建筑專業(yè)英語PPT

Unit9PROCESS主講人：徐西雨關(guān)清源孟康杜文旺Part1Warm-upActivties1.Assemblysequenceofaprefabricatedbuilding.按順序裝配的預(yù)制建筑。Thesequenceisdividedintofourstagesorphases:這個(gè)順序劃分為四個(gè)階段或部分：Groundisexcavated挖掘地基Concretefoundationsareconstructed混凝土基礎(chǔ)構(gòu)造Columnbaseplatesarefixed柱形基礎(chǔ)板固定Steelcolumnsareerected樹立鋼柱Phase1

First,thegroundisexcavated.Then,theconcretefoundationsareconstructed.Later,thecolumnbaseplatesarefixed.Finally,thesteelcolumnsareerected.

首先，挖掘地基。然后，搭建混凝土基礎(chǔ)構(gòu)造。之后，確定柱形基礎(chǔ)板。最后，樹立鋼柱。Phase2Roofdeckingisputinplace屋頂裝飾Upperfloorsteelcolumnsareerected樓上樹立鋼柱Concretefloorslabsareputinplace澆制混凝土樓板Beamsandbracingarefixed固定梁和支撐結(jié)構(gòu)

Nowlookatthedrawingsofthenextthreestagesandmakestatementsaboutthesequenceofeventsinphases2,3and4.現(xiàn)在看看接下來三個(gè)階段的圖紙和在2,3,4部分關(guān)于項(xiàng)目順序的說明。Weatherproofroofmembraneislaid鋪設(shè)防風(fēng)雨的屋頂防水層Balustradefixingplatesarefixed固定欄桿固定板Comerunitsareerected樹立邊角構(gòu)件Horizontalcladdingpanelsarefixed固定水平電鍍板Verticalcladdingpanelsarefixed固定垂直覆蓋層板Suspendedceilingsarefixed固定吊頂Partitionsareerected劃分區(qū)域Servicesareinstalledintheceilingvoid在吊頂空間安裝服務(wù)Floorfinishesarelaid鋪設(shè)地板Buildingisdecorated建筑裝飾Phase3Phase43.Identifythepartofthebuildingorthephaseofassemblysequencedescribedinthesesentences:確定建筑物的一部分或這些句子中描述裝配順序的階段：a)Thiscannotbeputinplaceuntiltheupperfloorsteelcolumnshavebeenerected.這個(gè)不能到位，知道樓上樹立好鋼柱。b)Beforefixingthese,theworkmenerectthecornerunits.在解決這些之前，工人們建造角落單位。c)Duringthisphasethebeamsandbracingarefixed.在這個(gè)階段，梁和支撐是固定的。d)Theworkmenfixtheseafterconstructingtheconcretefoundations.工人們將在之后澆筑混凝土基礎(chǔ)。e)Theelectricwiringisinstalledduringthisphase.在這個(gè)階段安裝電線。f)Whenthebalustradefixingplateshavefixed,theworkmencanstartlayingthis.在欄桿固定桿固定后，工人們開始鋪設(shè)。Part2Controlled1.Lookatthistimescheduleofabuildingproject:看一個(gè)建筑項(xiàng)目的時(shí)間表：50%32%18%1.foreman工頭-------------------------supervision監(jiān)督管理2.labourers勞工------------------------doingmanualwork做體力勞動(dòng)3.machinedrivers機(jī)械工人----------excavatingground挖掘土地4.steelerectors鋼結(jié)構(gòu)安裝工-------erectingsteelwork安裝鋼結(jié)構(gòu)5.bricklayers磚瓦匠-------------------buildingbrickwork砌筑磚墻6.plumbers水管工---------------------installationofpipeworkandsanitaryfittings

管道工程與潔具安裝7.joiners連接工------------------------manufactureofdoors,windows,screens

制作門，窗，屏幕等8.carpenters木匠-----------------------fixingoffloorjoists,rooftimbers,doors,windows

