園林專外課件第2講

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Basicprinciplesofplantdesign

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Basicprinciplesofplantdesign

ArtprincipleThechoiceofplantmaterialsmaydeterminewhetherthecompositionisanaturalizedarrangementofornamentalmaterialsornativeplants.Ahighlymanicuredsettingmaybeoutofplaceonaruralfarmstead,andanaturalizedarrangementoflocallycollectedmaterialsmaybeoutofplaceinacontrolledhousingdevelopment.Thesearrangementsandchoicesofplantmaterialsareaccordingtothefollowinglaws:

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BasicprinciplesofplantdesignVarietyandunity.Unityinalandscapedesignisachievedbythesuccessfulsimplicityandvariety.Simplicityandvarietyareappliedtothephysicalselectionsofform,texture,scale,lineandcolortoachieveaunitydesign.Simplicitybreedselegance.Simplelines,forms,andfunctionaldesignsarealwaysmoreinterestingthancomplex,hard-to-digestdesignsthatdonotallowaproperfocusofattention.Simplicitydoesnotmeandulldesign,though.

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Basicprinciplesofplantdesign

Themostimportantwayincreatingsimplicityofdesignisrepetition.Repetitioncanapplytoform,texture,orcoloraswellastospecificplants.Repetitionallowsoureyestomovecomfortablyoveralandscape,secureinthevisionofsomethingfamiliar.Repetitionthesameplantvarietyinalandscapecontributestounitybyallowingthatplanttohavemoreimpact.Topreventmonotony,repetitionmustbecarefullyretrained.Varietyisusedtocontrolrepetitionandsparktheviewer’sinterest.Varietyaddsspiceandallowsthedesignertocontrolthemoodoftheplantingdesign.Byvaryingtheforms,textures,andcolorsinalandscape,thedesignerpreventsboredom,givingtheviewerareasontolookfarther.

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Basicprinciplesofplantdesign

Carefulbalancebetweenrepetitionandvarietyisessential.Whiletoomuchrepetitioncausesmonotony,toomuchvarietycanresultinconfusion.Sincevarietycreatesstrongcontrast,itshouldbeusedsparingly.Emphasisrequiresvariety.Allchangesinform,texture,orcolorshouldbegradualandsubtleinordertomakeasequentialchange.Anythingstartlinginthesequentialprogresswillcreateapointofemphasis,thusendingthesequence.Inplantvarieties,theaccentplantwhichisonewithextremelystrongvisualfeatures,massingplantswhicharegroupedinoddnumbers,andspecimenplantswhichareplantedalonecanbecreatedemphases.

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Theprinciplesofdesign

Balance.

Subconsciously,welookforbalanceineverythingweview.Balancecanbesymmetrical,withtheelementsoneithersideofanaxisexactlyalike,oritcanbeasymmetrical,withunlikeelementsofequalweightoneachside.Weightcanbeeitherphysicalorvisual.Symmetricalbalanceisachievedbyusingthesameplantsobothsidesofadoorway,bothendsofahouse,orbothbackcornersofalot,sothatonesideformsamirror-imageoftheotherside.Thistypeofbalanceisformalandshouldnotbeusedinaninformaldesignsituation.Becausemostofourlandscapeneedsandthebuildingsweoccupyareofaninformalnature,fewlandscapingsituationscallforsymmetricalbalance.

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Theprinciplesofdesign

Asymmetricalbalancecanbecreatedbyusingbalancingformsofunequalsize.Onetreemightbalancethreesmallshrubs,forexample.Balanceisnotonlyseenitisfelt.Colorcaninfluencebalancebyaddingvisualweighttoascene.Forexample,abrightlycoloredplantononesideofaplantingunitmighthavetobebalancedattheotherendoftheplantingunitbyseveralplantsofthesameornearlythesamesizethathavelessvisualweight.Texturealsocontributestobalance.Coarsetexturesareheavyvisually,andthefinertexturesarelight.Whentextureischangedwithinaplantingunit,moreofthefiner-texturedplantsarerequiredtobalancethoseofcoarsertexture.Balancealsoappliestothedepthofaview;itmustbepreservedbetweentheforeground,middleground,andbackgroundofaview.Ifthelandscapeisunbalanced,oneoftheviewswilldominate,causingtheotherstobelosttothecomposition.

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Theprinciplesofdesign

Harmonyandcontrast.Alandscapeismadeupofmanyunits,eachperformingthespecificduties.Becauseoftheseseparatefunctionsandthedifferentlocationsofunitswithinthelandscape,thesize,shape,andvisualimportanceofeachunitvaries,butwhenwalkingthroughalandscape,theaverageviewershouldbeunawarethatsuchdistinctdifferencesexist.Hisorhereyesshouldbeledtopointsofemphasis,restingoneachforatime,thenmovingontoanotherthroughapleasingsequenceofchangeincolor,textureorform.Atnotimeshouldtheviewerdetectanydisproportion,norshouldheorshebeledtofeelthatnothinginthelandscaperelatestoanythingelse.Itshouldbepossibleforthenonprofessionaltoviewthelandscapeandeasilydiscernthemostimportantfeatures,withoutnecessarilyknowingwhy.Thereshouldbeenoughvarietyinthatlandscapetostimulatetheviewer,yetenoughfamiliarobjectstomakeherorhimfeelcomfortable.Alltold,eachspaceinthelandscapeshouldseem”aplacetobe”allbyitself.Itshouldgiveallwhovisitthelandscapedareaasenseofbeinginaplacewhereallisright.Thatdoesnotjusthappen.Ithastobeplanned.Theprinciplesofharmonymustbeappliedtothethreephysicalfeatures:form,color,andtexture.

