埃茲拉龐德和意象主義

廣州商學(xué)院2007年《英美文學(xué)》I.Definethefollowingterms(30pointsinall,5pointsforeach).1.EnglishEnlightenment2.Romanticism3.MetaphysicalPoets4.Epic5.Imagism6.AmericanRealism北京師范大學(xué)2003年《英美文學(xué)》22.EzraPound’artistictalentsareonfulldisplayinthehistoryofthe______movement,whichflourishedfrom1907to1917andadvancedmodernisminarts.復(fù)旦大學(xué)

2005年《英美文學(xué)》Writedownthewriters:TheCantos北京郵電大學(xué)2006年《英美文學(xué)》14.EzraPound’s“InaStationofMetro”:author;title;whattwoimagesarejuxtaposed,orplacednexttoeachotherinthispoem?Howdoyouappreciatethispoem?(20points)EzraPoundImagismImagismI.DefinitionII.BackgroundIII.PurposesoftheImagistsIV.TherepresentativesV.PrinciplesVI.ThreestagesVII.SignificanceI.Definitionamovementinearly20th-centuryAnglo-Americanpoetrythatfavoredprecisionofimageryclear,sharplanguagethefirstorganizedModernistEnglishlanguageliterarymovementorgroupImagismistopresentanintellectualandemotionalcomplexinaninstantoftime.Animagisticpoemmustpresenttheobjectexactlythewaythethingisseen.Thereadercanformtheimageoftheobjectthroughtheprocessofreadingtheabstractandconcretewords.DefinitionofanImagebyPoundItpresentsanintellectualandemotionalcomplexinaninstantoftime,“avortex(漩渦)orclusteroffusedideas”“endowedwithenergy”.Theexactwordmustbringtheeffectoftheobjectbeforethereaderasithadpresenteditselftothepoet’smindatthetimeofwriting.II.BackgroundImagismwasinfluencedbyFrenchsymbolismancientChinesepoetryJapanesepoetry“haiku”(俳句)Theinfluencedthoughts:RémydeGourmont果爾蒙,法國(guó)，authorofTheNaturalPhilosophyofLove(1904)T.E.Hulme休姆,英國(guó):stressedtheimportanceoffreshlanguagetrueperception(觀念)onnatureIII.PurposesoftheImagiststorejectthesentimentanddiscursiveness(漫談)

typicalofRomanticandVictorianpoetry.tochallengewhattheyconsideredthesuperficiallydecorativeandoverlyverbosepoetryofthe19thcentury.overly['?uv?li]adv.過度地,極度地verbose[v?:lb?us]，啰嗦的,冗長(zhǎng)的IV.TherepresentativesEzraPound,埃茲拉·龐德H.D.(HildaDoolittle),杜利特爾JohnGouldFletcher,弗萊徹RichardAldington,奧爾丁頓AmyLowell,艾米·洛威爾RichardAldingtonV.PrinciplesIntheirmanifestotheImagistspromised:1.directtreatmentofthethingwhethersubjectiveorobjective2.touseabsolutelynowordthatdoesnotcontributetothepresentation3.tocomposeinthesequenceofthemusicalrhythm:tocomposeinthesequenceofmusicalphrase4.tousethelanguageofcommonspeechandtheexactword

準(zhǔn)確使用日常用語(yǔ)5.tocreatenewrhythms

創(chuàng)造新的節(jié)奏6.absolutelyfreedominthechoiceofsubject

主題選擇的絕對(duì)自由普羅旺斯晨歌有如蒼白濕潤(rùn)的鈴蘭涼涼的花瓣拂曉時(shí)她躺在我身邊VI.Threestages1.1908~1909:London,Hulme

2.1912~1914:England-America,Pound

3.1914~1917:AmyLowellVII.Significance1.Itwasarebellionagainstthetraditionalpoeticswhichfailedtoreflectthenewlifeofthenewcentury.2.ItofferedanewwayofwritingwhichwasvalidnotonlyfortheImagistpoetsformodernpoetryasawhole3.Themovementwasatrainingschoolinwhichmanygreatpoetslearnedtheirfirstlessonsinthepoeticart.4.ItisthismovementthathelpedtoopenthefirstpagesofmodernEnglishandAmericanpoetry.EzraPound(1885-1972)

Americanexpatriatepoet,criticandintellectualleaderofImagistmovementamajorfigureoftheModernistmovementEzraPound1.life2.literarycareer3.works4.pointofview5.style6.Contribution7.The

