高考英語語法歸納總結(jié)

..高中英語語法權(quán)威解析目錄:第01章名詞性從句第02章"It"用法及其句型和固定搭配講解第03章高中英語語法中的省略現(xiàn)象第04章主謂一致第05章動詞不定式第06章倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)第07章定語從句第08章被動語態(tài)第09章祈使句第10章感嘆句第11章疑問句第12章名詞第一章名詞性從句在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句<NounClauses。名詞性從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組,它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等,因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能,名詞從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。一．主語從句主語從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語的從句,通常放在主句謂語動詞之前或由形式主語it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。1.It作形式主語和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較It作形式主語代替主語從句,主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu),主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。而it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對句子某一部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào),無論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分,都可用連詞that。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人時也可用who/whom。例如：a>Itisapitythatyoudidn’tgotoseethefilm.你不去看那場電影真可惜。b>Itdoesn’tinterestmewhetheryousucceedornot.我對你成功與否不感興趣。c>Itisinthemorningthatthemurdertookplace.謀殺案是在早上發(fā)生的?！矎?qiáng)調(diào)句型d>ItisJohnthatbrokethewindow.是John打碎的窗戶?！矎?qiáng)調(diào)句型2.用it作形式主語的結(jié)構(gòu)<1>Itis＋名詞＋從句Itisafactthat…事實(shí)是…Itisanhonorthat…非常榮幸Itiscommonknowledgethat…是常識<2>Itis＋形容詞＋從句Itisnaturalthat…很自然…Itisstrangethat…奇怪的是…<3>Itis＋不及物動詞＋從句Itseemsthat…似乎…Ithappenedthat…碰巧…Itappearsthat…似乎…<4>It＋過去分詞＋從句Itisreportedthat…據(jù)報道…Ithasbeenprovedthat…已證實(shí)…Itissaidthat…據(jù)說…3.主語從句不可位于句首的五種情況：〔1if引導(dǎo)的主語從句不可居于復(fù)合句句首?！?Itissaid/reported…結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如：正確表達(dá)：ItissaidthatPresidentJiangwillvisitourschoolnextweek.錯誤表達(dá)：ThatPresidentJiangwillvisitourschoolnextweekissaid.〔3Ithappens/occurs…結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如：正確表達(dá)：Itoccurredtohimthathefailedintheexamination.錯誤表達(dá)：Thathefailedintheexaminationoccurredtohim.〔4Itdoesn’tmatterhow/whether…結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如：正確表達(dá)：Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherheiswrongornot.錯誤表達(dá)：Whetherheiswrongornotdoesn’tmatter.〔5含主語從句的復(fù)合句是疑問句時,主語從句不可提前。例如：正確表達(dá)：Isitlikelythatitwillrainintheevening?錯誤表達(dá)：Isthatwillrainintheeveninglikely?4.what與that在引導(dǎo)主語從句時的區(qū)別what引導(dǎo)主語從句時在句時在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分,如主語．賓語．表語,而that則不然。例如：a>Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.b>Thatsheisstillaliveisaconsolation二．賓語從句賓語從句就是在復(fù)合句中作賓語的名詞性從句,通常放在主句謂語動詞<及物動詞>或介詞之后。1.作動詞的賓語<1>由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句<that通?？梢允÷?gt;,例如：Iheardthatbejoinedthearmy.我聽說他參軍了。<2>由what,whether<if>引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,例如：a>Shedidnotknowwhathadhappened.她不知道發(fā)生了什么。b>Iwonderwhetheryoucanchangethisnoteforme.我想知道你是否能幫我改一下筆記。<3>動詞＋間接賓語＋賓語從句。例如：Shetoldmethatshewouldacceptmyinvitation.她對我說她會接受我的邀請。2.