2023年職稱英語等級考試理工類A級試題

職稱英語等級考試理工類A級試題第1部分：詞匯選項（第1～15題，每題1分，共15分）

下面每個句子中均有1個詞或短語劃有橫線，請為每處劃線部分確定1個意義最為靠近旳選項。1Whycan'tyoustopyoureternalcomplaining?

Along

Beverlasting

Ctemporary

Dboring2Hundredsofbuildingswerewreckedbytheearthquake.

Adamaged

Bshaken

Cfallen

Djumped3Thesepaintingsareconsideredbymanytobeauthentic.

Afaithful

Broyal

Csincere

Dgenuine4Manyeconomistshavegivenintothefatallureofmathematics.

Asimplicity

Battraction

Cpower

Drigor5Tenyearsaftertheevent,herdeathstillremainsapuzzle.

Amist

Bfog

Csecret

Dmystery6Johnwasirritatedbythenecessityforpoliteconversation,

Atroubled

Bannoyed

Cthreatened

Daroused7Academicrecordscannotbeduplicated.

Aborrowed

Bpurchased

Ccopied

Drewritten8Theemphasisontheimportanceofeducationhasspurredscientificresearch

Aencouraged

Bfastened

Craised

Dinitiated9Wehaveamplemoneyforthejourney

Asome

Blittle

Cenough

Dextra10Thedoctor'spillsworkedmarvelsforme.

Amiracles

Bpatients

Cillness

Drecovery11Mary'sperpetualmoaningnearlydrovememad.

Aendless

Bmonotonous

Cserious

Dbitter12Itwashardtosaywhythemandeservedsuchshabbytreatment

Aold

Bunforgettable

Cunfair

Dfunny13Youdidn'tadheretotheseprinciples.

Aorder

Bfollow

Cprove

Dhandle14Thefarmersalsowanttousethewatertoirrigatethebarrenland.

Aempty

Bhairless

Csmooth

Dbare15Anyonewhowantstoapplyforaloanneedreadthefollowingspecifications.

Aexpressions

Bwarnings

Cadvertisements

Dinstructions第2部分：閱讀判斷（第16～22題，每題1分，共7分）

下面旳短文后列出了7個句子，請根據(jù)短文旳內(nèi)容對每個句子做出判斷：假如該句提供旳是對旳信息，請選擇A；假如該句提供旳是錯誤信息，請選擇B；假如該句旳信息文中沒有提及，請選擇C。Water-theIssueofThisCenturyTheworldisrunningshortoffreshwater.PopulationsaregrowingbiggerandThirstier（渴旳),withtheresultthatfreshwaterisbecomingincreasinglyscarce(缺乏).Halftheworld'swetlandshavedisappearedduringthelastcentury,whileestimatessuggestthatwaterusewillriseby50%inthenext30years.

TheWorldBankreportestimatesthatasmuchashalfoftheworld'spopulation,concentratedinAfrica,theMiddleEastandsouthAsia,willface'severewatershortages'by2025.Localwaterconflictsandthelossoffreshwaterecosystemsappearlargeinsomeregions.

Asimilarpictureemergesfromtheglobe'ssaltwaterregions.Three-quartersoftheworld'speoplemaylivewithin100kmoftheseain2025,puttingevenmorepressureonstretchedcoastalecosystems.Twothirdsoffisheries(漁業(yè))areexploitedatorbeyondtheirsustainablelimits,andhalftheworld'scoralreefs(珊瑚礁)mayperishin100years.Almost60%ofcoralreefsand34%offishspeciesareatriskfromhumanactivities,theBanksays.

Thereportconcludesthatthereisampleevidencetojustifyimmediateandcoordinatedactiontosafeguardsuppliesandusewatermoreefficiently.

Freshwaterconsumptionisrisingquickly,andtheavailabilityofwaterinsomeregionsislikelytobecomeoneofthemostpressingissuesofthe21stcentury.

Athirdoftheworld'spopulation-aroundtwobillionpeople-liveincountriesthatareexperiencingmoderatetohighwatershortages.Thatproportioncouldrisetohalformoreinthenext30yearsunlessinstitutions(制度)changetoensurebetterconservationandallocationofwater.

