第01講國際海事組織

TheInternationalMaritimeOrganization-IMO

國際海事組織概況IMO–theInternationalMaritimeOrganization–istheUnitedNationsspecializedagencywithresponsibilityforthesafetyandsecurityofshippingandthepreventionofmarinepollutionbyships.國際海事組織是聯(lián)合國負責海上航行安全和防止船舶造成海洋污染的一個專門機構，總部設在倫敦。In1948aninternationalconferenceinGenevaadoptedaconventionformallyestablishingIMCO(theInter-GovernmentalMaritimeConsul-tativeOrganization)1948年2月9日，聯(lián)合國在日內瓦召開海事大會。該會議于3月6日通過了成立“政府間海事協(xié)商組織(IMCO)”的公約，即《政府間海事協(xié)商組織公約》。該公約1958年3月17日生效。1959年1月6日，該組織在其第一屆大會期間正式成立。1982年該組織更名為“國際海事組織”。TheHeadquartersofIMOTheIMCOConventionenteredintoforcein1958andthenewOrganizationmetforthefirsttimethefollowingyear.Butthenamewaschangedin1982toIMO.TheUnitedNationssystemThepurposesoftheOrganization,assummarizedbyArticle1(a)oftheConvention,are"toprovidemachineryforcooperationamongGovernmentsinthefieldofgovernmentalregulationandpracticesrelatingtotechnicalmattersofallkindsaffectingshippingengagedininternationaltrade;該組織的宗旨是：“在與從事國際貿易的各種航運技術事宜有關的政府規(guī)定和慣例方面，為各國政府提供合作機制；toencourageandfacilitatethegeneraladoptionofthehighestpracticablestandardsinmattersconcerningmaritimesafety,efficiencyofnavigationandpreventionandcontrolofmarinepollutionfromships".并在與海上安全、航行效率和防止及控制船舶對海洋造成污染有關的問題上，鼓勵和便利各國普遍采用最高可行的標準”。(《國際海事組織公約》第1(a)條)TheOrganizationisalsoempoweredtodealwithadministrativeandlegalmattersrelatedtothesepurposes.該組織還負責處理與這些宗旨有關的行政和法律事宜。IMOcurrentlyhas170MemberStatesandthreeAssociateMembers.目前，IMO共有170個會員國和3個聯(lián)系會員（中國香港、中國澳門和丹麥的法羅群島）。1Albania199321Cambodia196141Dominica197961Guinea19752Algeria196322Cameroon196142DominicanRepublic195362Guinea-Bissau19773Angola197723Canada194843Ecuador195663Guyana19804AntiguaandBarbuda198624CapeVerde197644Egypt195864Haiti19535Argentina195325Chile197245ElSalvador198165Honduras19546Australia195226China197346EquatorialGuinea197266Hungary19707Austria197527Colombia197447Eritrea199367Iceland19608Azerbaijan199528Comoros200148Estonia199268India19599Bahamas197629Congo197549Ethiopia197569Indonesia196110Bahrain197630CookIslands200850Fiji198370Jordan197311Bangladesh197631CostaRica198151Finland195971Iraq197312Barbados197032C?ted'Ivoire196052France195272Ireland195113Belgium195133Croatia199253Gabon197673Israel195214Belize199034Cuba196654Gambia197974Italy195715Benin198035Cyprus197355Georgia199375Jamaica197616Ghana195936CzechRepublic199356Germany195976Japan195817BosniaandHerzegovina199337DemocraticPeople'sRepublicofKorea198657Bolivia(PlurinationalStateof)198777Iran(IslamicRepublicof)195818Brazil196338DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo*197358Greece195878Kazakhstan199419BruneiDarussalam198439Denmark195959Grenada199879Kenya197320Bulgaria196040Djibouti197960Guatemala198380Kiribati200381Kuwait1960105Netherlands1949129SanMarino2002153Tonga200082Latvia1993106NewZealand1960130Malaysia1971154TrinidadandTobago196583Lebanon1966107Nicaragua1982131SaudiArabia1969155SaintKittsandNevis200184Liberia1959108Nigeria1962132Senegal1960156Turkey195885Libya1970109Norway1958133Serbia2000157Turkmenistan199386Lithuania1995110Oman1974134Seychelles1978158Tuvalu200487Luxembourg1991111Pakistan1958