作介詞的賓語,例如：Oursuccessdependsuponhowwellwecancooperatewithoneanother.我們的成功取決于我們之間的合作。3.作形容詞的賓語,例如：Iamafraid<that>I’vemadeamistake.我恐怕我已經(jīng)犯了一個錯誤。注意：that引導(dǎo)的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語：anxious,aware,certain,confident,convinced,determined,glad,proud,surprised,worried,sorry,thankful,ashamed,disappointed,annoyed,pleased,hurt,satisfied,content等。也可以將此類詞后的that從句的看作原因狀語從句。4.it可以作為形式賓語it不僅可以作為形式主語,還可以作為形式賓語而真正的賓語that從句則放在句尾,特別是在帶復(fù)合賓語的句子中。例如：Wehearditthatshewouldgetmarriednextmonth.我聽說她下個朋就會結(jié)婚了。5.后邊不能直接跟that從句的動詞這類動詞有allow,refuse,let,like,cause,force,admire,condemn,celebrate,dislike,love,help,take,forgive等。這類詞后可以用不定式或動名詞作賓語,但不可以用that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。如：正確表達(dá)：Iadmiretheirwinningthematch.錯誤表達(dá)：Iadmirethattheywonthematch.6.不可用that從句作直接賓語的動詞有些動詞不可用于"動詞＋間接賓語＋that從句"結(jié)構(gòu)中,常見的有envy,order,accuse,refuse,impress,forgive,blame,denounce,advise,congratulate等。例如：正確表達(dá)：Heimpressedthemanagerasanhonestman.錯誤表達(dá)：Heimpressedthemanagerthathewasanhonestman.7.否定的轉(zhuǎn)移若主句謂語動詞為think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,fancy,guess,imagine等,其后的賓語從句若含有否定意義,一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語上,從句謂語用肯定式。例如：Idon’tthinkthisdressfitsyouwell.我認(rèn)為這件衣服不適合你穿。三.表語從句表語從句在復(fù)合句中作表語的名詞性從句,放在系動詞之后,一般結(jié)構(gòu)是"主語＋連系動詞＋表語從句"?？梢越颖碚Z從句的連系動詞有be,look,remain,seem等。引導(dǎo)表語從句的that?？墒÷?。另外,常用的還有thereasonisthat…和Itisbecause等結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：1>Thequestioniswhetherwecanmakegoodpreparationinsuchashorttime.2>Thisiswhywecan’tgetthesupportofthepeople.3>Butthefactremainsthatwearebehindtheotherclasses.4>Thereasonheislateforschoolisthathemissedtheearlybus.四.同位語從句同位語從句就是在復(fù)合句中作名詞的同位語的名詞性從句。1.同位語從句的功能同位語從句對于名詞進(jìn)一步解釋,說明名詞的具體內(nèi)容,一般由that引導(dǎo),例如：1>Theking’sdecisionthattheprisonerwouldbesetfreesurprisedallthepeople.2>Theorderthatallthesoldiersshouldstaystillisgivenbythegeneral.2.同位語在句子中的位置同位語從句有時可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后面,而是被別的詞隔開。例如：HegotthenewsfromMarythatthesportsmeetingwasputoff.3.同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別<1>定語從句中的that既代替先行詞,同時以在從句中作某個成分〔主語或賓語,而同位語從句中的that是連詞,只起連接主句與從句的作用,不充當(dāng)句中任何成分。<2>定語從句是形容詞性的,其功能是修飾先行詞,對先行詞加以限定,描述定的性質(zhì)或特征；同位語從句是名詞性的,其功能是對名詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明。例如：1>ThenewsthathetoldmeisthatTomwouldgoabroadnextyear.〔他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國。〔第一個that引導(dǎo)的從句是定語從句,that在從句中作賓語2>ThenewsthatTomwouldgoabroadistoldbyhim.〔湯姆將出國的消息是他講的?！餐徽Z從句,that在句中不作任何成分高一英語名詞性從句專項(xiàng)練習(xí)1．____hedoeshasnothingtodowithme.A.whateverB.NomatterwhatC.ThatD.If2.Themanagercameoverandaskedthecustomerhow____A.didthequarrelcameaboutB.thequarrelhadcomeaboutC.hadthequarrelcomeaboutD.hadthequarrelcomeabout3.Energyis____makesthingwork..A.whatB.somethingC.anythingD.that4.Informationhasbeenputforward____moremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversities.A.whileB.thatC.whenD.as5.Thisis___theShenzhouVSpaceshiplanded.A.thereB.inwhichC.whereD.when6.Theyhavenoideaatall____.A.wherehehasgoneB.wheredidhegoC.whichplacehashegoneD.wherehashegone7.Thedoctordidalottoreducethepatient’sfear____hewoulddieofthedisease.A.thatB.whichC.ofwhichD.ofthat8.Theordercame___thesoldiers____thesmallvillagethenextmorning.A.that;hadtoleaveB.that;shouldleaveC./;mustleaveD.when;shouldleave9.