安裝地板托梁，屋頂木材，門，窗等9.roofingcontractor屋面承包方-----layingroofcovering鋪設(shè)屋面覆蓋層10.claddingfixers包層調(diào)停者-------fixingcladding固定維修包層11.heatingcontractor加熱承包商----installationofheatingequipment

安裝加熱設(shè)備12.electricians電工---------------------installationofelectricalequipment電氣設(shè)備安裝13.glaziers裝玻璃工人----------------puttinginglazing安裝玻璃14.decorators室內(nèi)裝潢師-------------decoratingbuilding建筑裝潢相關(guān)詞匯：Manager經(jīng)理Projectmanager項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理Residentconstructionmanager駐工地總代表Constructionsuperintendent工地主任Controllerstaffmember管理員，職員Engineer工程師Technician技術(shù)員Economist經(jīng)濟(jì)員Supervisor檢查員Foreman工長(zhǎng)Worker工人Civilengineering土建工程Chemicalengineering化工工程Process工藝Mechanicalequipment機(jī)械設(shè)備Electrical電氣Instrumentation儀表Piping管道Welding焊接Furnace筑爐Building建筑Corrosionprevention防腐Thermal-insulation保溫Heating-ventilation采暖通風(fēng)Qualitycontrol質(zhì)量管理Mechanic機(jī)械工Electrician電工Pipelayer管工Welder焊工Carpenter木工Turner車工Blacksmith鐵工Builder建筑工人Erector安裝工人Riveter鉚工Rigger起重工Concreteworker混凝土工Engine-driver司機(jī)Repairworker維修工Piling打樁Civilengineering土建工程Mechanicalerection機(jī)械安裝Piping配管Electrical電氣Instrumentation儀表Paintingandinsulationwork油漆和保溫絕緣工作Cracker裂解器Crackingfurnace裂解爐Heatingfurnace加熱爐Reactor反應(yīng)器Mixer攪拌器Centrifuge離心機(jī)Belt-conveyer皮帶輸送機(jī)Cooler冷凝器Condenser冷凝器Separator分離器Boiler鍋爐Generator發(fā)生器Scrubber洗滌器Stripper汽提器Heatexchanger熱交換器Installing安裝Checking檢查Aligning找正Leveling找平Purging清洗Sitelabor(網(wǎng)站勞動(dòng))

Thetwomostimportantmenonaconstructionsitearethecontractor’sagentandthenavy.在建筑工地最重要的兩個(gè)人物是承包者代理人和工人。Theagentisimportantbecauseheactsforthecontractorandhastheauthorityofthecontractoronthesite.代理很重要，因?yàn)樗麑?duì)承包商的行為具有對(duì)網(wǎng)站的權(quán)威。Thenavyisimportantbecausehe,withperhapshundredsofothernavies,doesmostofthework.工人的工作很重要是因?yàn)樗麄円苍S要作大部分的工作。Comparedwiththesetwo,althoughnocivilengineerwillhappilyadmitit,theresidentengineercomesthird,forwithouthimtheworkwouldbecompletedintime,thoughperhapsbadlyandathighcosttotheclient.相比這兩個(gè)，雖然公務(wù)員工程師不會(huì)意承認(rèn)它，駐地工程師排為第三，但是沒有他的工作不會(huì)及時(shí)完成的，而且會(huì)花費(fèi)成本很高。Part5ExtensiveReading關(guān)Mostofthecivilengineeringdesignhasbeendonebythetimethecontracthasbeensigned,andthecontractorisboundbytofollowthedesignasitislaiddowninthedrawings,thoughnormallynocontractisleftwithoutthesupervisionofaresidentengineeroratleastofaclerkoftheworksoracivilengineeringinspector.最重要的土木工程設(shè)計(jì)已完成，合同已經(jīng)簽訂，和承包商勢(shì)必按照設(shè)計(jì)圖紙，規(guī)定雖然通常沒有合同沒有監(jiān)管的駐地工程師但是至少有名文員工程或土建工程督察。