135SierraLeone1973159Uganda200988Madagascar1961112?Palau?2011136Singapore1966160Ukraine199489Malawi1989113Panama1958137Slovakia1993161UnitedArabEmirates198090SaoTomeandPrincipe1990114PapuaNewGuinea1976138Venezuela(BolivarianRepublicof)1975162UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland194991Maldives1967115Paraguay1993139SolomonIslands1988163UnitedRepublicofTanzania197492Malta1966116Peru1968140Somalia1978164UnitedStatesofAmerica195093MarshallIslands1998117Philippines1964141SouthAfrica1995165Uruguay196894Mauritania1961118Poland1960142Spain1962166Vanuatu198695Mauritius1978119Portugal1976143SriLanka1972167Slovenia199396Mexico1954120Qatar1977144Sudan1974168VietNam198497Monaco1989121RepublicofKorea1962145Suriname1976169Yemen197998RussianFederation1958122RepublicofMoldova2001146SaintVincentandtheGrenadines1981170TheformerYugoslavRepublicofMacedonia199399Montenegro2006123Romania1965147Switzerland1955

AssociateMembers:100Morocco1962124Mongolia1996148SyrianArabRepublic19631Faroes2002101Mozambique1979125Sweden1959149Thailand19732HongKong,China1967102Myanmar1951126SaintLucia1980150Zimbabwe20053Macao,China1990103Namibia1994127Tunisia1963151Timor-Leste2005

104Nepal1979128Samoa1996152Togo1983

組織機構TheOrganizationconsistsofanAssembly,aCouncilandfivemainCommittees:theMaritimeSafetyCommittee;theMarineEnvironmentProtectionCommittee;theLegalCommittee;theTechnicalCo-operationCommitteeandtheFacilitationCommitteeandanumberofSub-Committeessupporttheworkofthemaintechnicalcommittees.國際海事組織設有大會和理事會，以及5個主要委員會：海上安全委員會、海上環(huán)境保護委員會、法律委員會、技術合作委員會、便利委員會，和主要技術委員會的一些分委會，還有一個秘書處。