Cantos

1.LifeName:EzraWestonLoomisPoundBorn:Hailey,Idaho,October30,1885oftencalled“thepoet’spoet”becauseofhisprofoundinfluenceon20thcenturywritinginEnglishbelievedthatpoetryisthehighestofartsWhenhewas18monthsold,hisfamilymovedtoPhiladelphia.In1901,heenteredtheUniversityofPennsylvaniaat15.takentoEuropebyrelativesin1898againtraveledtoEuropeandMoroccoin1902TwoyearslatertransferredtoHamiltonCollege,wherehereceivedhisPh.B.in1905.HethenreturnedtoPenn,completinganM.A.inRomancephilologyin1906.H.D.

There,hemetandbefriendedWilliamCarlosWilliamsandH.D.(HildaDoolittleIn1908hemovedtoEurope,settlinginLondonafterspendingabriefperiodworkingasatourguideinGibraltar,andseveralmonthsinVenice.Pound’searlypoetrywasinspiredbyhisreadingofthepre-Raphaelitesandother19thcenturypoetsandmedievalRomanceliterature,aswellasmuchneo-Romanticandmysticalphilosophy.AftermovingtoLondon,theinfluenceofFordMadoxFord

andT.E.HulmeencouragedPoundtocastoffovertlyarchaic(陳舊落伍的)poeticlanguageandformsbegintoremakehimselfasapoetPoundbelievedWilliamButlerYeats(葉芝)wasthegreatestlivingpoet,andbefriendedhiminEngland.PoundeventuallybecameYeats’secretary,andsoonbecameinterestedinYeats’soccultbeliefs.

occult[?lk?lt]adj.玄奧的;神秘的DuringWorldWarIPoundandYeatslivedtogetheratStoneCottageinSussex,England,studyingJapanese,especiallyNohplays(日本劇種：能劇).FrankFlintWilliamButlerYeats↑PoundAldingtonTheypaidparticularattentiontotheworksofanAmericanprofessorinJapan,whoseworkonChinesecharactersfascinatedPound.In1914,PoundmarriedDorothyShakespearanartistdaughterofOliviaShakespearanovelistformerloverofYeats←OliviaShakespearAfteritspublicationPoundsettledinLondon,wherehefoundedwithRichardAldington(1892-1962)andotherstheliterary'Imagism',andediteditsfirstanthology,DesImagistes(1914).Itmixesanabstractionwiththeconcrete.Itcomesfromthewriter'snotrealizingthatthenaturalobjectisalwaystheadequatesymbol."soonlostinterestinImagismdisputedwiththepoetAmyLowellPoundcalledthemovement“Amygism”.WithWyndhamLewisandthesculptorHenriGaudier-Brzeskahefounded“Vorticism”,whichproducedamagazine,Blast.WhenheworkedasW.B.Yeats’ssecretary,hestartedacorrespondencewithJoyce.FordMaddoxFordJamesJoyceEzraPoundPoundwroteonJoyceonvariousmagazines,collectedmoneyforhim,andevensentspareclothesforhim.PoundremainedinItalyaftertheoutbreakofWorldWarII,whichbeganmorethantwoyearsbeforehisnativeUnitedStatesformallyenteredthewarinDecember1941.HedisapprovedofAmericaninvolvementinthewarandtriedtousehispoliticalcontactsinWashingtonD.C.topreventit.HespokeonItalianradioandgaveaseriesoftalksonculturalmatters.indictedfortreasonbytheUnitedStatesgovernmentin1943.arrestedbyItalianpartisansonMay2,1945turnedtoU.S.forcesthenextdayincarcerated(監(jiān)禁)inaUnitedStatesArmydetention(拘留、禁閉)campoutsidePisaspent25daysinanopencagethengivenatentHereheappearstohavesufferedanervousbreakdown.HealsodraftedthePisanCantos(《比薩詩(shī)章》)inthecamp.ThissectionoftheworkinprogressmarksashiftinPound’swork,beingameditationonhisownandEurope’sruinandonhisplaceinthenaturalworld.Afterthewar,PoundwasbroughtbacktotheUnitedStatestofacechargesoftreason.HewassenttoSt.Elizabeth’sHospitalinWashington,D.C.,whereheremainedfor12yearsfrom1946to1958.Followinghisrelease,Poundwasaskedhisopinionsonhishomecountry.Hefamouslyquipped:"Americaisalunaticasylum."asylum:[?lsail?m]n.庇護(hù),收容所,瘋?cè)嗽篜oundvisitsthegravesiteofJamesJoyceSubsequentlyhereturnedtoItaly,whereheremainedinexileuntilhisdeathin1972.DeathIn1972,twodaysafterhis87thbirthday,PounddiedinVenice,whereheisburied.Pound’searlypoetrywasinspiredbyhisreadingofthepre-Raphaelites