Chinaisonecountrywheretheportents(征兆)aregloomy.Themostwater-stressedcountryinEastAsia,Chinaisexploiting44%ofitsusablewater,afigureprojectedtoriseto60%by.Primarywithdrawalofwaterofmorethan60%iswidelyconsideredbywaterexpertstoexceedtheenvironmentalcarryingcapacityofariverbasinsystem.AlthoughChina'stotaluseappearsstilltobereasonable,ithasseveralbasinsthatareseverelystressedenvironmentally.

WithdrawalsexceedenvironmentallimitsinAfghanistanandPakistan,andwillexceedtheminIndiaby.IntheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica,only16Itisestimatedthatwaterusewillriseby50%inthenext30years.

ARightBWrongCNotmentioned

17Mostdevelopedcountrieswillfacewatershortagesin20years.

ARightBWrongCNotmentioned

18Mostoftheworld'spopulationmaylivewithin100kmoftheseain2025.

ARightBWrongCNotmentioned

19Almostallcoralreefsmaydisappearin100years.

ARightBWrongCNotmentioned

20SomespeciesoffishintheAtlanticareatdangerouslylowlevels.

ARightBWrongCNotmentioned

21TheWorldBankreportimpliesthaturgentactionshouldbetakentoprotectwatersupplies.

ARightBWrongCNotmentioned

22Indiaexceedsenvironmentallimitsforwateruse.

ARightBWrongCNotmentioned第3部分：概括大意與完畢句子（第23～30題，每題1分，共8分）

下面旳短文后有2項測試任務：（1）第23～26題規(guī)定從所給旳6個選項中為第1～4段每段1選擇個最佳標題；（2）第27～30題規(guī)定從所給旳6個選項中為每個句子確定1個最佳選項。Chimpanzees1Chimpanzees(黑猩猩)willsoonbeextinct(滅絕).Ifthepresentrateofhuntingandhabitat(棲息地)destructioncontinues,thenwithin20years,therewillbenochimpanzeeslivinginthewild.Butthisismorethananenvironmentalormoraltragedy(悲劇).Chimpanzeeextinctionmayalsohaveprofoundimplications(含意)forthesurvivaloftheirdistantrelatives-humanbeings.

2In1975thebiologistMarie-ClaireKingandAllanWilsondiscoveredthatthehumanandchimpanzeegenomes(基因組)matchbyover98%.Comparethistothemouse,usedasmodelforhumandiseaseinlabtests,whichsharesonly60%ofitsDNAwithus.Infact,chimpanzeesarefarmoresimilartohumansthantheyaretoanyotherspeciesofmonkey.Aswellasresemblingusgenetically,chimpsarehighlyintelligentandabletousetools.Thesefactsaloneshouldbeenoughtomakeprotectionofchimpsanurgentpriority(優(yōu)先).Butthereisanother,moreselfishreasontopreservethechimp.

3Thechimpanzees'trumpcard(王牌)comesinthefieldofmedicalresearch.Chimpanzeesaresosimilartohumansthatveterinarians(獸醫(yī))oftenrefertohumanmedicaltextbookswhentreatingthem.Yetchimpanzeesdoshowdifferencesinseveralkeyareas.Inparticular,chimpsaremuchmoreresistanttoanumberofmajordiseases.Itisthisabilitythatissointeresting.

4Forexample,chimpsseemtoshowamuchhigherresistancethanhumanstoHIV,thevirusthatcausesAIDS.Indeed,theiruseasexperimentalanimalsinAIDSresearchhasdeclinedbecausetheyaresoresistant.

5Bysequencingthechimpgenomeandpinpointing(找到)theplacewherethechimpanzeeDNAsequencediffersfromthatofhumans,scientistshopetobeabletodiscoverwhichpartofthegeneticcodegiveschimpstheirincreasedresistancetosomediseases.This,theyhope,willallowthemtodevelopnewandmoreeffectivetreatmentsforthehumanformsofthesediseases.Suchtreatmentscouldincludetheproductionofnewdrugsoreventhealteration(變化)ofthehumangeneticsequence.Therecentlycompletedhumangenomesequencingprojecthasshownthatsuchaneffortisnowwellwithinourreach.23Paragraph1___________.