isthehighestGoverningBodyoftheOrganization.ItconsistsofallMemberStatesanditmeetsonceeverytwoyearsinregularsessions,butmayalsomeetinanextraordinarysessionifnecessary.TheAssemblyisresponsibleforapprovingtheworkprogramme,votingthebudgetanddeterminingthefinancialarrangementsoftheOrganization.TheAssemblyalsoelectstheCouncil.大會(Assembly)是該組織的最高權力機構，由所有成員國組成，每兩年召開一次，在必要時還可以召開特別會議。其任務是批準工作計劃、審議財務預算和決定該組織的財務安排。大會還負責選舉理事會。AssemblyiselectedbytheAssemblyfortwo-yeartermsbeginningaftereachregularsessionoftheAssembly.理事會由大會選舉產生，每兩年改選一次，于每屆大會之后開始工作。TheCouncilistheExecutiveOrganofIMOandisresponsible,undertheAssembly,forsupervisingtheworkoftheOrganization.BetweensessionsoftheAssemblytheCouncilperformsallthefunctionsoftheAssembly,exceptthefunctionofmakingrecommendationstoGovernmentsonmaritimesafetyandpollutionpreventionwhichisreservedfortheAssemblybyArticle15(j)oftheConvention.理事會是IMO的執(zhí)行機構，受大會領導向大會負責，負責監(jiān)督該組織的工作。在兩屆大會之間，理事會履行大會的所有職能，除公約第15(j)條規(guī)定大會保留的向各國政府提出有關海上安全和防止污染的建議外。TheCouncilCouncilmembersforthe2012-2013biennium2012-2013屆理事會成員Category(a):10Stateswiththelargestinterestinprovidinginternationalshippingservices:China,Greece,Italy,Japan,Norway,Panama,RepublicofKorea,RussianFederation,UnitedKingdom,UnitedStates.A類理事：包括10個在提供國際航運服務方面利害關系最大的國家：中國，希臘，意大利，日本，挪威，巴拿馬，韓國，俄羅斯，英國，美國B類理事：另外10個在國際海運貿易方面利益最相關的國家：阿根廷，孟加拉國，巴西，加拿大，法國，德國，印度，荷蘭，西班牙，瑞典。Category(b):10otherStateswiththelargestinterestininternationalseabornetrade:Argentina,Bangladesh,Brazil,Canada,France,Germany,India,Netherlands,Spain,Sweden.Category(c):20Statesnotelectedunder(a)or(b)abovewhichhavespecialinterestsinmaritimetransportornavigation,andwhoseelectiontotheCouncilwillensuretherepresentationofallmajorgeographicareasoftheworld:Australia,Bahamas,Belgium,Chile,Cyprus,Denmark,Egypt,Indonesia,Jamaica,Kenya,Liberia,Malaysia,Malta,Mexico,Morocco,Philippines,Singapore,SouthAfrica,Thailand,Turkey.C類理事：20個不是根據(jù)上述(a)或(b)選出的，在海上運輸和航行方面有特殊利害關系的國家，選他們進入理事會是為了世界主要地理地區(qū)都有代表參加：澳大利亞，巴哈馬，比利時，智利，塞浦路斯，丹麥，埃及，印度尼西亞，牙買加，肯尼亞，利比里亞，馬來西亞，馬耳他，墨西哥，摩洛哥，菲律賓，新加坡，南非，泰國，土耳其TheMSCisthehighesttechnicalbodyoftheOrganization.ItconsistsofallMemberStates.ThefunctionsoftheMaritimeSafetyCommitteeareto“consideranymatterwithinthescopeoftheOrganizationconcernedwithaidstonavigation,constructionandequipmentofvessels,manningfromasafetystandpoint,rulesforthepreventionofcollisions,handlingofdangerouscargoes,maritimesafetyproceduresandrequirements,hydrographicinformation,log-booksandnavigationalrecords,marinecasualtyinvestigations,salvageandrescueandanyothermattersdirectlyaffectingmaritimesafety”.MaritimeSafetyCommittee(MSC)海上安全委員會(MSC)是該組織的最高技術機構，由所有成員國組成。海安會的職能是“在國際海事組織的職權范圍內研究有關助航設備、船舶的構造和設備、安全配員、避碰規(guī)則、危險貨物操作、海上安全程序和要求、航道信息、航海日志和航行記錄、海難事故調查、救撈和救助及其他直接影響海上安全的事宜”。TheMarineEnvironmentProtectionCommittee(MEPC)TheMEPC,whichconsistsofallMemberStates,isempoweredtoconsideranymatterwithinthescopeoftheOrganizationconcernedwithpreventionandcontrolofpollutionfromships.Inparticularitisconcernedwiththeadoptionandamendmentofconventionsandotherregulationsandmeasurestoensuretheirenforcement.