Unit5《NelsonMandela-amodernhero》知識(shí)與要點(diǎn)課

話題1.Thequalitiesofagreatperson(偉人的品質(zhì))2．Thelivesofsomegreatpeople(一些偉人的生活)功能1.Askingforopinions(征求意見)2．Givingopinions(發(fā)表意見)語法TheAttributiveClause(Ⅱ)(where，when，why，prep.＋which/whom)定語從句(2)(由where，when，why，prep.＋which/whom引導(dǎo))重點(diǎn)單詞quality，mean，active，principle，mankind，lawyer，devote，found，fee，hopeful，willing，vote，attack，equal，escape，educate，beg，reward，sentence(vt.)，opinion重點(diǎn)短語loseheart，introuble，turnto，outofwork，asamatteroffact，blowup，cometopower，setup，besentencedto重點(diǎn)句型1onlythendidwedecidetoanswerviolencewithviolence.2．IfeltbadthefirsttimeItalkedtoagroup.1．devotevt.(與to連用)獻(xiàn)身；專心于歸納拓展把……專用于……，完全用于其中to是介詞，后接名詞或動(dòng)名詞(2)devotedadj.忠實(shí)的；深愛的devotionn．關(guān)愛，關(guān)照；奉獻(xiàn)Shedevotedherselftoherwork.她致力于她的工作。Mr.Zhangdevotedhislifetohelpingtheblind.張先生一生都致力于幫助盲人。Theyaredevotedtotheirchildren.他們深愛著自己的孩子。【鏈接訓(xùn)練】Nowadaysmanyschoolchildren________toomuchtime________playingcomputergames.A．spend；on B．devote；toC．take；to D．cost；in【解析】考查動(dòng)詞用法。表示“花費(fèi)”時(shí)，take和cost不能用sb.作主語，排除C、D兩項(xiàng)；spend的用法是sb.spendtimeindoingsth.或sb.spendtimeonsth.，所以A項(xiàng)中on應(yīng)改為in；devote...to＋n./doing意為“把……用于……”，符合題意，故B項(xiàng)正確?！敬鸢浮?/p>

B2．votevt.&vi.投票；選舉；n.投票；選票；表決歸納拓展votefor贊成；投某人的票voteagainst投票反對votetodosth.投票表決做某事voteon/upon...對……投票表決votesth.through

表決通過(提案等)80%ofstudentsvotefor/againstJim.80%的學(xué)生都投了吉姆的贊成票/反對票。We'llhavetovoteontheproblem.我們得對這一問題投票表決。Therewere400votesforMr.Black，and350against.400票支持布萊克先生，350票反對?！炬溄佑?xùn)練】①Theyshouldhavetheright________.A．vote B．voteforC．voteout D．tovote【解析】

havetherighttodosth.“有權(quán)利做某事”。votefor“贊成”，后應(yīng)跟賓語；voteout“罷免”，也不能單獨(dú)使用?！敬鸢浮?/p>

D②Peopleinthecity________thelawyertobetheleaderofthecommittee，fortheythoughthecouldgiveacorrectorderofthecity.A．votedagainst B．votedonC．votedfor D．votedwith【解析】考查vote的用法。votefor“投票贊成……”；voteagainst“投票反對……”；voteonsth.“投票表決……”；沒有votewith這一結(jié)構(gòu)。結(jié)合句意，只有C項(xiàng)合適?！敬鸢浮?/p>

C3．a(chǎn)ttackv．進(jìn)攻，攻擊；開始，著手；(疾病)侵襲，侵害n．攻擊；進(jìn)攻；病情發(fā)作(可數(shù)名詞)歸納拓展(1)launch/makeanattackon/against...＝attack...對……發(fā)動(dòng)進(jìn)攻；襲擊，抨擊……underattack遭到襲擊/抨擊airattack空襲asurpriseattack突然襲擊aheartattack心臟病突發(fā)(2)attacksb.with

sth.用……攻擊某人attacksb.for

sth.抨擊某人某事(3)attackern．攻擊者Atdawnthearmyattacked(madeanattackon)thetown.軍隊(duì)在黎明時(shí)向這座城鎮(zhèn)發(fā)動(dòng)攻擊。Thedoctorpredictedthatthediseasethatoftenattackschildrenwouldbeprevented.醫(yī)生預(yù)言將能預(yù)防這種經(jīng)常侵襲兒童的疾病。Theoldmansufferedaheartattackyesterday.這位老人昨天心臟病發(fā)作了?！炬溄佑?xùn)練】Afterhebecameconscious，heremembered________and________ontheheadwitharod.A．toattack；hit B．tobeattacked；tobehitC．a(chǎn)ttacking；behitD．havingbeenattacked；hit【解析】句意為：恢復(fù)意識(shí)后，他記得被襲擊了并且頭上被挨了一棍。remembertodosth.“記住要做某事”；rememberdoingsth.“記著做了某事”。因?yàn)閔e與attack和hit之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，故D項(xiàng)正確?！敬鸢浮?/p>