24Paragraph2___________.

25Paragraph3___________.

26Paragraph4___________.

AGeneticdifferencesbetweenchimpsand"humans

BReasonsforHIVresistance

CImplicationsofchimpanzeeextinctionforhumans

DEffectiveAIDStreatment

EGeneticsimilaritiesbetweenchimpsandhumans

FChimps'resistancetoHIV27Chimpanzeeextinctionmayaffect___________

28Thereisadifferenceoflessthan2%betweenthechimpand___________

29Scientistssuspectthatgenesplayasignificantroleinprotectingchimpsfromgetting___________

30Thediscoveryofthegeneticcodeofchimpswillbehelpfulto___________

Ahealthierlifestyle

Bsomehumandiseasetreatments

Csomediseases

Dhumansurvival

Ehumangenomes

Fkeyareas第4部分：閱讀理解（第31～45題，每題3分，共45分）

下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道題。請根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，為每題確定1個最佳選項。第一篇YouthEmancipationinSpainTheSpanishGovernmentissoworriedaboutthenumberofyoungadultsstilllivingwiththeirparentsthatithasdecidedtohelpthemleavethenest.

Around55percentofpeopleaged18-34inSpainstillsleepintheirparents'homes,saysthelatestreportfromthecountry'sstate-runInstituteofYouth.

Tocoax(勸誘)youngpeoplefromtheirhomes,theInstitutestarteda"YouthEmancipation(解放)"programthismonth.Theprogramoffersguidanceinfindingroomsandjobs.

Economistsblameyoungpeople'sfamilydependenceontheprecarious(不穩(wěn)定旳)labormarketandincreasinghousingprices.Housingpriceshaverisen17percentayearsince.

Culturalreasonsalsocontributetotheproblem,saysociologists(社會學家).FamilytiesinsouthEurope-Italy,PortugalandGreece-arestrongerthanthoseinmiddleandnorthEurope,saidSpanishsociologistAlmudenaMorenoMinguezinherreport"TheLateEmancipationofSpanishYouth:KeyforUnderstanding".

"Ingeneral,youngpeopleinSpainfirmlybelieveinthefamilyasthemainbodyaroundwhichtheirprivatelifeisorganized,"saidMinguez.

InSpain-especiallyinthecountryside,itisnotuncommontofindentiregroupsofaunts,uncles,cousins,niecesandnephews(外侄/侄子)alllivingonthesamestreet.TheyregularlygettogetherforSundaydinner.

Parents'toleranceisanotherfactor.Spanishparentsacceptlate-nightpartyingandarewaryofsettingbedtimerules.

"Achildcanarrivehomeatwhatevertimehewants.Ifparentscomplainhe'llputupafightandcallthefatherafascist,"saidJoseAntonioGomezYanez,asociologistatCarlosIIIUniversityinMadrid.

Mothers'willingnesstodochildren'shouseholdchores(家務)worsenstheproblem.DionisioMasso,a60-year-oldin31The"YouthEmancipation"programaimsathelpingyoungpeople

Aliveinanindependentway.

Bfightforfreedom.

Cfightagainstsocialinjustice.

Dgetridoffamilyresponsibilities.32Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph5thatfamilytiesarestrongerinPortugalthanin

AGreece.

BFinland.

CSpain.

DItaly.33Youngpeople'sfamilydependencecanbeattributedtoallthefollowingfactorsEXCEPT

Aparents'tolerance.

Bhousingproblems.

Cunwillingnesstogetmarried.

Dculturaltraditions.34Whichofthefollowingstatementsis,NOTtrueofDionisioMasso?

AShehasaboyfriend.

BSheis60yearsold.

CShehasthreechildren.

DShelivesinMadrid.35Thephrase"waryof"inparagraph8couldbebestreplacedby

Atiredof.

Bafraidof.

Cworriedabout.