海上環(huán)境保護委員會(MEPC)，由所有成員國組成，負責審議國際海事組織職權范圍內有關防止和控制船舶造成污染的任何事宜，特別是有關公約和其他規(guī)則通過和修正，以及保證有效實施的措施。TheMEPCwasfirstestablishedasasubsidiarybodyoftheAssemblyandraisedtofullconstitutionalstatusin1985。海環(huán)會最初作為大會的附屬機構而成立，1985年升級成為全能機構。TheMSCandMEPCareassistedintheirworkbyninesub-committeeswhicharealsoopentoallMemberStates.Theydealwiththefollowingsubjects:國際海事組織還有9個分委員會協(xié)助MSC和MEPC工作，它們向所有成員國開放，它們是：Sub-Committees?BulkLiquidsandGases(BLG)?CarriageofDangerousGoods,SolidCargoesandContainers(DSC)?FireProtection(FP)?Radio-communicationsandSearchandRescue(COMSAR)?SafetyofNavigation(NAV)?ShipDesignandEquipment(DE)?StabilityandLoadLinesandFishingVesselsSafety(SLF)?StandardsofTrainingandWatchkeeping(STW)?FlagStateImplementation(FSI)TheLegalCommitteeisempoweredtodealwithanylegalmatterswithinthescopeoftheOrganization.TheCommitteeconsistsofallMemberStatesofIMO.Itwasestablishedin1967asasubsidiarybodytodealwithlegalquestionswhicharoseintheaftermathoftheTorreyCanyondisaster.法律委員會(LegalCommittee)負責國際海事組織職權范圍內的法律事宜，該委員會由IMO的全體會員組成。它成立于1967年，最初只是一個附屬機構，用來處理托利·卡尼翁號海難事故后的法律問題。LegalCommitteeTheLegalCommitteeisalsoempoweredtoperformanydutieswithinitsscopewhichmaybeassignedbyorunderanyotherinternationalinstrumentandacceptedbytheOrganization.法律委員會還被授予在其職權范圍內執(zhí)行其它國際組織賦予的、國際海事組織應承擔的職責。TheTechnicalCo-operationCommitteeisrequiredtoconsideranymatterwithinthescopeoftheOrganizationconcernedwiththeimplementationoftechnicalco-operationprojectsforwhichtheOrganizationactsastheexecutingorco-operatingagencyandanyothermattersrelatedtotheOrganization’sactivitiesinthetechnicalco-operationfield.技術合作委員會負責審議國際海事組織實施的、或與其他國際機構合作實施的技術合作項目，以及國際海事組織在技術合作領域的其他活動。TechnicalCo-operationCommitteeTheTechnicalCo-operationCommitteeconsistsofallMemberStatesofIMO,wasestablishedin1969asasubsidiarybodyoftheCouncil,andwasinstitutionalizedbymeansofanamendmenttotheIMOConventionwhichenteredintoforcein1984.TheFacilitationCommitteewasestablishedasasubsidiarybodyoftheCouncilinMay1972,andbecamefullyinstitutionalisedinDecember2008asaresultofanamendmenttotheIMOConvention.便利委員會在國際海事組織事物中負責消除國際航運中不必要的手續(xù)和繁文縟節(jié)，以全面執(zhí)行1965國際便利海上運輸公約，以及其他方便國際海運的事宜。FacilitationCommitteeItconsistsofalltheMemberStatesoftheOrganizationanddealswithIMO’sworkineliminatingunnecessaryformalitiesand“redtape”ininternationalshippingbyimplementingallaspectsoftheConventiononFacilitationofInternationalMaritimeTraffic1965andanymatterwithinthescopeoftheOrganizationconcernedwiththefacilitationofinternationalmaritimetraffic.TheSecretariatofIMOconsistsoftheSecretary-Generalandsome300internationalpersonnelbasedattheheadquartersoftheOrganizationinLondon.SecretariatTheSecretary-GeneraloftheOrganizationisMr.KojiSekimizuofJapanwhowasappointedtothepositionwitheffectfrom1January2012.Conventions（公約）