D4．equalv.等于；抵得上adj.相等的；平等的；勝任的；n.同等的人；相等物歸納拓展AequalsBin...A在……方面比得上Bbeequalto＋n．/doingsth.勝任某事/做某事bewithoutequal/havenoequal無與倫比；無敵(2)equallyadv.同等程度地；均等equalityn．平等Threeplustwoequalsfive.＝Threeplustwoisequaltofive.3加2等于5。Iamnotequaltothejob.我不能勝任這份工作。Heequalsmeinstrengthbutnotinintelligence.他和我力氣相當(dāng)，但智力不同。Menarebornequalandyoushouldn'tlookdownuponothers.人人生而平等，你不能輕視別人。Heisaplayerwithoutequal.他是個(gè)無與倫比的運(yùn)動(dòng)員?！炬溄佑?xùn)練】①M(fèi)r.Smithdoubtedwhetherhisdaughterwouldbe________tothejobatfirst，andsheprovedtobetherightperson.A．equal B．similarC．familiar D．content【解析】

beequaltosth.“勝任某事”，符合題意。besimilarto“與……相似”，befamiliartosb.“為某人所熟知”?！敬鸢浮?/p>

A②Everybodyhasa(n)________chance.Now，let'sseewhocandoitbest.A．same B．equalC．well D．a(chǎn)like【解析】句意為“每個(gè)人都有平等的機(jī)會(huì)”，而非“同一個(gè)”，故不用A。C項(xiàng)多指身體，不作定語，多作表語；D項(xiàng)作表語。【答案】

B5．escapevt.逃避，逃脫，避免vi.逃脫，逃跑n．逃脫；出口歸納拓展(1)escapesth./doingsth.逃避某事/做某事escapefromsb./sth.逃脫，逃走；從……中逃出來escapeone'snotice沒注意(2)makeone'sescape逃走anarrowescape九死一生Youareluckytoescapepunishment/beingpunished.你真走運(yùn)，逃過了懲罰。Thedrivermanagedtoescapefromtheburningcar.這位司機(jī)終于從燃燒的汽車?yán)锾恿顺鰜?。Thethiefmadehisescapebyjumpingacar.小偷跳上一輛汽車逃跑了。【鏈接訓(xùn)練】Hewasaluckydog，forhenarrowlyescaped________byacaryesterday.A．killed B．killingC．beingkilled D．fromkilling【解析】

escape用作“逃跑，逃脫”之意時(shí)后接動(dòng)名詞或名詞作賓語，根據(jù)語境可知此處應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語態(tài)?！敬鸢浮?/p>

C6．rewardn．獎(jiǎng)賞，報(bào)酬，酬勞vt.酬勞，獎(jiǎng)賞，報(bào)答歸納拓展(1)asarewardforsth.作為對某事的報(bào)酬inreward作為回報(bào)(2)rewardsb.with

sth.for

sth.給某人……的酬勞來感謝其做了……rewardsb.for(doing)sth.因?yàn)?做)某事獎(jiǎng)賞某人Hereceivedatitleasarewardforhisgreatcontributiontothenation.他因?qū)业木薮筘暙I(xiàn)獲得了一個(gè)頭銜。Hegotnothinginrewardforhiskindness.他并沒有因?yàn)樯埔舛玫綀?bào)酬。Hegavetheboyarewardof￡1forbringingbackthelostdog.＝Herewardedtheboywith￡1forbringingbackthelostdog.他給小男孩一英鎊的賞金作為他帶回走失的狗的酬勞?！炬溄佑?xùn)練】Hehelpedherandshe________himwithasmile.A．gave B．broughtC．rewarded D．said【解析】句意為：他幫助了她，她回報(bào)給他一個(gè)微笑。考查動(dòng)詞用法。givesb.sth.，bringsb.sth.，saytosb.，排除A、B、D三項(xiàng)；只有rewardsb.withsth.結(jié)構(gòu)正確，故選C項(xiàng)?！敬鸢浮?/p>

