段中出現(xiàn)的economicpromise可判斷填economic。79．答案immigration解析最后一段介紹了美國(guó)解決人口問題的辦法，即通過移民入境增加外國(guó)勞動(dòng)力。根據(jù)“Onesolutionisobviouslytoimportforeignworkersviaimmigration.”可判斷填immigration。2．轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯類73．答案immediate解析根據(jù)第二段中的“...whichmightcausecatastrophicglobalshortagesofworkforcewithinafewdecades.”可知，發(fā)展中國(guó)家出生率的下降可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致幾十年后災(zāi)難性的勞動(dòng)力短缺，由withinafewdecades可知出生率下降帶來的影響可能不會(huì)立即顯現(xiàn)出來，故填immediate。75．答案old/older解析根據(jù)第三段第一句“AgreatdeclineinyoungworkforceislikelytooccurinChina，forinstance.”可知，中國(guó)很有可能出現(xiàn)年輕勞動(dòng)力減少的問題，也就是說中國(guó)的勞動(dòng)力群體正在變老，此處既可以用old的原級(jí)，也可以用其比較級(jí)。76．答案earlier解析根據(jù)第四段中的“...peopleinRussialiveashorterlifenowthanthosein1961.”可知，當(dāng)前俄羅斯人的壽命比1961年時(shí)要短，liveashorterlife可以同義替換為earlierdeath(早逝)。3．概括詞匯類71．答案lower解析根據(jù)第一段最后一句“...decliningbirthratecouldbeadefiningoneofthe21st.”可知，出生率的下降是21世紀(jì)的特征，也就是說，21世紀(jì)的出生率可能會(huì)比20世紀(jì)的更低，故填lower。72．答案size/scale解析根據(jù)第二段中的“...almostalldevelopednationsareexperiencingsub-replacementbirthrate.”可知，大部分發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家正經(jīng)歷著人口負(fù)增長(zhǎng)，也就是說發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家難以保持人口的規(guī)模，“人口的規(guī)?！庇胻hesize/scaleofpopulation表達(dá)。77．答案living/life解析根據(jù)第四段中的“...butpoordietandabovealllong-timealcoholismhavemuchtodowithit.”可知，糟糕的飲食習(xí)慣尤其是長(zhǎng)期酗酒與俄羅斯人壽命變短有很大的關(guān)系，所以需要改變?nèi)藗兊纳罘绞?，“生活方式”可以用wayofliving/life表達(dá)。78．答案equality解析根據(jù)第五段中的“Inafurthertwist，birthrateishighestinpoorlyeducatedruralareasandlowestinhighlyeducatedurbanareas.”可知，在教育水平落后的農(nóng)村地區(qū)出生率最高，而在教育水平發(fā)達(dá)的城市地區(qū)出生率最低。由此可以推斷，暫時(shí)不考慮出生率問題，如果印度能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)教育機(jī)會(huì)均等的話，它的經(jīng)濟(jì)可能會(huì)騰飛，故填equality。80．答案compensate解析根據(jù)最后一段可知，移民入境將會(huì)彌補(bǔ)美國(guó)年輕勞動(dòng)力不足的問題，“彌補(bǔ)”可用compensatefor表示。第三步：復(fù)查并且將答案填在答題卡上復(fù)查完確認(rèn)不需要修改之后，將試卷上所寫答案填在答題卡指定區(qū)域，注意要認(rèn)真書寫，不能潦草。信息捕捉題就是常見的原文詞匯題，這是屬于對(duì)學(xué)生英語中低層水平能力的考查。一般占50%左右，原文詞匯題是基礎(chǔ)題目，考查學(xué)生從文章中捕捉信息的能力。一般可以直接通過表格和原文進(jìn)行對(duì)照，邊讀文章邊可以找出與試題相關(guān)的信息，獲取到相關(guān)單詞，有時(shí)候試題和原文句型的句式不同，需進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的邏輯推理然后找到相應(yīng)的單詞，不需變化，直接填入。解題關(guān)鍵是信息的定位和篩選。(2023·鹽城三模)Artificialintelligence(AI)isrushingintobusiness.FirmsofalltypesareusingAItoforecastdemand，hireworkersanddealwithcustomers.TheMcKinseyGlobalInstitute，athink-tankwithinaconsultancy，forecaststhatjustapplyingAItomarketing，salesandsupplychainscouldcreateeconomicvalueof2.7trnoverthenext20years.Suchgrandforecastsfuelanxietyaswellashope.Lessfamiliar，butjustasimportant，ishowAIwilltransformtheworkplace.Startwiththebenefits.AIoughttoimproveproductivity.Humanyze，apeopleanalyticssoftwareprovider，combinesdatafromitsbadges(工牌)withemployees’calendarsande-mailstoworkout，say，whetherofficelayoutsfavourteamwork.Slack，aworkplacemessagingapp，helpsmanagersassesshowquicklyemployeesaccomplishtasks.Companieswillseewhenworkersarenotjustdozingoffbutalsomisbehaving.Employeeswillgain，too.Thankstoadvancesincomputervision，AIcancheckthatworkersarewearingsafetyequipmentandthatnoonehasbeenharmedonthefactoryfloor.Somewillappreciatemorefeedbackontheirworkandwelcomeasenseofhowtodobetter.Machinescanhelpensurethatpayrisesandpromotionsgotothosewhodeservethem.Thatstartswithhiring.Peopleoftenhavebiasesbutalgorithms(算法)，ifdesignedcorrectly，canbemoreunprejudiced.Softwarecanflagpatternsthatpeoplemightmiss.YetAI’sbenefitswillcomewithmanypotentialdrawbacks.Algorithmsmaynotbefreeofthebiasesoftheirprogrammers，whichcanhaveunintendedconsequences.Thelengthofatravelmaypredictwhetheranemployeewillquitajob，butthisfocusmayharmpoorerapplicants.OlderstaffmightworkmoreslowlythanyoungeronesandcouldrisklosingtheirpositionsifallAIlooksforisproductivity.Andsurveillance(監(jiān)控)mayfeelOrwellian—asensitivematternowthatpeoplehavebeguntoquestionhowmuchFacebookandothertechgiantsknowabouttheirprivatelives.AsregulatorsandemployersweightheprosandconsofAIintheworkplace，threeprinciplesoughttoguideitsspread.First，datashouldbeanonymisedwherepossible.Microsoft，forexample，hasaproductthatshowsindividualshowtheymanagetheirtimeintheoffice，butgivesmanagersinformationonlyinaggregated(整合)form.Second，theuseofAIoughttobetransparent.Employeesshouldbetoldwhattechnologiesarebeingusedintheirworkplacesandwhichdataarebeinggathered.Asamatterofroutine，algorithmsusedbyfirmstohire，fireandpromoteshouldbetestedforbiasandunintendedconsequences.Last，countriesshouldletindividualsrequesttheirowndata，whethertheyareex-workerswishingtocontestadismissalorjobseekershopingtodemonstratetheirabilitytoprospectiveemployers.ThemarchofAIintotheworkplacecallsfortrade-offsbetweenprivacyandperformance.Afairer，moreproductiveworkforceisaprizeworthhaving，butnotifitchainsemployees.Strikingabalancewillrequirethought，awillingnessforbothemployersandemployeestoadapt，andastrongdoseofhumanity.AISpyPassageoutlineSupportingdetailsIntroductionWhileitsfutureinbusinessisfullof71.，AIaffectstheworkplacenegatively.AdvantagesofAI?AImakesbusinessmoreproductivebyanalyzingtheofficelayout，assessingtheemployees’workingefficiencyand72.theirbehavior.?AIcan73.employees’safetyandprovidefeedbackforthemtobetterthemselves.?AIhelpsbusinesseshiremoresuitableemployeesanddevelopabetter74.ofpromotionandpayrise.PotentialdrawbacksofAI?Undesirableresultsmayariseduetothebiasesoftheprogrammers.?Poorerapplicantsandolderstaffareata75..?Employees’heageofAI.Principles77.AI’sspread?Keepthedataanonymouswhentheyaregatheredandused.?78.employeesoftechnologiesusedintheworkplaceandtestthealgorithmstoavoidundesirableresults.?79.employeestoaccessdatafortheirownsake.SummaryOnlywhenemployeesandemployersare80.toadaptandrespecteachother，canAImakeworkplacefairerandmoreproductive.語篇解讀本文是一篇說明文。首先對(duì)人工智能的優(yōu)、缺點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了介紹，然后介紹了指導(dǎo)這項(xiàng)技術(shù)普及的三個(gè)原則，并在最后進(jìn)行了總結(jié)。71．答案promise/hope解析原文詞匯題。根據(jù)第二段第一句“Suchgrandforecastsfuelanxietyaswellashope.”中的hope的提示，AI的前景很好，但是對(duì)于工廠有不良的影響。故填promise/hope。72．答案monitoring解析轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句“Companieswillseewhenworkersarenotjustdozingoffbutalsomisbehaving.”可知，公司會(huì)監(jiān)視員工是否打瞌睡或者行為不當(dāng)，故填monitoring。73．答案guarantee/ensure解析轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯題。根據(jù)第四段第二句中的“AIcancheckthatworkersarewearingsafetyequipmentandthatnoonehasbeenharmedonthefactoryfloor”可知，AI可以保障工人的安全，確認(rèn)他們穿著安全設(shè)備，不會(huì)受傷。故填guarantee或ensure。74．答案system解析概括詞匯題。根據(jù)第五段最后兩句“Peopleoftenhavebiasesbutalgorithms(算法)，ifdesignedcorrectly，canbemoreunprejudiced.Softwa