國際海事組織成立之前，國際社會已經締結了一些國際航運條約，如《1948年國際海上人命安全公約》、《1954年國際防止海上油污染公約》以及涉及載重線和海上避碰的公約。

國際海事組織成立后，要不斷更新完善這些公約使其適應海運的發(fā)展，同時還要制定新的公約。目前，IMO共負責30個已生效的公約（包括修正案和議定書），另有3個新的公約和若干個修正案還未生效。MostimportantIMOConventionsInternationalConventionfortheSafetyofLifeatSea(SOLAS),1974,asamended。（SOLASPROT(amended)1978，SOLASPROT(HSSC)1988）1974年國際海上人命安全公約。InternationalConventionforthePreventionofPollutionfromShips,1973,asmodifiedbytheProtocolof1978relatingtheretoandbytheProtocolof1997(MARPOL)1973年國際防止船舶污染公約。InternationalConventiononStandardsofTraining,CertificationandWatchkeepingforSeafarers(STCW)asamended,includingthe1995and2010ManilaAmendments1978年海員培訓、發(fā)證和值班標準國際公約Otherconventionsrelatingtomaritimesafetyandsecurityandship/portinterfaceConventionontheInternationalRegulationsforPreventingCollisionsatSea(COLREG),19721972年國際海上避碰規(guī)則公約。ConventiononFacilitationofInternationalMaritimeTraffic(FAL),19651965年國際便利海上運輸公約InternationalConventiononLoadLines(LL),19661966年國際載重線公約。InternationalConventiononMaritimeSearchandRescue(SAR),19791979年國際海上搜尋救助公約ConventionfortheSuppressionofUnlawfulActsAgainsttheSafetyofMaritimeNavigation(SUA),1988,andProtocolfortheSuppressionofUnlawfulActsAgainsttheSafetyofFixedPlatformslocatedontheContinentalShelf(andthe2005Protocols)1988年制止危及海上航行安全非法行為公約InternationalConventionforSafeContainers(CSC),19721972年國際集裝箱安全公約ConventionontheInternationalMaritimeSatelliteOrganization(IMSOC),1976。1976年國際海事衛(wèi)星組織公約TheTorremolinosInternationalConventionfortheSafetyofFishingVessels(SFV),1977。（SFVPROT1993）1977年國際捕魚船安全Torremolinos公約InternationalConventiononStandardsofTraining,CertificationandWatchkeepingforFishingVesselPersonnel(STCW-F),19951995年捕魚船職員培訓、發(fā)證和值班標準國際公約InternationalConventionRelatingtoInterventionontheHighSeasinCasesofOilPollutionCasualties(INTERVENTION),19691969年國際干預公海油污事件公約SpecialTradePassengerShipsAgreement(STP),1971andProtocolonSpaceRequirementsforSpecialTradePassengerShips,19731971年特種業(yè)務客船協(xié)定，1973年特種業(yè)務客船艙室要求議定書OtherconventionsrelatingtopreventionofmarinepollutionConventiononthePreventionofMarinePollutionbyDumpingofWastesandOtherMatter(LC),1972(andthe1996LondonProtocol)1972年防止傾倒廢料及其他物質污染海洋公約InternationalConventionontheControlofHarmfulAnti-foulingSystemsonShips(AFS),20012001年控制船舶有害防污底系統(tǒng)國際公約InternationalConventiononOilPollutionPreparedness,ResponseandCo-operation(OPRC),19901990年國際油污染防備、反應和合作公約ProtocolonPreparedness,ResponseandCo-operationtopollutionIncidentsbyHazardousandNoxiousSubstances,2000(OPRC-HNSProtocol)2000年有毒有害物質污染事件的防備、反應和合作議定書InternationalConventionfortheControlandManagementofShips'BallastWaterandSediments,20042004年國際船舶壓載水和沉積物控制和管理公約TheHongKongInternationalConventionfortheSafeandEnvironmentallySoundRecyclingofShips,20092009年香港國際安全與無害環(huán)境拆船公約ConventionscoveringliabilityandcompensationInternationalConventiononCivilLiabilityforOilPollutionDamage(CLC),1969。1969年國際油污損害民事責任公約1992ProtocoltotheInternationalConventionontheEstablishmentofanInternationalFundforCompensationforOilPollutionDamage(FUND1992)。1971年設立油污損害賠償基金國際公約的1992年議定書ConventionrelatingtoCivilLiabilityintheFieldofMaritimeCarriageofNuclearMaterial(NUCLEAR),19711971年海上核材料運輸民事責任公約InternationalConventiononLiabilityandCompensationforDamageinConnectionwiththeCarriageofHazardousandNoxiousSubstancesbySea(HNS),1996(andits2010Protocol)1996年國際海上運輸有毒有害物質損害責任和賠償公約AthensConventionrelatingtotheCarriageofPassengersandtheirLuggagebySea(PAL),19741974年海運旅客及其行李運輸雅典公約ConventiononLimitationofLiabilityforMaritimeClaims(LLMC),19761976年海事索賠責任限制公約InternationalConventiononCivilLiabilityforBunkerOilPollutionDamage,20012001年國際燃油污染損害民事責任公約NairobiInternationalConventionontheRemovalofWrecks,20072007年內羅畢國際船舶殘骸清除公約OthersubjectsInternationalConventiononTonnageMeasurementofShips(TONNAGE),19691969年國際船舶噸位丈量公約InternationalConventiononSalvage(SALVAGE),19891989年國際救助公約Adoptingaconvention（公約的通過）ThisisthepartoftheprocesswithwhichIMOasanOrganizationismostcloselyinvolved.IMOhassixmainbodiesconcernedwiththeadoptionorimplementationofconventions.TheAssemblyandCouncilarethemainorgans,andthecommitteesinvolvedaretheMaritimeSafetyCommittee,