C1．outofwork失業(yè)＝beoutofajob(表示狀態(tài))歸納拓展(1)beoutofwork—beinwork(反義詞，表示狀態(tài))loseone'sjob—findajob(反義詞，表示動(dòng)作)(2)outoforder混亂，無秩序；有毛病outofdate過時(shí)outofdanger脫離危險(xiǎn)outofpatience沒有耐心outofone'sreach夠不著outofcontrol失去控制outoftemper發(fā)脾氣outofbreath氣喘吁吁outofmind心不在焉Workhard，oryouwillbeoutofwork.好好干，不然你會(huì)失業(yè)的。Helosthisjoblastweekandhiswifehasbeenoutofworkfortwomonths.上周他失業(yè)了，他的妻子也已經(jīng)失業(yè)兩個(gè)月了。Outofsight,outofmind.[諺]眼不見，心不念?！炬溄佑?xùn)練】①Youcan'tfindhimintheoffice，forheis________worktoday.Maybeheisathome.A．off B．a(chǎn)tC．outof D．in【解析】

offwork“在休班”，習(xí)慣用法?！敬鸢浮?/p>

A②You'llhavetousethestairs.I'mafraidtheliftisoutof________.A．order B．workC．a(chǎn)ction D．touch【解析】

outoforder“出問題，有故障”，符合題意。outofwork“失業(yè)”。【答案】

A2．turnto求助于，致力于；翻到歸納拓展turntosb.forhelp求助某人turnagainst背叛turnaround轉(zhuǎn)過身，轉(zhuǎn)過來turnin上交turnon打開turnoff關(guān)掉turnup(把音量)開大；出現(xiàn)turndown開小；拒絕turnover翻轉(zhuǎn)；翻身turnout(tobe)結(jié)果是；原來是；證明是Nobodyseemstounderstand.Idon'tknowwhototurnto.似乎沒有人懂這個(gè)。我不知道該向誰求助．Turntopage10，please.請翻到第10頁。Thejobturnedout(tobe)harderthanwethought.這份工作結(jié)果比我們想象得要難?！炬溄佑?xùn)練】TheFrenchpianistwhohadbeenpraisedveryhighly________tobeagreatdisappointment.A．turnedup B．turnedinC．turnedout D．turneddown【解析】考查動(dòng)詞短語辨析。turnup“露面；調(diào)大聲音”；turnin“上交”；turnout“原來是，結(jié)果”；turndown“調(diào)小音量等，拒絕”。句意為：被高度贊揚(yáng)的法國鋼琴家結(jié)果是大失所望?！敬鸢浮?/p>

C3．cometopower上臺(tái)，執(zhí)政；當(dāng)權(quán)歸納拓展(1)cometopower＝comeintopower當(dāng)權(quán)；上臺(tái)(2)cometopower不可與時(shí)間段狀語連用，如果與時(shí)間段連用應(yīng)改為beinpower。(3)beinpower握有政權(quán)；當(dāng)權(quán)beyond/outofone'spower(某人)力所不及的withinone'spower(某人)力所能及的doeverythinginone'spowertodosth.盡全力做某事Thepartycameto/intopower4yearsago.＝Thepartyhasbeeninpowerfor4years.這個(gè)政黨執(zhí)政有4年了。It'sbeyond/outofmypowertohelpyou.我沒有能力幫助你。Idideverythinginmypowertohelpthehomelessvillagers.我盡力幫助那些無家可歸的村民們。【鏈接訓(xùn)練】He________fortenyearsbutstilldoesn'twanttoleaveoffice.A．hasbeeninpower B．hascometopowerC．hastakenoffice D．cameintopower【解析】

cometo/intopower和takeoffice均為短暫性動(dòng)詞短語，不能和一段時(shí)間連用，而beinpower表狀態(tài)，能和一段時(shí)間連用，故選A。【答案】

A4．besentencedto被判處……(徒刑)歸納拓展(1)sentencevt.判決；宣判n．判決；句子(2)sentencesb.todeath/lifeimprisonment/sometimeinprison判處某人死刑/終身監(jiān)禁/……刑期(3)aprisonsentence判處監(jiān)禁alight/heavysentence輕判/重判beundersentenceofdeath被判處死刑Hewassentencedtothreeyearsinprison.他被判處3年徒刑。Thejudgesentencedtheprisonertodeath.法官判決這名犯人死刑。Thejudgepassedsentence.法官宣布了判決。【鏈接訓(xùn)練】________，andCharlesfelthopeless.A．BecausehewassentencedtodeathB．AshewassentencedtodeathC．SentencedtodeathD．Hewassentencedtodeath【解析】由and可知這是并列句，而A、B兩項(xiàng)是原因狀語從句，故被排除；C項(xiàng)是過去分詞短語作狀語，不與and連用；只有D項(xiàng)是簡單句，全句是并列句。【答案】