___isnopossibility____Bobcanwinthefirstprizeinthematch.A.There;thatB.It;thatC.there;whetherD.It;whether10.Thequestioncameupatthemeeting_____wehadenoughmoneyforourresearch.A.thatB.whichC.whetherD.if11.Is_____hesaidreallytrue?A.thatB.whatC.whyD.whether12.____themeetingshouldlasttwodaysorthreedaysdoesn’tmatter.A.ThatB.WhetherC.IfD.Where13.Itworriedherabit_____herhairwasturninggray.A.whileB.ifC.thatD.for14.???_____morecountriescanusenaturalenergyinthefutureremainstobeseen.A.WhetherB.ThisC.whoD.If15.____hewillgotoworkinamountainvillagesurprisesallofus.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhetherD.If16.____youdon’tlikehimisnoneofmybusiness.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhoD.How17.____alltheinventionshaveincommonis____theyhavesucceeded.A.What;whatB.That;thatC.what;thatD.That;what18.____appearedtomethatheenjoyedthefoodverymuch.A.WhatB.ItC.AllthatD.That19.Itiswidely______thatsmokingcancausecancer.A.believedB.thinkC.sayD.hoped20.____causedtheaccidentisstillacompletemystery.A.WhatB.ThatC.HowD.WhereKeys:1—5ABABC6—10AABAC11—15BBCAB16—20BCBAA第二章"It"用法及其句型和固定搭配講解"It"用法及其句型和固定搭配,是高中英語語法的重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn),又是近幾年高考的熱點(diǎn),因此應(yīng)給予充分的重視,現(xiàn)將it用法歸納如下：一、It用作實(shí)詞表達(dá)以下概念:指代前文提到的事物,前文中的this,that；替代前文中的內(nèi)容；指代一位性別不明的小孩或未知的人；指代未指明但談話雙方都知道的那件事；指代時間、天氣、氣候、距離等自然現(xiàn)象……二、It用作形式主語替代作主語的從句、動詞不定式、動名詞,而把真正作主語的從句、動詞不定式、動名詞置于句尾。It作形式主語的常見句型：1.代作主語的動詞不定式,其句型為<1>Itbeadj.<forsb.>todosth.此處adj.通常為描述事件的形容詞：easy,difficult,hard,necessary,unnecessary,possible,impossible,likely,unlikely,right,wrong,important,unimportant,legal,illegal,well-mannered,ill-mannered,polite,impolite,clear,obvious,certain,suitable,proper,fit,useful,useless,dangerous…例Itisillegal<forateenager>todriveacarwithoutalicense.<2>Itbeadj.ofsb.todosth.此處adj.通常為描述人的形容詞：kind,unkind,nice,rude,cruel,considerate,thoughtful,thoughtless,careful,careless,silly,foolish,stupid,clever,wise,crazy.例It'skindofyoutohelpmewiththeproblem.<3>It替代作主語的動名詞的常見句型It'snogood/usedoing…It's<well>worthdoing…It's<well>worthone'swhiledoing/todo…It's<well>worthwhiledoing/todo例It'snousecryingoverspiltmilk.2.It替代作主語的從句常見句型<1>Itis+noun+從句例Itisnosecretthatthepresidentwantstohaveasecondtermatoffice.<2>Itisadj.+clauseIt'ssurprisingthat…<should>………竟然……It'sapity/shamethat…<should>………竟然……例It'simportantthatyoushouldapologizetoherforyourrudeness.<=It'sofmuchimportancethatyoushouldapologizetoherforyourrudeness.><3>Itverbsb.+clause=Itisv-ing+clauseIt+surprise/delight/interest/disappoint/worry/disturb/annoy/amaze/bother/concern/frighten/please/angersb.that…例Itworriedmethatshedrovesofast.<=Itwasworryingthatshedrovesofast.><4>Itverb<tosb.>that…=sb/sthverbtodo<verb=appear,seem,comeabout,emerge,follow,chance,happen,occur,transpire,turnout,workout>例It<so>happened/chancedthattheywereout.