Dcautiousabout.第二篇ListeningtoBirdsongAmalezebrafinch(雀科鳴鳥)chirps(鳴)awaytohimself.Suddenlyhenoticesafemalebirdnearby.Herealizeshehasanaudienceandimmediatelychangeshissong.Canthefemaletellthedifferenceinhisperformance?Accordingtoanewstudy,thefemalezebrafinchknows.Andsheprefersthespecialtrillshecreateswhenhesingstoher.Amalezebrafinchchangeshissongwhensingingtoafemaleinwaysthatpeoplecanbarelydetect.Butthefemalefinchcantellthedifference.

Scientistshadnoticedslightvariationsinthesongsofmalezebrafinchesbasedonwhethertheyweresingingaloneorwhethertherewasafemale(andpotentialmate)nearby.Withanaudience,themalesspedupthepaceoftheirsongsandcontrolledthenotestheyused.

Forthisstudy,.researchersSarahC.WoolleyandAllisonDoupeattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFranciscodecidedtofocusattentiononthelisteningfemales,whichhavenotbeenwellstudiedinthepast.

Inthestudy,WoolleyandDoupesetupalongcagewithasoundspeakerateachend.Onebroadcastthesoundofamalezebrafinchsingingtohimself,likesomeonesingingintheshower.Theotherspeakerbroadcastamaleperformingforafemaleaudience,asifhewasgivingaconcert.

Femalebirdswereplacedbetweenthetwospeakers.Someofthebirdshadmates,othersdidn't.Thefemalesshiftedaroundabit,andthenmostofthemhoppedovertositbesidejustonespeaker.Allthebirdsthatmadeaclearchoicelikedsongsmeantforafemaleaudience,evenifthey'dnevermetthemale.

Matedfemalesalsohadachancetolistentotwodifferentperformancesongs,onefromanunknownmale,andonefromtheirmate.Theyspentmoretimelisteningtotheconcertversionoftheirmates'songs,thissuggeststhatafterawhile,femaleslearntorecognize-andprefer-thesongsoftheirmates.

Scientiststhenstudiedthebrainsofthefemales.Theyfoundcertainareasofthebrainperkedup(活躍起來)whenthebirdslistenedtotheconcertsongs.Thesebrainareasmaybeinvolvedinrecognizingandevaluatingthesongs,andstoringthememoriesofthem.

Thisresearchdealswithwhat'scalleddirectedcommunication,whenthecommunicator,orsender,focusesthemessageforaspecificaudience.Oneexampleisthewaymornsspeaktotheirbabies.Mothersaroundtheworldusethesamesortofhigh-pitchedsing-songchatter(喋喋不休),andthebabiesrespondbesttothosesounds.Songbirdsareoneoftheonlyotherspeciesknowntolearntheircommunication,inthiscasetheirsongs.36Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutbirdsongs?

AFemalezebrafinchesaretooshytosingbeforemales.

BMalezebrafinchessinglouderthanfemales.

CMalezebrafincheschangetheirsongstoattractfemales.

DFemalezebrafinchesliketolistentounknownmalessing37Whatdidtheresearchersfindintheirstudyoffemalezebrafinches?

AFemalefincheslikedsongsmalefinchessangforthem.

BFemalefinchesonlylikedsongsmalefinchessangfortheirmates

CFemalefincheslikedtolistentosongsfrombothspeakers,

DFemalefincheschosethebestmalesingersastheirmates.38Whatismeantby"concertsongs"inparagraph7?

ASongssungbyzebrafinchesataconcert.

BSongssungbyfemalefinchesformalefinches

CSongssungbymalefinchestootherfinches.

DSongssungbymalefinchesforfemalefinches

39Theexpression"directedcommunication"inthelastparagraphmeanscommunicationinwhich

Athecommunicatorsendsmessagestohimself.

Bthemessagesenderhasaspecificaudience.

Ctwocommunicatorssendmessagestoeachother.

Dmotherstalktotheirbabiesintheirmothertongue.40Whichofthefollowingcanbestreflectthethemeofthepassage?

AChirpingaway.

BZebrafinchesandtheirlife.

CFrequenciesofbirdsongs.