(先拉菲爾兄弟會(huì))

other19thcenturypoetsandmedievalRomanceliterature

(中世紀(jì)浪漫傳奇)neo-Romantic

(新浪漫主義)

occult/mysticalphilosophy(神秘主義哲學(xué))occult:[?'k?lt]a.神秘的,不可思議的,超自然的Pound’sshort“one-imagepoem”‘InaStationoftheMetro’isamongthemostcelebratedImagistworks:

Theapparitionofthesefacesinthecrowd;Petalsonawet,blackbough.3.Works(1)Cathay

《華夏》(2)Cantos

《詩(shī)章》(3)HughSelwynMauberley

《休·塞爾溫·莫波利》TheCantos詩(shī)章EzraPound’smostsignificantcontributiontoworldliteratureinTheCantostherearesomeofthemostbeautifulandpowerfulpassagesin20th-centurypoetryIhavetriedtowriteParadise

Donotmove

Letthewindspeak

thatisparadise.

LettheGodsforgivewhatIhavemadeLetthoseIlovetrytoforgive

whatIhavemade.我曾試圖描述天堂

別動(dòng)讓風(fēng)兒來(lái)敘述那就是天堂請(qǐng)神靈們寬恕我所創(chuàng)作的請(qǐng)我愛的人們寬恕我所創(chuàng)作的天堂“theintellectualdiarysince1915”along,incompletepoemin120sectionseachofwhichisacantomostofitwrittenbetween1915and1962ThePisanCantosThesectionhewroteattheendofWorldWarIIacompositionstartedwhilehewasinternedbyAmericanoccupyingforcesinItalythepartoftheworkmostoftenconsideredtobeself-sufficientawardedthefirstBollingenPrizein1948Thereweremanyrepercussions(后果,反響),sincethisineffecthonouredapoetwhohadbeencondemnedasatraitorofhisnativecountrywasalsodiagnosedwithaseriousanddisablingmentalillnessFeatures:(1)Language:

intricateobscure(2)Theme:

complexsubjectmatters(3)Form:

nofixedframeworknocentralthemenoattentiontopoeticrulesInthisgiantwork,PoundtracestheriseandfallofeasternandwesternempiresthemoralandsocialchaosofthemodemworldespeciallythecorruptionofAmericaaftertheheroictimeofJeffersonStructureTheCantoscanappearonfirstreadingtobechaoticorstructurelessbecauseitlacksplotoradefiniteending.Thepoemconsistsofapproximately120shorterpoems(“cantos”)afterthesectionsintowhichDantedividedeachbookofhisDivineComedy)R.P.Blackmur,anearlycritic,wrote,“TheCantosarenotcomplex,theyarecomplicated”.Cathay華夏Cathaypublishedin1915asmallvolumeofpoemsPound:“ForthemostpartfromtheChineseofRihaku(LiPo),fromthenotesofthelateErnestFenollosa”.CathayCathay,nameforNorthChinausedbymedievalEuropeans,derivedfromtheKhitan(契丹),apeoplewhofoundedtheLiaodynasty(937–1125).LongaftertheendoftheLiao,theRussiansandsomecentralAsianpeoplecontinuedtoandstilluseKitaiasthenameofChina.ThedescriptionofCathaybyMarcoPolo(c.1254–c.1324)inhisjournalhelpedpopularizethenameinmedievalEurope.ThevolumeincludesworkssuchasTheRiverMerchant'sWife.Poundofferedreadersfreeversetranslationscelebratedfortheireaseofdictionandconversationality.ManycriticsconsiderthepoemsinCathaytobethemostsuccessfulrealizationofPound'sImagistpoetics.Whetherthepoemsarevaluableastranslationscontinuestobeasourceofcontroversy.NeitherPoundnorFenollosaspokeorreadChineseproficientlyPoundhasbeencriticizedforomittingoraddingsectionstohispoemswhichhavenobasisintheoriginaltextsButmanycriticsarguethatthefidelityofCathaytotheoriginalChineseisbesidethepoint.李白《玉階怨》