<=Theyhappened/chancedtobeout.><5>Itisv-edthat…=sb/sthistodo<verb=say,report,think,believe,hope,expect,agree,accept,decide,determine,intend,plan,understand,know例Itissaidthatthecouplehavegottendivorced.<=Thecouplearesaidtohavegottendivorced.><6>Itisv-edthat…<should>…<verb=demand,request,require,order,suggest,advise,recommend例Itissuggestedthattheyshouldbeginwiththethirdquestion.三、It作主語的句型1.Ittakessb.…todo…<=sbtakes…todo…>某人用多長時間做某事例Ittookthemenaweektomendourroof.<=Thementookaweektomendourroof.>2.It's<just><un>likesb.todo…〔不像某人做某事的風(fēng)格例Itwas<just>likehimtothinkofhelpingus.3.It's<about/high>timethat…should/v-ed…是該做某事的時候了例It's<about/high>timethatweshouldtakeaction.4.It'sthex-thtime<that>…h(huán)avev-ed…第幾次做某事了例It'sthethirdtimethathehasfailedthedrivingtest.5.Itis/hasbeen…since…continuousv-ed<延續(xù)性動詞>某動作已有多長時間不發(fā)生了例It's10yearsthathelivedhere6.Itwas<not>…before…過<不>了多長時間某動作發(fā)生了例Itwasnotlongbeforetheyarrived.四、It作形式賓語用來替代作賓語的從句、動詞不定式、動名詞,而把真正作賓語的從句、動詞不定式、動名詞置于句尾。It作形式賓語的常見句型：1.verb+it+adj./noun<for/of>todo/clause<verb=think,believe,suppose,consider,feel,make,keep…>例Ithinkithardforyoutodothetaskonyourown./Ithinkithardthatyou'lldothetaskonyourown.2.verb+it+adj./noun<one's>doing<adj.=useless/worth/worthwhile><noun=nouse/nogood/worthone'swhile/awasteoftime/money/energy/words><verb=think,believe,suppose,consider,feel,make,keep…>例I'llmakeitworthyourwhiletellingmeabouthissecret.3.verb+it+important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essentialthat…<should>…verb+it+ofmuch/great/no/littleimportancethat…<should>…<verb=think,believe,suppose,consider,feel,make,keep…>例Ithinkitimportantthatyou<should>attendtheconference.4.verb+it+as+noun/adj.+clause<verb=accept,regard,take,see,view>例Thelecturertakesitasencouragingwhensomanystudentsattendhislecture.5.v.+it+prep.+that…oweittosb.that…把…歸功于…leaveittosbthat…把…留給某人去做takeitforgrantedthat…想當(dāng)然keepitinmindthat…例Don'tbothertoarrangeanything.Justleaveittometosortout.6.It用在不能直接跟賓語從句的動詞后面,尤其是表示好惡的動詞后,enjoy,like,love,dislike,resent,hate,don'tmind,befondof,feellike,seeto賓語從句緊跟it之后例IhateityoucanswimsowellandIcan't.7.It用在不能直接跟賓語從句的介詞后面,賓語從句緊跟it之后〔exceptthat例外例I'mforitthatyouwillfollowtheiradvice.五、強(qiáng)調(diào)句型Itis/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that<who>…強(qiáng)調(diào)句型用來強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語動詞以外的任何句子成分。當(dāng)被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是人時也可以用who。在使用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型時需注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1.請注意強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的特殊疑問句例Whenwasitthathechangedhismindtotakepartintheactivity？2.在強(qiáng)調(diào)原因狀語從句時,只能強(qiáng)調(diào)由because所引導(dǎo)的從句例Itwasbecausehewasillthathedidn'tcometoschoolyesterday.3.在強(qiáng)調(diào)not…until結(jié)構(gòu)時必須把not與until一起放到被強(qiáng)調(diào)的位置上例ItwasnotuntilshetookoffherdarkglassesthatIrealizedshewasmybrother.4.注意強(qiáng)調(diào)句型與定語從句的區(qū)別例Itwasat7o'clockthathecamehereyesterday.<強(qiáng)調(diào)句型>Itwas7o'clockwhenhecamehereyesterday.<定語從句>六、It常用的固定搭配1.makeit<1>.