D5．IfeltbadthefirsttimeItalkedtoagroup.第一次我向(參觀)小組談?wù)?羅本島監(jiān)獄的情況)時(shí)，心里覺得很不好受。thefirst/second/lasttime是名詞短語，但有時(shí)可用作連詞，引導(dǎo)一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句，意為“第一次/第二次/最后一次……時(shí)”。上面句子中的thefirsttimeItalkedtoagroup可換成WhenItalkedtoagroupforthefirsttime。歸納拓展類似的用法還有：everytime每次/回……就……eachtime每當(dāng)……時(shí)nexttime下次……時(shí)anytime(在)任何時(shí)間(2)有時(shí)副詞也可充當(dāng)連詞，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，它們是：instantly，immediately，directly等，都相當(dāng)于assoonas。Every/EachtimeIwasintrouble，hewouldcometohelpmeout.每一次我遇到麻煩，他都會(huì)來幫我。ThemomentIheardthevoice，IknewFatherwascoming.聽到聲音的那一刻，我知道父親來了。Theboyburstintotearsimmediatelyhesawhismother.男孩一看到媽媽，立刻大哭起來?！炬溄佑?xùn)練】①________theyvisitedtheScienceMuseum，theyshowedgreatinterestineverythingtheysaw.A．Thefirsttime B．ForthefirsttimeC．Atfirst D．Atthefirsttime【解析】兩個(gè)句子間缺少連詞，而在四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，只有thefirsttime可用作連詞，意為“當(dāng)……第一次”。【答案】

A②Ericrushedhome________heheardthenews，only________thathiswifewasgone.A．a(chǎn)ssoonas；finding B．immediately；tofindC．themoment；find D．when；found【解析】表示“一……就……”可以用assoonas，immediately，themoment；第二個(gè)空only后用不定式作結(jié)果狀語表示意想不到的結(jié)果。【答案】

B關(guān)系副詞以及由“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句1．了解關(guān)系副詞when，where和why引導(dǎo)的定語從句的基本用法。(1)Mr.Blackwouldneverforgettheday.Onthedayhejoinedthearmy.以上為兩個(gè)簡單句，第二個(gè)分句中的ontheday指第一個(gè)分句中的theday，在分句中作時(shí)間狀語。以上兩個(gè)簡單句可改為一個(gè)復(fù)合句，即定語從句，其連接詞用關(guān)系副詞when(表示時(shí)間)，其先行詞往往是表示時(shí)間的名詞(如time，day，hour，year等)。ThiswasatimewhentherewerestillslavesintheUSA.這是一個(gè)美國還有奴隸的時(shí)期。(2)在英語中，引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系副詞還有where(表地點(diǎn)，其先行詞往往是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，如place，room，house，street，area等)，why(表示原因，常放在先行詞reason后面)。Shanghaiistheplacewhereshewasborn.上海是她的出生地。Isthisthereasonwhyhecamelate?這就是他來晚的原因嗎？注意：先行詞當(dāng)表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)等且在定語從句中不充當(dāng)狀語而作主語或賓語時(shí)，不用when，where來引導(dǎo)定語從句，要用which或that來引導(dǎo)。2．正確選擇關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中，關(guān)系詞的選擇主要受先行詞以及關(guān)系詞本身在從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞值闹萍s。如果定語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞，而其后又沒有賓語，或者從句中缺少主語、定語或表語，這時(shí)就要用關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句。如果定語從句中的謂語是不及物動(dòng)詞，或已有了賓語、定語、主語和表語等成分，就要用關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)這個(gè)定語從句。Iknowaplacewherewecanskate.我知道一個(gè)我們可以滑冰的地方。(作狀語)Iknowaplacewhich/thatisnotfarfromhere.我知道一個(gè)離這兒不遠(yuǎn)的地方。(作主語)3．了解“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞which/whom”引導(dǎo)的定語從句學(xué)習(xí)這種帶介詞的定語從句，要特別注意，介詞后要接關(guān)系代詞而不接關(guān)系副詞(因副詞常作狀語，不作賓語)。還要注意介詞之后的關(guān)系代詞只有兩個(gè)：which和whom，先行詞指物用“介詞＋which”；指人用“介詞＋whom”，且兩個(gè)關(guān)系代詞均不可省略。介詞的選用必須遵循兩個(gè)原則：①定語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞與先行詞的搭配；②根據(jù)先行詞的特殊用法。Inthedarkstreet，therewasn'tasinglepersontowhomshecouldturnforhelp.在漆黑的街上，她找不到一個(gè)可以求助的人。該句介詞的選用遵循第①個(gè)原則：定語從句中turn與先行詞person搭配形成turntosb.(forhelp)“向某人求助”這個(gè)固定短語。Thegardenerwasaskedtotellthewayinwhichthepoordoghaddied.有人要求園丁說明狗是怎么死的。該句介詞的選用遵循第②個(gè)原則：以特殊的先行詞引導(dǎo)定語從句，且從句缺狀語，“以……的方式”用in(this，the)way，故用inwhich。注意：另外，介詞的選用還要根據(jù)從句與主句的意思搭配。MysistergraduatedfromZhejiangUniversity，afterwhichshewenttoBritainforfurthereducation.我姐姐畢業(yè)浙江大學(xué)，之后去英國深造?！炬溄佑?xùn)練】①ProfessorWoodenmakesroughly$1,000everyweek，and60percentof___