JewelStairs'GrievanceThejewelledstepsarealreadyquitewhitewithdew,

Itissolatethatthedewsoaksmygauzestockings,

AndIletdownthecrystalcurtain

Andwatchthemoonthroughtheclear

玉階生白露，夜久侵羅襪。卻下水晶簾，玲瓏望秋月。長(zhǎng)干行

李白妾發(fā)初覆額，折花門前劇。郎騎竹馬來(lái)，繞床弄青梅。同居長(zhǎng)干里，兩小無(wú)嫌猜。十四為君婦，羞顏未嘗開。低頭向暗壁，千喚不一回。十五始展眉，愿同塵與灰。常存抱柱信，豈上望夫臺(tái)。十六君遠(yuǎn)行，瞿塘滟堆。五月不可觸，猿聲天上哀。門前遲行跡，一一生綠苔。苔深不能掃，落葉秋風(fēng)早。八月蝴蝶黃，雙飛西園草。感此傷妾心，坐愁紅顏老。早晚下三巴，預(yù)將書報(bào)家。相迎不道遠(yuǎn)，直至長(zhǎng)風(fēng)沙。InaStationoftheMetroThe“Metro”istheundergroundrailwayofParis.Poundhassaidthathewrotethispoemtoconveyanexperience:emergingonedayfromatraininthesubway,hebeheld“suddenlyabeautifulface,andthenanotherandanother”.onlytwolinesoriginalplan:apoem30lineslonganimageiscontained,whichlikeapicture,maytaketheplaceofathousandwords.Theremaybedifferentinterpretationsofthepoem.Atanoptimisticlevel,thepoemmayimplythateveninsuchaseeminglyleastprobablecircumstanceasagloomyundergroundrailwaystation,beautycanstillstartlepeoplewithunusualforce.Inthisbriefpoem,Poundusesfewestpossiblewordstoconveyanaccurateimage,accordingtotheprinciplesofthe“Imagists”.Heseesthefaces,turnedvariouslytowardlightanddarkness,likeflowerpetalswhicharehalfabsorbedby,halfresisting,thewet,darktextureofabough.Theword"apparition",withitsdoublemeaning,bindsthetwoaspectsoftheobservationtogether:

(1)apparitionmeaning"appearance",inthesenseofsomethingappears,orshowsup;somethingwhichcanbeclearlyobserved.

(2)Apparitionmeaningsomethingwhichseemsrealbutperhapsisnotreal;

somethingghostlywhichcannotbeclearlyobserved.HughSelwynMauberleyalongpoemregardedasaturningpointinPound’scareeritscompletionwasswiftlyfollowedbyhisdeparturefromEngland.Thename“Selwyn”mighthavebeenanhomagetoRhymers’ClubmemberSelwynImage.ThenameandpersonalityofthetitularsubjectisalsoreminiscentofT.S.Eliot'sJ.AlfredPrufrock.4.pointofview(1)Theartistwasmorallyandculturallythearbiterandthe“saviour”oftherace,hetookituponhimselftopurifytheartsandbecametheprimemoverofafewexperimentalmovements,theaimofwhichwastodumptheoldintothedustbinandbringforthsomethingnew.(2)Lifewassordidpersonalcrushingoppression,andcultureproducednothingbut“intangible(無(wú)形的、難以捉摸的)bondage”.(3)PoundseesinChinesehistoryandthedoctrineofConfuciusasourceofstrengthandwisdomwithwhichtocounterpointWesterngloomandconfusion.(4)Hesawachaoticworldthatwantedsettingtorights,andahumanity,sufferingfromspiritualdeathandcosmicinjustice,thatneededsaving.HewasforthemostpartofhislifetryingtoofferConfucianphilosophyastheonefaithwhichcouldhelptosavetheWest.5.Style:VerydifficulttoreadPound’searlypoemsarefreshandlyrical.TheCantoscanbenotoriouslydifficultinsomesections,butdelightfullybeautifulinothers.Fewhavemadeseriousstudyofthelongpoem;Fewer,ifanyoneatall,havehadthecouragetodeclarethattheyhaveconqueredPound;ManyseemtoagreethattheCantosisamonumentalfailure.Thepoemcomprises18shortpoemswhicharegroupedintotwosections.ThefirstisabiographyofEzraPoundhimself.ThesecondsectionintroducesustothestrugglingpoetMauberley'scharacter,careerandfate.Speakingofhimselfinthethirdperson,Poundcriticiseshi