在口語當(dāng)中相當(dāng)于succeed,表示：成功、做到、說定、趕上、及時到達(dá)例It'shardtomakeittothetopinshowbusiness.<2>.在口語中相當(dāng)于fixthedatefor,表示"約定好時間"例—Shallwemeetnextweek?—OK.WejustmakeitnextSaturday.2.asitis<1>.相當(dāng)于infact,inreality表示"事實(shí)上,實(shí)際情況是……"例Wehadplanedtofinishthetasktoday,butasitisweprobablywon'tfinishituntilnextweek.<2>.相當(dāng)于方式狀語從句,表示"照原樣"例Leavethetableasitis.3.asitwere相當(dāng)于asonemightsay,thatistosay,表示"也就是說,可以說,換句話說"例Heis,asitwere,amodernSherlockHolmes.4.ifitweren'tfor…/ifithadn'tbeenfor…用來引導(dǎo)虛擬語氣,相當(dāng)于without,orbutfor,表示"如果不是……,要不是……"例Ifitweren'tforTom,Iwouldn'tbealivetoday.5.that'sit<1>.相當(dāng)于That'sall.That'ssomuch.表示"至此為止,沒有別的了"例Youcanhaveonemoresweet,andthat'sit.<2>.相當(dāng)于That'sright.表示"對啦"例—Iguessthekeytotheproblemisthechoice"A"—That'sit.6.catchit在口語中,相當(dāng)于bepunished/scoldedfordoingsth.wrong.表示"因做錯事而挨罵,受責(zé)備,受批評,受懲罰"例We'llreallycatchitformourteacherifwe'relateforclassagain.7.haveit<1>.相當(dāng)于say,insist表示"說,主張,表明,硬說"例Rumourhasitthattheyaregettingdivorced.<2>.相當(dāng)于gettoknowsomething,表示"了解,知道,獲悉"例IhaditfromJohnthatshewasgoingabroad.8.havewhatittakes在口語中,相當(dāng)于bewellqualifiedfor,表示"具有成功的條件"例Youcantakeitfrommethatyourdaughterhaswhatittakestobeastar.9.soitseems/appears.10.Keepatit!<Don'tgiveup!>相當(dāng)于goon,表示"繼續(xù)做,不放棄"例Myteacheraskedmetokeepatit.11.Goit!<Goon!>拼命干,莽撞12.Nowyouhavedoneit!<Youhavedonesth.wrong.>13.Nowyou'llcatchit!<You'llbepunished.>14.Asithappened,…在口語中,相當(dāng)于it'sapitythat…,表示"真不湊巧,真遺憾"例Asithappened,theywereout.15.Asitturnedout,…在口語中,相當(dāng)于itwasfoundtobeintheend,表示"最后被證明是"例Asitturnedout,hisstatementwasfalse.16.Suchasitis<theyare>在口語中,相當(dāng)于althoughitmaynotbeworthmuch,表示"雖然沒有多大價值"例Youcanborrowmyexamnotebook,suchasitis.17.Takeit/thingseasy.相當(dāng)于Don'tworryordon'thurry.用來勸告別人,表示"不要慌,別擔(dān)心,存住氣"例Takeiteasy!Hewilldoitwell.18.Takeitfromme.在口語中,相當(dāng)于believemewhatIsay.表示"請相信我的話,我敢擔(dān)保"例Youcantakeitfrommethathewillmakeitthistime.19.Forwhatitisworth…在口語中,相當(dāng)于althoughI'mnotsureit'sofvalue,表示"不管其價值如何"例HereisthearticleIpromiseyou,forwhatit'sworth.20.Worthit在口語中,相當(dāng)于useful,表示"有好處,值得做"例Don'thesitateaboutit!It'sworthit.21.Believeitornot.表示"信不信由你"例Believeitornot,TomisgettingmarriedtoMarynextSunday.22.Takeitorleaveit.v.要么接受要么放棄例Thatismylastoffer.Youcantakeitorleaveit.23.Italldepends/thatalldepends在口語中,相當(dāng)于ithasn'tbeendecidedyet,表示"那得看情況,還沒有定下來"例—Areyougoingtothecountrysideforholiday?—It/Thatalldepends.24.It'suptosb.在口語中,相當(dāng)于it'sdecidedbysb.表示"由……決定,由……負(fù)責(zé),取決于……"例—Shallwegooutfordinner?—It'suptoyou."It"用法及其句型和固定搭配專練1.WasitduringtheSecondWorldWar_____hedied?A.thatB.whileC.inwhichD.then<88>2.Is____necessarytocompletethedesignbeforeNationalDay?A.thisB.thatC.itD.he<89>3.Idon'tthink____possibletomasteraforeignlanguagewithoutmuchmemorywork.A.thisB.thatC.itsD.it<91>4.Does______matterifhecan'tfinishthejobontime?A.thisB.thatC.heD.it<91>5.Itwasnot_____shetookoffherglasses_____Irealizedshewasafamousfilmstar.A.when,thatB.until,thatC.until,thatD.when,then<92>6.Iwasdisappointedwiththefilm.Ihadexpected______tobemuchbetter.A.thatB.thisC.oneD.it<93>7.Itwasnotuntil1920______regularradiobroadcastsbegan.A.whileB.whichC.thatD.since<94>8.______isafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage.A.ThereB.ThisC.ThatD.It<95>9.ItwasonlywhenIrereadthispoemsrecently_____Ibegantoappreciatetheirbeauty.A.untilB.thatC.thenD.so<97>10.Ihate_____whenpeopletalkwiththeirmouthsfull.A.itB.thatC.theseD.them<98>11.Itistheabilitytodothejob_____mattersnotwhereyoucomefromorwhatyouare.A.oneB.thatC.whatD.it<2000>12.Ilike___intheautumnwhentheweatherisclearandbright.<2004>A.thisB.thatC.itD.one13.—Doyoulike___here?—Oh,yes.Theair,theweather,thewayoflife.Everythingissonice.<全國卷>A.thisB.TheseC.ThatD.it14.Weneededanewcupboardforthekitchen.SoPetermade___fromsomewood.<全國卷>A.itB.OneC.HimselfD.another15.TheforeignMinistersaid,"_____ourhopethatthetwosideswillworktowardspeace."<2004北京>A.ThisisB.ThereisC.ThatisD.Itis16._____isreportedinthenewspaper,talksbetweenthetwocountriesaremakingprogress.<2004北京>A.ItB.AsC.ThatD.What17.—Howoftendoyoueatout?<2004,天津>—________,butusuallyonceaweek.A.HavenoideaB.ItdependsC.AsusualD.Generallyspeaking18.Wewantedtogethomebeforedark,butitdidn'tquite_____asplaned.<2004XX卷>A.makeoutB.turnoutC.goonD.comeup19.—Whatdoyouwanttodonext?Wehavehalfanhouruntilthebasketballgame.—________.Whateveryouwanttodoisfinewithme.A.ItjustdependsB.It'suptoyouC.AllrightD.Gladtohearthat20.Itwas____backhomeaftertheexperiment.A.notuntilmidnightdidhegoB.untilmidnightthathedidn'tgoC.notuntilmidnightthathewentD.untilmidnightwhenhedidn'tgoKEYS:1-5ACDDB6-10DCDBA11-15ACDBD16-20BBBBC第三章高中英語語法中的省略現(xiàn)象在英語語言中,為了使語言簡潔明了,重點(diǎn)突出或上下文緊密相連,可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不變,這種語言現(xiàn)象稱之為省略?，F(xiàn)就英語中的種種省略現(xiàn)象分析如下：一、并列復(fù)合句中的省略在并列句中后邊的分句可以省略與前邊分句中相同的成分。如：a>Theboypickedupacoinintheroadand<theboy>handedittoapoliceman.這個男孩在馬路上拾起一枚硬幣并把他交給了警察。b>Youradvicemademehappybut<youradvicemade>Tomangry.你的建議使我高興但使湯姆生氣。c>TommusthavebeenplayingbasketballandMary<musthavebeen>doingherhomework.湯姆肯定一直在打籃球,瑪麗一直在寫作業(yè)。d>GaoXiuminwasbornin1959andFuBiao<wasborn>in1963.高秀敏出生于1959年,傅彪出生于1963年。二、主從復(fù)合句中的省略1．狀語從句中的省略一般說來省略現(xiàn)象多出現(xiàn)在下列五種狀語從句中：由when,while,as,before,after,till,until,once等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句；由whether,if,unless等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句；由though,although,evenif,whatever等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句；由as,than等引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句；由as,asif,asthough等引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句。上述狀語從句在省略時應(yīng)遵循下面原則：1>當(dāng)狀語從句的主語與主句的主語一致時,可以省略狀語從句的主語和系動詞be,這時從句中可出現(xiàn)如下結(jié)構(gòu)：<1>連詞〔as,asif,once+名詞;<2>連詞〔though,whether,when+形容詞；<3>連詞<whether,asif,while>+介詞短語；<4>連詞<when,while,though>+現(xiàn)在分詞；<5>連詞<when,if,evenif,unless,once,until,than,as>+過去分詞；<6>連詞<asif,asthough>+不定式。如：a>Once<hewas>aworker,PangLongnowbecomesafamoussinger.龐龍曾經(jīng)是個工人,現(xiàn)在變成一位著名的歌手。b>Workhardwhen<youare>young,oryou'llregret.趁年輕要努力學(xué)習(xí),要不然你會后悔的。c>Helookedeverywhereasif<hewas>insearchofsomething.他到處看似乎在找什么東西。d>While<hewas>holdingtalkswithPresidentHuJintao,USPresidentGeorgeW.BushthankedChinaforitsimportantroleintheSix-PartyTalks.