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Basicprinciplesofplantdesign

Thelandscapemustcontinuetobedesignedasacollectionofseparateunits,becauseoureyesareonlycapableofviewingsomuchatonetime.Withineachunit,then,balance,scale,emphasis,sequence,variety,andrepetitionhavetobeconsidered.Allelementsdonothavetobeusedineachunit,however.

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Basicprinciplesofplantdesign

Rhythm.Sequencemightbethoughtofastherhythmofthelandscape,causingtheeyetoprogresstoapointofemphasis,thenmoveawaygraduallytorestonanotherpointofemphasis.SightapplicabilityInanygardenthereareanumberoffixedessentials,practicalneedsandfunctionsthatassertthemselvesmustbeconsidered.Differentgardenhassightapplicabilityindifference.Takeforlandscapegardeningexampleasfollows:

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Basicprinciplesofplantdesign

Privacy.Mostpeoplewanttheirhousesandgroundstoprovidesomesenseofshelterfromthecrowingandtensionofanurbanworld-aplacewheretiescomeoff,andshirtstoo;wheretiredfeetcanbesoothedbycoolgrass;wheregreenfoliagehelpsthemindforgethighwaytraffic.

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BasicprinciplesofplantdesignComfort.Thehouseistheretoshelteryoufromtheweather;thegroundsoughttoallowyoutoenjoyit.Treescanfilterbrightsunlightandabsorbitsheat-thetemperaturebeneathatreemaybe15°to20°lowerthaninthesun.Arowoftreesandshrubswillabsorbannoyingwinds,creatingonitsleewardsideashelteredspaceseveraltimesitsownheight.Thickfoliagecanalsosuppressstreetnoiseandevencapturepollutantsfromtheairwhilefresheningitwithoxygen.

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BasicprinciplesofplantdesignBeauty.Whateveryouseeoutdoorsfromwhereveryoustandinyouhouseoronyourgroundsisyourlandscape,whetherornotyouownwhatyouarelookingat.Goodplanningcanincludeaneighbor’sbeautifultreeinthislandscape,whilescreeningouthisgarage.Makingyourowngardenattractiveforyouandforpassersbydependsonattentiontodetails:thecombinationofplantforms,colorsandtexturesofleaves,grassandpathstocreateinterestingcontrasts;theplacementofplantstoleadtheeyetobrightpointsofinterestandtosuggestspaciousness;theselectionoftreesandshrubstobegood-lookinginwinteraswellassummer.

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Theprinciplesofdesign

Convenienceandsafety.

Ifyouhaveeverfoundyourselfatsomeone’sbackdoorwhenyoumeanttoarriveathisfrontdoor,youunderstandthenecessityforfunctionaldesign.Pathsmustnotmeandermeaninglessly,andguestsshouldnothavetowalkthroughthekitchen,orworsestill,throughagarage,togettoagarden;bothwalksanddoorwaysshouldbedeterminedbyalogicaltrafficpattern.Stepsshouldbelightedforsafety,andthedesignoftreadsandrisersshouldmakeforeasyclimbing.Shrubsshouldbeplantedsothattheywillnotoverhangwalkstosnagclothing,showerdeworrainonpassersby,and,incoldclimates,hindersnowremoval.Serviceareasshouldprovideconvenientstorageforaccumulatedtrash,gardenequipmentandlargetoys,aswellasspacesforclotheslinesandcompostpiles.

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Theprinciplesofdesign

Easeofmaintenance.

Iusedtogivetheboyonthenextblockaquartertomowmylawn;nowthepriceisfivedollars,andImowitmyself.YoucanbesurethatIhavetakenstepstomakethejobeasy.Therearenowfewbedsorshrubstogetaround,andthemainbedshavemowingstrips-flatbordersofbrickorstonelaidbetweenthemandthelawn-toeliminatetediousedging.Butlawnsareseldomasmuchtroubleasplantsthathavebeenchosenwithoutthoughtofthecaretheyneed.Plantingafast-growingshrub.Thatrequirescontinualpruningmaybeamistakewhenaslow-growingvarietywouldservebetter.Raisedplantingbedsandplantcontainerscanmakegardeningeasier,notonlybecausetheyreducetheamountofstoopingnecessary,butbecausetheyeliminatetheproblemofgrassinvadingflowerbeds(andmakeitunlikelythatchildrenwilltramplethroughtheflowerslookingforalostball).Whetherbedsareraisedornot,theuseofmulchesandlowground-coveringplantscan