Betweentheagentandthenavytherearemanyothermenwhoorganizethework,helpittogosmoothly,seetothearrivaloftheessentialmaterials,checktheirqualityandhelptogetthecontractfinishedontime.代理和工人之間有許多其他的人安排工作來幫助它順利進(jìn)行，等到材料到來，檢查它們的質(zhì)量并且?guī)椭磿r(shí)完成合同。Thechiefoftheseisthegeneralforeman,amanwhohasworkedformanyyearsonconstructionsites,eitherasanavyandthenasagangerinchargeofagroup(gang)ofnavies,ormoreusually,asatradesmanandthenaforemanofhistrade.這些主要是一般的工頭，待在建筑工程很多年，無論是掌管一個(gè)團(tuán)體的領(lǐng)班，或者更經(jīng)常的是作為一個(gè)貿(mào)易商。

“Tradesman”incivilengineeringorbuildingisthenamegiventomasons,bricklayers,carpenters,plasterers,mechanicalfittersandotherswhodoaspecialkindofworkwiththeirhands(atrade). 土木工程或建設(shè)中的"商人"是工作的給泥瓦匠、泥瓦匠、木匠、泥水匠、機(jī)械鉗工和別人做一種特殊稱呼，用他們雙手進(jìn)行貿(mào)易的名稱。

Thecriticaltradeincivilengineeringisusuallycarpentrybecausethecarpentersbuildtheconcreteformwork,andtheforemancarpentersetsouttheformworkforthemandoftenalsosetsoutfortheothertrades.土建工程的關(guān)鍵貿(mào)易通常是木工，因?yàn)槟窘辰ㄔ旎炷聊０澹竟そ?jīng)常為自己或者其他行業(yè)設(shè)置了模板。Ifthesettingoutisnotwellaheadofitstime,theconcreteformworkislikelytobedelayed,withseriousconsequencesfortheprogressofthejob.如果設(shè)置了不使他們提前，混凝土模板很可能收到延誤，對(duì)作業(yè)的進(jìn)度會(huì)造成嚴(yán)重后果。Settingoutmeansmarkingouttheworkonthegroundoronthestructure,toensurethatitisproperlyplaced.如果設(shè)置了不使他們提前，混凝土模板很可能收到延誤，對(duì)作業(yè)的進(jìn)度會(huì)造成嚴(yán)重后果。Acivilengineerusuallysetsoutthemainlocationofthebuilding,andtiesitinwithhissurveyinginstrumentstolocalsurveymonuments.設(shè)定出裝置標(biāo)示出在地面上或結(jié)構(gòu)上的工作，以確保它是正確放置。一名土木工程師通常設(shè)置了主要位置的建筑，以及與配合他測(cè)量?jī)x器對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)卣{(diào)查紀(jì)念碑。