美國總統(tǒng)布什在與胡錦濤主席會談時,感謝中國在六方會談中起的重要作用。e>Theexhibitionismoreinterestingthan<itwas>expected.這次展覽比被預(yù)料的有趣的多。f>OlympicgoldmedallisthurdlerLiuXiangopenedhislipsasif<hewere>tospeak。奧林匹克金牌獲得者跨欄運(yùn)動員劉翔張開嘴好像要說什么。注意：1>當(dāng)從句的主語和主句的賓語一致時,間或也有這樣的省略,如：Herfathertoldhertobecarefulwhen<shewas>crossingthestreet.當(dāng)她過馬路時父親告訴她要當(dāng)心。2>當(dāng)從句的主語是it,謂語動詞中又含有系動詞be時,可以把it和系動詞be一起省略。此時構(gòu)成連詞<if,unless,when,whenever>+形容詞的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Unless<itis>necessary,you'dbetternotrefertothedictionary.如果沒有必要,你最好不要查字典。2．定語從句中的省略1一般說來,在限制性定語從句中,作賓語的關(guān)系代詞that,which,whom可以省略；如：Isthisreason<that>heexplainedatthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork?這就是他在會上解釋他工作中粗心的原因嗎？〔2002上海春季而在非限制性定語從句中作賓語的關(guān)系代詞which,whom不可以省略。試比較：Tom<whom>yousawyesterdayfellill.<whom可以省>你昨天見到的湯姆病倒了。Tom,whomyousawyesterday,fellill.<whom不可以省>湯姆病倒了,你昨天見到他了。2在口語和非正式用語中,關(guān)系副詞when,where,和why經(jīng)常用that來代替,甚至還可省略。如：a>Thisisthefirsttime<when/that>hehadtroublewiththeboss.這是他第一次麻煩老板。b>Hewantstofindagoodplace<where/that>wecanhaveapicnicduringthe"goldenweek"holiday.他想找一個能在黃金周期間野餐的好地方。c>Couldyoutellusthereason<why/that>hewassounhappy?你能告訴我們他為什么如此不高興嗎？3當(dāng)先行詞為表示方式的theway時,從句不能用how來引導(dǎo),應(yīng)該用that或inwhich,或?qū)⑺鼈內(nèi)渴÷?。如：Idon'tliketheway<that/inwhich>youlaughather.我不喜歡你嘲笑他的行為。3．賓語從句中的省略1在及物動詞后面所接的賓語從句中,連詞that一般可以省略；但如果及物動詞后面是由that引導(dǎo)的兩個或兩個以上的并列的賓語從句,那么只有第一個that可以省略。如：a>Ithink<that>thereformoftherenminbi'sexchangerateisnecessary.我認(rèn)為人民幣兌換率的改革是必要的。b>Hesaid<that>theAnti-secessionlawhadbeenpassedandthatPresidentHuJintaohadsignedapresidentialorder他說《反分裂國家法》已被通過,而且胡錦濤主席已簽署了主席令。2由which,when,where,how,和why引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,可以全部或部分省略。如：a>IknowthatNBAstarYaoMingwillcometoourcitybutIdon’tknowwhen<hewillcometoourcity>.我知道NBA明星要到我們城市來但我不知道他什么時候來。b>Hewantstomoveabroadbuthisparentswonderswhy<hewantstomoveabroad>他想搬遷到國外但他的父母想知道為什么。4．在與suggest,request,order,advise等詞相關(guān)的名詞性從句中,須用虛擬語氣形式"should+動詞原形",should可以省略。如：Chirac,PresidentoftheRepublicofFrancesuggestedthattheChina-FranceCultureYear<should>lastlonginvariousforms.法國總統(tǒng)希拉克建議中法文化年以各種各樣的形式長期持續(xù)。5．主句省略多用于句首。如：<Itisa>PitythatIdidn’tgotoMary'sbirthdaypartyyesterday.很遺憾,我昨天沒有去參加瑪麗的生日聚會。6．在答語中,主句可全部省略。如：—WhywereyouabsentfromschoollastFriday?—<Iwasabsentfromschool>Becausemymotherwasill.—上周五你為什么沒有上學(xué)？—因?yàn)槲覌寢尣×?。三、簡單句中的省?．省略主語1祈使句中的主語通常被省略如：<You>Openthedoor,please.請開一下門。2>其它省略主語多限于現(xiàn)成的說法如：a><I>Thankyouforyourhelp謝謝你的幫助。b><It>Doesn’tmatter.沒關(guān)系。2．省略主謂語或主謂語的一部分如：a><Thereis>Nosmoking.禁止抽煙b><Isthere>anythingelse?還有其他事嗎？c><Youcome>Thiswayplease.請這邊走。d><Willyou>Haveasmoke?抽煙嗎？3．省略賓語如：—DoyouknowMr.Li?你認(rèn)識李先生嗎？—Idon’tknow<him.>我不認(rèn)識他4．省略表語如：—Areyouthirsty?你30歲了嗎？Yes,Iam<thirsty>.是的,我是。5．同時省略幾個成分如：a>—Areyoufeelingbetternow?你覺得好些了嗎？—<Iamfeeling>Muchbetter<now>好多了。b><Iwish>Goodluck<toyou>.祝你好運(yùn)/祝你順利。四、動詞不定式省略,只保留to的場合1．不定式作某些動詞的賓語時,這些動詞常見的有：love,like,care,wish,hope,expect,prefer,refuse,mean,try,oblige,advise,persuade,agree,want,afford,forget,remember,try,manage等。