MarineEnvironmentProtectionCommittee,LegalCommitteeandtheFacilitationCommittee.DevelopmentsinshippingandotherrelatedindustriesarediscussedbyMemberStatesinthesebodies,andtheneedforanewconventionoramendmentstoexistingconventionscanberaisedinanyofthem.通過公約是國際海事組織工作程序的一個重要組成部分。IMO有6個機構負責公約的通過和執(zhí)行。大會和理事會是主要的機構，相關的委員會有海安會、海環(huán)會、法律委員會和便利委員會。成員國可以在這六個機構中討論航運及相關產業(yè)的事項，在其中任一機構中提出制定新公約或修正現(xiàn)有的公約Entryintoforce（公約的生效）Theadoptionofaconventionmarkstheconclusionofonlythefirststageofalongprocess.

Beforetheconventioncomesintoforce-thatis,beforeitbecomesbindinguponGovernmentswhichhaveratifiedit-ithastobeacceptedformallybyindividualGovernments.各國政府可以通過簽署、批準、接受、核準和加入等方式來表示同意受到某一項公約的約束。Signature,ratification,acceptance,approvalandaccessionThetermssignature,ratification,acceptance,approvalandaccessionrefertosomeofthemethodsbywhichaStatecanexpressitsconsenttobeboundbyatreaty.公約的通過只表示了這個漫長過程第一階段的結束，在公約生效前，也就是對簽署國政府產生約束力之前，他必須被某一個國家政府正式接受Consentmaybeexpressedbysignaturewhere:?thetreatyprovidesthatsignatureshallhavethateffect;?itisotherwiseestablishedthatthenegotiatingStateswereagreedthatsignatureshouldhavethateffect;?theintentionoftheStatetogivethateffecttosignatureappearsfromthefullpowersofitsrepresentativesorwasexpressedduringthenegotiations(ViennaConventionontheLawofTreaties,1969,Article12.1).Signature條約本身規(guī)定簽署具備此種效力；以其它方式確定談判國同意簽署具有此種效力；該國在其與會代表的全權證書上明確簽署具有此種效力，或在談判過程中表示簽署具有此種效力。（1969年維也納條約公約第12.1條。）AStatemayalsosignatreaty"subjecttoratification,acceptanceorapproval".Insuchasituation,signaturedoesnotsignifytheconsentofaStatetobeboundbythetreaty,althoughitdoesobligetheStatetorefrainfromactswhichwoulddefeattheobjectandpurposeofthetreatyuntilsuchtimeasithasmadeitsintentionclearnottobecomeapartytothetreaty(ViennaConventionontheLawofTreaties,Article18(a)).一個國家還可以簽署某項條約，但“待批準、接受和核準”，這種簽署并不表示該國同意受到這項條約的約束，盡管簽署確使該國在明確表示不愿受到公約約束之前有義務不采取與公約的目標和宗旨相違背的行為（1969年維也納條約法公約第18（a）條）MostmultilateraltreatiescontainaclauseprovidingthataStatemayexpressitsconsenttobeboundbytheinstrumentbysignaturesubjecttoratification.Signaturesubjecttoratification,acceptanceorapproval多數(shù)多邊條約都規(guī)定，一國政府可以先簽署，待批準后受條約的約束。