Sincenaviesdotheconcretinganddiggingwhichareessentialtomostfoundationwork,andfoundationsarethefirstworkafterthedemolitionandsiteclearance,naviesareusuallythefirstmenemployedonabuildingsite.由于工人做混凝土和挖掘都是最基礎(chǔ)的工作，基礎(chǔ)是必不可少的，第一個(gè)工作的拆除和場(chǎng)地清理后，工人通常是該建筑工地上的第一個(gè)男性員工。Thereisanaturalsequenceofconstructionwhichisthesameformostbuildings,andforthisreason,thetradescomeonetoasiteusuallyinthesamesequence,fromonestructuretothenext.這是大多數(shù)建筑的一個(gè)自然的建筑順序，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)原因，工地上通常用同一個(gè)順序進(jìn)行施工，從結(jié)構(gòu)到下一個(gè)。孟Thissequenceisshownbytheorderinwhichthetradesareprintedinthebillofquantities.這個(gè)序列在工程量清單中表明輸出的交易。Itisimportanttoadoptoneparticularsequencebecauseinthatwaythewriterofthebillcanbesurethathehasforgottennothing.只有通過這種方式，筆者比爾可以肯定他有忘記什么。Thereare(1)demolitionandshoring,(2)earthwork,(3)piling,(4)concreting,(5)precastconcreteandhollowfloors,(6)brickworkandpartitions,(7)drainageandsewage,(8)asphalt,(9)paving,(10)masonry,(11)roofing,(12)timberandhardware,(13)structuralsteelwork(1)拆除支撐，(2)土方工程，(3)打樁，(4)澆筑混凝土，(5)預(yù)制混凝土空心樓板，(6)砌磚和分區(qū)，(7)排水和污水處理，(8)瀝青，(9)鋪路，(10)砌筑，(11)屋面，(12)木材和硬件，(13)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)(14)metalwork,(15)plastering,walltilingandterrazzo,(16)sheetmetal,(17)rainwaterguttersanddown-pipes,(18)cold-watersupplyand-sanitaryplumbing,(19)hot-watersupply,(20)gasandwatermains,(21)heating,(22)ventilating,(23)electrical,(24)glazing,(25)painting,(26)specialistwork.(14)金屬制品，(15)抹灰，外墻瓷磚和水磨石，(16)金屬板，(17)雨水天溝及落水管，(18)冷水供應(yīng)和衛(wèi)生管道，(19)熱水供應(yīng)，(20)煤氣和水管，、(21)采暖、(22)通風(fēng)、(23)電氣、(24)玻璃、(25)噴漆、(26)專家的工作。Toactfor...代表。。。辦事Tobeboundby理應(yīng)，必須Withseriousconsequences帶來嚴(yán)重的后果Site工地，場(chǎng)所Contractor合同者，承包者Navy壯工Authority政權(quán)，授權(quán)，權(quán)威Resident居住的，居民Client工程委托人，甲方代表Bind捆，扎，約束Laydown施工Drawing圖樣，素描Supervision監(jiān)督，管理Inspector檢查者，監(jiān)察者Tradesman受益人，工匠Foreman工頭Mason石工Bricklayer磚工，瓦工Carpenter木工Plasterer抹灰工Mechanical機(jī)械的Fitter裝配工，鉗工Form模板Demolition拆遷Shoring支撐，加固Pilling打樁，堆積Concreting澆灌混凝土Brickwork磚房，磚砌（體）Partition隔墻，隔板，隔開，分隔Drainage排水，排水設(shè)備，排水法Sewage污水處理Asphalt瀝青，柏油Paving鋪路，鋪平Hardware五金，金屬制零件Metalwork金屬制造Plastering抹灰Terrazzo水磨石Gutter雨水槽Sanitary衛(wèi)生的，關(guān)于環(huán)境衛(wèi)生的Plumbing管子工程Heating加熱，供熱Ventilating通風(fēng)Glazing尤其Painting上漆Setout防放線ManpowerPlanningForProjectSitelabormustbeactivelymanaged.Planningaconstructionprojectmeansnotonlydecidingwhatistobedone,butwhowilldoitandwhen.現(xiàn)場(chǎng)勞動(dòng)必須積極管理，規(guī)劃建設(shè)項(xiàng)目不僅要決定要做什么，而且要決定由誰在什么時(shí)間做什么。Themanagerhastoforecastprojectmanpowerrequirements,takingintoaccounttheavailabilityofvariouskindsoflabor(includingsub-contractlabor).經(jīng)理對(duì)項(xiàng)目的人力需求預(yù)測(cè)，考慮到各種勞動(dòng)力的可用性（包括分包勞動(dòng)）。Theyneedtoavoidsharpfluctuationsinmanninglevelsandtheoverallresourcepatternfortheproject.他們需要避免人員配備的大幅波動(dòng)以及項(xiàng)目的總體資源模式。