如：a>—Youshouldhavethankedherbeforeyouleft.—Imeantto,butwhenIwasleavingIcouldn’tfindheranywhere.—你本該在離開前謝謝她。—我本打算這么做,但當(dāng)我就要離開的時候我卻找不到她了?！?000上海春b>Youcandoitthiswayifyouliketo.如果你想做,你可以這么做。2．不定式作某些動詞的賓語補(bǔ)足語或主語補(bǔ)足語時,這些動詞常見的有：ask,tell,advise,force,persuade,wish,allow,permit,forbid,expect,order,warn等。如：a>Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhimnotto.男孩想在街上騎他的自行車,但他母親不讓。<NMET1995>b>Shewantstocomebutherparentswon’tallowherto<come>.她想來,可是她父母不讓。3．不定式在句中作某些形容詞的狀語時,常見的形容詞有：happy,glad,eager,anxious,willing,ready等。如：—Iwillbeawayonabusinesstrip.Couldyoumindlookingaftermycat?—Notatall.Iwouldbehappyto<lookafteryourcat>.—我要出差,你能幫我照顧一下我的貓嗎？—沒關(guān)系,我很愿意。4．不定式作某些復(fù)合謂語時,常見結(jié)構(gòu)如：beableto,begoingto,haveto,oughtto,usedto等。如：Hedoesn’tlikefishbutheusedto他現(xiàn)在不喜歡吃魚,但過去喜歡。五、動詞不定式to的省略1．主語部分有todo,系動詞is或was時,作表語的不定式通常省去to。如：Theonlythingyouhavetodoispressthebutton.你必須做的惟一事情是按按鈕。2．作介詞but,expect,besides的賓語,前面又有實(shí)意動詞do時,不定式通常省去to.如：HesaidthatChenShuibianhadnothingtodoexceptpushapro-"independence"timetable.他說陳水扁除了推進(jìn)支持"獨(dú)立"的時間表外,什么也沒有做。3．主語部分暗含todo,表語中的不定式通常省去to。如：AllIwant<todo>isgotoschoolandstudyhard.我想要〔做的就是上學(xué),努力學(xué)習(xí)。4．當(dāng)兩個或多個不定式并列時,其后的不定式符號可以省略,但有對比關(guān)系時不可省略。如：Itiseasiertosaythantodo.說起來容易,做起來難。5．在wouldrather…than…等結(jié)構(gòu)中,不定式符號常常要省略.如：Iwouldratherstayathomethangotoseeafilm.我寧愿呆在家也不愿去看電影。6．在see,watch,notice,hear,listento,lookat,feel,have,make,let,observe等詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語時省略不定式符號to；why<not>do結(jié)構(gòu)中,不定式不帶to。如：a>Isawherentertheroom.我看見她進(jìn)入了房間b>Whynotjoinus?為什么不加入到我們的行列里來呢？六．其他一些省略結(jié)構(gòu)1．名詞所有格修飾的名詞,若表示住宅、店鋪、教堂或上下文已暗示或明確指出過的事物時,常?？梢允÷?。如：WespenttheweekendattheMary's.我們在瑪麗家過的周末。2．What和how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中,常可省略主語it和be動詞如：a>Whatawonderfulvictory<itis>forTom!這對Tom來說是個多么大的勝利呀！b>Howbeautiful<itis>tobetreatedlikeanormalchild.被當(dāng)作一個正常孩子對待對他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。第四章主謂一致主謂一致<Subject-VerbAgreement>,指"人稱"和"數(shù)方面的一致關(guān)系.如:Heisgoingabroad.Theyareplayingfootball.可分為:語法一致,內(nèi)容一致,就近一致.<一>語法一致原則:即主語為單數(shù),謂語用單數(shù),主語為復(fù)數(shù),謂語也用復(fù)數(shù).以下為注意事項(xiàng):1.單數(shù)主語即使后面帶有with,alongwith,togetherwith,like<象>,but<除了>,except,besides,aswellas,nolessthan,ratherthan<而不是>,including,inadditionto引導(dǎo)的短語,謂語動詞仍用單數(shù).如:Airaswellaswaterismatter.空氣和水都是物質(zhì).Nooneexcepttwoservantswaslateforthedinner.除了兩個仆人外,沒有一個人遲來用餐。2.用and連接的并列主語,如果主語是同一個人,同一事,同一概念,謂語動詞用單數(shù),否則用復(fù)數(shù).如:Thepoetandwriterhascome.那位詩人兼作家來了.<一個人>Ahammerandasawareusefultools.錘子和鋸都是有用的工具.<兩樣物>用and連接的成對名詞習(xí)慣上被看成是一個整體,如:breadandbutter<黃油抹面包>,knifeandfork<刀叉>等作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。3.不定式<短語>,動名詞<短語>,或從句作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù).如:Servingthepeopleismygreathappiness.為人民服務(wù)是我最大的幸福.Whenwe’llgooutforanoutinghasbeendecided.我們什么時候出去郊游已決定了。4.用連接的并列主語被each,every或no修飾時,謂語動詞用單數(shù).Everyboyandeverygirllikestogoswimming.每個男孩和每個女孩都喜歡去游泳.Noteacherandnostudentwasabsentfromthemeeting.沒有老師也沒有學(xué)生開會缺席.Eachmanand<each>womanisa