DBirdsongsascommunication.第三篇TheRobotManAccordingtoHansMoravec,universalrobotswilltakeoverallthephysicalactivitiesthatweengagein,leavinguswithlittletodo.Moravecseesfourgenerationsontheroadtotrueuniversalrobots.Thefirstgenerationwillbeherebyandwillconsistoffree-rangingrobotsthatcannavigatebybuildinganinternalmentalmapoftheirsurroundings.Innewsituationsthey'llbeabletoadapt,unliketoday'smobileindustrialrobots.Theserobotswillhavethecomputingpower,tocopewithsimplespeechandtextrecognition,andwillbeusedfortaskssuchasdomesticcleaning.

Thesecondgenerationwillarrivearoundandwillbedistinguishedbytheabilitytolearn.Secondgenerationrobotsareprogramdwithsetsofprimitivetasksandwithfeedbackthatprovide"pleasure"and"pain"stimuli.Forexample,acollisionprovokesanegativeresponse,acompletedtaskwouldbepositive.

Moveforwardanothertenyearsto2030andyougettogenerationthree.Thisrobotcanbuildinternalsimulationsoftheworldaroundit.Before=beginningatask,itcanimaginewhatwillhappeninordertopredictproblems.Ifithasafreemoment,itcanreplaypastexperiencesandtryvariationsinordertofindabetterwayofdoingthingsnexttime.Itcouldevenobserveapersonor-anotherrobotperformingataskandlearnbyimitation.Forthefirsttime,wehaveherearobotthatcanthink.

Bythetimewegettogenerationfourin2040,Moravecpredictsthatrobotswillbeableto:matchhumanreasoningandbehaviour;generaliseabstractideasfromspecificexperience;and,conversely,compiledetailedplansofactionfromgeneralcommandssuchas'earnaliving'or'makemorerobots'.

TheMoravecmanifesto(宣布)runssomethinglikethis.Asrobotsstarttobecomeusefulingenerationone,they'llbegintotakeon-manytasksinindustry.Drivenbytheavailabilityofthischeapandtirelesslabourforce,theeconomywillboomandthedemandforrobotswillgrowsorapidlythattheywillsoonbecomelow-costcommodityitemsSomuchsothatthey'llmoveintothehome,wherethedomesticrobotwillrelieveusofmanychores.

Withincreasingautomationingenerationstwoandthree,thelengthoftheaverageworkingdaywillplummet,eventuallytonearzero.Mostpeoplewillbeunemployedasrobotstakeovernotjustprimaryindustry,buttheserviceeconomytoo.Moravecseesthefourthgenerationasanopportunitytosurpassourhumanlimitations.

Thesefuturemachineswillbeour"mindchildren".Likebiologicalchildrenofpreviousgenerations,theywillembodyhumanity'sbesthopeforalong-termfuture.41Whatwillbethedistinctivefeatureofthesecondgenerationrobots?

ATheywillbeabletolearnbythemselves.

BTheywillbeabletorecognizespeechesandtexts.

CTheywillbeabletopredictproblems.

DTheywillbeabletomatchhumanreasoningandbehavior.42Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofthefuturerobots?

ATheywilltakeovertheinformationindustry.

BTheywillrelieveusofmanychores.

CTheywillneversurpassus.

DTheywillbecomehigh-costcommodityitems.43Theauthor'smainpurposeisto

Asupporttheviewthatrobotswillplayamajorroleinourlife.

BdescribethelifeofHansMoravec.

CmakefunoftheviewsofHansMoravec.

Dgetpeoplepreparedforthethreatoffuturerobots.44Theword"plummet"inparagraph6means

Astretch.

Bdecrease.

Cextend.

Dgrow.45WhatdoesMoravecthinkofthesefuturerobots?

ATheywillbehumans'mind-children.

BTheywilllooklikepreviousbiologicalchildren

CTheywillcreateadangerousworld.

DTheywillruletheworld.第5部分：補全短文（第46～50題，每題2分，共10分）

下面旳短文有5處空白，短文后有6個句子，其中5個取自短文，請根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容將其分別放回原有位置，以恢復文章原貌。MyLifeatRenda

Ilearnedveryquicklythatbeingateachingassistant(TA)attheUniversityofIowawouldbedifferentfrombeingateacheratRenminUniversity.