Insuchasituation,signaturealonewillnotsufficetobindtheState,butmustbefollowedupbythedepositofaninstrumentofratificationwiththedepositaryofthetreaty.這種情況下，僅僅簽署還不足以約束該國政府，只有在向條約保管人交存了一份批準文件后才表示該國同意受此條約的約束。Mostmultinationaltreatiesareopenforsignatureforaspecifiedperiodoftime.AccessionisthemethodusedbyaStatetobecomeapartytoatreatywhichitdidnotsignwhilstthetreatywasopenforsignature.accession多數(shù)多邊條約在一定時間內是開放供簽署的。如果一個國家在條約開放簽署期內未簽署該條約，他可以通過加入的方式成為條約的當事國。Technically,accessionrequirestheStateinquestiontodepositaninstrumentofaccessionwiththedepositary.技術上，加入某一條約需要向條約保管人交存一份加入文件。Amendment（公約的修正）Technologyandtechniquesintheshippingindustrychangeveryrapidlythesedays.Asaresult,notonlyarenewconventionsrequiredbutexistingonesneedtobekeptuptodate.早期的公約，修正案一般要求三分之二的締約國接受后才能生效。Inearlyconventions,amendmentscameintoforceonlyafterapercentageofContractingStates,usuallytwothirds,hadacceptedthem.近年來，航運業(yè)的技術進步十分迅速，這不僅需要制定新的公約，還需要對現(xiàn)有的公約進行更新。這就意味著修正案的生效條件比最初公約的生效條件還要嚴格，特別是當一項條約的締約國數(shù)量比較大時，修正案的生效就更困難。Thisnormallymeantthatmoreacceptanceswererequiredtoamendaconventionthanwereoriginallyrequiredtobringitintoforceinthefirstplace,especiallywherethenumberofStateswhicharePartiestoaconventionisverylarge.Toremedythesituationanewprocedureof"tacitacceptance"ofamendmentsbyStateswasdevisedinIMO.為了改變這一狀況，IMO采用了一種新的“默認接受”修正案程序?！澳J接受”程序規(guī)定，在一定的時間內，如果沒有一定數(shù)量的締約國提出反對意見，則視修正案已被接受。The“tacitacceptance”procedureprovidesthatanamendmentshallenterintoforceataparticulartimeunlessbeforethatdate,objectionstotheamendmentarereceivedfromaspecifiednumberofParties.Aswasexpectedthe"tacitacceptance"procedurehasgreatlyspeededuptheamendmentprocess.

Amendmentsenterintoforce

within

18to24months,generallyComparedtothis,noneoftheamendmentsadoptedtothe1960SOLASConventionbetween1966&1973receivedsufficientacceptancestosatisfytherequirementsforentryintoforce.“默認接受”程序大大加快了修正公約的速度，修正案的生效一般不超過18到24個月，相比之下，1966年到1973年間對1960版SOLAS的修正均因未得到足夠數(shù)量的接受而未能生效。Enforcement

（公約的執(zhí)行）TheenforcementofIMOconventionsdependsupontheGovernmentsofMemberParties.締約國政府將IMO公約的條款應用于本國船舶，并制定有關的規(guī)定對違反公約的行為進行處罰ContractingGovernmentsenforcetheprovisi