Evenwhenunemploymentishigh,certaintypesoflabormaybeinshortsupplyandthefirmmayhavetotrainpeopletomeetitsneeds.即使失業(yè)率很高，某些類型的勞動(dòng)力可能會(huì)供不應(yīng)求，所以公司不得不培訓(xùn)人們以滿足其需求。Ashortageinjustonetradeoroccupationmaymakenonsenseofacontractprogramandaddconsiderablytotheprojectduration.僅有一個(gè)貿(mào)易或職業(yè)的缺失就可能使合同毫無意義，而且將大大增加項(xiàng)目的持續(xù)時(shí)間。Recognizingsuchproblemsattheoutsetcanleadtobetterbalancingofworkandreducepeakmanpowerneeds.認(rèn)識(shí)到這些問題在一開始就可以更好的平衡工作和降低峰值的人力需求。Sitelaborshouldbebuiltupandrundowninaplannedway,avoidingsuddenchangesinthenumbersofeachtradeonsite.工地的勞動(dòng)力應(yīng)有計(jì)劃的建立和運(yùn)行，避免在站點(diǎn)上的每一個(gè)交易的數(shù)量突然變化。Thismeansschedulingprojectactivitiessothatcumulativeneedsdonotexceedthelaboravailableanddonotfluctuatetoomuch.這意味著安排項(xiàng)目活動(dòng)，累積的需求不超過可用的勞動(dòng)力以及不太多的波動(dòng)。Manpowerplanningwillnotguaranteehighproductivityorgoodlaborrelations,butitsabsencecanleadtopoorperformanceandstrainedrelations.人力資源規(guī)劃不能保證高生產(chǎn)率和良好的勞動(dòng)關(guān)系，但它的缺失會(huì)導(dǎo)致不良的表現(xiàn)和緊張的關(guān)系。

Amanningcurveisausefulwaytosummarizelaborrequirementsandhighlightproblem.曼寧曲線是一個(gè)有用的發(fā)法去總結(jié)勞動(dòng)需求和高亮度的問題.Itiscompiledbycombiningthelaborrequirementsforeachtrade.結(jié)合編制勞動(dòng)要求的每個(gè)貿(mào)易.Thechartcanbeusedtobalancepeakdemandandtorecordnumbersofemployeesusedtodate.圖表可以用來平衡需求高峰期，并記錄員工使用的日期。Itshowstherateofbuild-uporrun-downoflaborandanycorrectionneededtokeeponschedule.它顯示了建立或運(yùn)行下來的勞動(dòng)和任何糾正需要保持在時(shí)間表上。Inthecurve,theinformationisobtainedfromanetworkanalysisandshowsmanningcurvesbasedontheearliestandlateststartsforeachactivityontheprogram.在曲線中，信息是從一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析和顯示曼寧基于最早、最遲開始在程序的各個(gè)活動(dòng)曲線。旺Themanpowerbuild-upfortheearlieststartcurveishigh.最早開始曲線的人力積聚是很高.Itemphasizesthatwhentoomanypeoplearetakenonatonce,supervisorsbecomeoverloadedandproductivitycanbedifficulttosustain.它強(qiáng)調(diào)，當(dāng)太多的人被同時(shí)使用，主管會(huì)變得超載和生產(chǎn)力難以維持。Toosteepadescentattheendoftheprojectalsocausesproblems.太過急劇的下降，在項(xiàng)目結(jié)束時(shí)也會(huì)導(dǎo)致問題。Contractorsoftendothistorecoverfromdelays,buttheusualresultistoovershootthecompletiondate,withlaborremainingonsite,tidyinguplooseendsandwindingdownlongafterworkshouldhavefinished.承包商經(jīng)常會(huì)這樣恢復(fù)延遲，但通常的結(jié)果是超過完成的日期，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)剩余勞動(dòng)，整理瑣碎的收尾工作要很久以后才能完成。Properlyupdatedmanningcurvescanshowupearlysignsofunder-manning,indicatingtheneedforareviewofthecontractprogramorachangeinrecruitingprocedure,Buttheycannoteasilybeusedtoshowtheeffectsofvariationsoradditionalworkandareonlyasaccurateastheestimatesoflaboroutputsandlaboravailabilityonwhichtheyarebased.正確的更新曼寧曲線可顯示早期跡象，說明合同的程序或在招聘程序改變審查的要求，但他們不能很容易地使用T顯示的變化或額外的工作的影響，只是作為勞動(dòng)力輸出的估計(jì)和勞動(dòng)力的可用