___________(46)Eyesstaring,mouthsopen,studentsexaminedmybignose,whileIwaswritingmynameontheblackboard.

AtIowa,whenmyfirstclassesbegan,halfofmystudentsstillhadn'tarrived.Wheneveryonefinallyfoundaseat,ringingcellphonesandloudyawns(哈欠)interruptedmyopeningremarks.ItisnotthatAmericanstudentsweredisrespectful.___________(47)Theywere,however,farmoreskepticalthanthestudentsIhadatRenda.ThetruthisIcouldn'tfaultthemfortheirskepticism.UndergraduatesatlargeABackatRenda,Ihadwalkedintomyfirstclassesfeelinglikeacelebrity

BInmystudents'minds,Ihadlittletoofferthem,exceptperhapssomesamplequestionsforthemid-termexam.

CInothers,theTAworksasagraderanddiscussionleader

DIencounteredtheseinChina,andIfacedthemintheUS.

EOntheotherhand,beingtaughtbyagraduatestudentisnotnecessarilybad

FMostwerepolite,oratleast,indifferent.第6部分：完形填空（第51～55題，每題1分，共15分）

下面旳短文有15處空白，請根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容為每處空白確定一種最佳選項。SharksPerformaServiceforEarth'sWatersItishardtogetpeopletothinkofsharksasanythingbutadeadlyenemy.Theyarethoughtto___________(51)peoplefrequently.Althoughthesefishperformavaluable___________(52)forearth'swatersandforhumanbeings,businessandsportfishingarethreateningtheir___________(53).Asaresult,somesharksareatriskofdisappearingfromEarth.

Warmweathermayinfluencebothfishandshark___________(54).Manyfishswimnearcoastalareasbecauseoftheir___________(55)waters.Expertssaysharksmayfollowthefishintothesameareas,___________(56)peoplealsoswim.Infact,mostsharksdonotpurposelychargeatorbitehumans.Theyarethoughttomistakeaperson___________(57)aseaanimal,suchasaseal(海豹)orsealion.Thatiswhypeopleshouldnotswimintheoceanwhenthesungoesdownorcomesup,becausethosearethetimeswhensharksarelookingfor___________(58).Expertsalsosaythatbrightcolorsandshinyjewelry(珠寶)maycausesharkstoattack.

Asharkhasanextremely'goodsenseof___________(59),withwhichitcanfindsmallamountsofsubstancesinwater,suchasblood,bodyliquidsandchemicals___________(60)byanimals.Thesepowerfulsenseshelpsharksfindtheirfood.Sharkseatfish,any___________(61)sharks,andplantsthatliveintheocean.

Medicalresearcherswanttolearnmoreabouttheshark'sbodydefenseandimmune(免疫旳)___________(62)againstdisease.Researchersknowthatsharks___________(63)quicklyfrominjuries.Theystudythesharkinhopesoffindingawaytofighthumandisease.

Sharksareimportantfortheworld'soceans,astheyeatinjuredanddiseasedfish.Their___________(64)activitiesmeanthatthenumbersofotherfishinoceanwatersdonotbecometoo___________(65).Thisprotectstheplantsandotherformsoflifethatexistintheoceans.51AmeetBattackCrecognizeDvisit

52AresearchBexperimentCanalysisDservice

53AexistenceBpowerCmatesDskills

54AintelligenceBshapeCactivityDsize

55AfreshBsoftCdeepDwarm

56AwhoseBwhichCwhereDthat

57AforBtoCasDwith

58AhelpBfoodCfriendsDtrainers

59AhumorBsecurityCtouchDsmell

60AproducedBcontainedCusedDadded

61AthoseBtheseCotherDanother

62AprocessesBsystemsCideasDtheories

63AescapeBrecoverCreturnDcut

64AhuntingBmentalCsocialDswimming

65AweakBlittleCgreatDfew

職稱英語考試理工A級考題答案詞匯選項eternal–everlasting(B)

wrecked–damaged(A)

authentic–genuine(D)

attraction–lure(B)

puzzle–mystery(D)

annoyed–irritated(B)

duplicated–copied(C)

encourage–spur(A)

ample–enough(C)

marvels–miracle(A)

perpetual–endless(A)

shabby–unfair(C)

adhereto–follow(B)

barren–bare(B)

specifications–instructions(D)

閱讀判斷16.Itisestimatedthatwaterusewil