畢業(yè)論文英文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯 Novel Optical Sensor for Precise Tilt Angle Measurement(一種精確測(cè)量?jī)A斜角度的光學(xué)傳感器)

畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)英文文獻(xiàn)及中文翻譯學(xué)生姓名：學(xué)號(hào)：學(xué)院：信息與通信工程學(xué)院專(zhuān)業(yè)：通信工程指導(dǎo)教師：**大學(xué)英文文獻(xiàn)原文及翻譯第17頁(yè)共17頁(yè)NovelOpticalSensorforPreciseTiltAngleMeasurementABSTRACTAnovelopticalsensor,whichcanmeasureinclinationangleortiltangleoftwoaxessimultaneouslyandprecisely,isintroduced.Thissensorisbasedontheprincipleoflaserinterferencesoithasveryhighaccuracy.Aprototypesensorisdesigned,builtandevaluatedtodemonstratethenovelconcept.Itisanoptoelectronicsensor.Therearenomovingpartsinthesensor.Afluidhorizontalthatisabsolutelyperpendiculartothetrueverticalprovidesthereferenceplane.Theanglebetweenthesensorandtheabsolutehorizonchangeswiththeinclinationoftheobjectbeingmeasured.Thesechangesarereflectedinthewayoffringepattern’scentrepositionshift.Differentinterferencepatternscentrelocationsaregeneratedwhentiltanglevaried.Theinterferencefringepatternarerecordedandprocessedtotranslateintothetiltanglesoftwoaxes,horizontalandvertical.Theaccuracycanreachashighas+/-1arcsecondwiththemeasurementrangeof700arcsecondswhen1024by1024pixelsimagesensorisutilized.Keywords:tiltanglesensor,inclinometers,laserinterferenceI.INTRODUCTIONThereareseveralkindsofcommercialsensorfortiltanglemeasurement,whichareavailableinthemarket.Someknownastiltanglesensor,someareknownasinclinometers.Theybaseondifferentworkingprinciples.Electrolyticliquid[1],capacitance[2]andpendulum[3]arethethreemainworkingprinciplesthatmosttiltanglesensororinclinometerusuallybaseon.Hereweproposeanovelopticalmethodandbuildupanoptoelectronicsensorwithlaser,opticalcomponentsandimagesensor.Itcandoprecisetiltanglemeasurementsimultaneously.Thereisnomechanicalmovementpart.Theworkingprincipleisbasedonopticalinterferometry.Coherentlaserisusedasthelightingsource.Itwillgothroughaliquidoilbox,whichisbuiltbyaglasscontainerfilledwithliquidoil.Afluidhorizontalthatisabsolutelyperpendiculartothetrueverticalprovidesthereferenceplane.Whenlaserbeampassthroughtheoilboxtwobeamsarereflectedbackbysurfaceoftheliquidandcontainerglass.Interferencefringesareformedwiththesetwobeams.Thefringepatternswillshiftincorrespondingtothechangesofthetiltangles.Thefringepatternsiscapturedandprocessedtogivethetiltangleinformation.Opticalworkingprinciplemakesitinsensitivetomagneticfield.Thesensorcanmeasuretwoaxesinclinationanglesimultaneously.Afluidhorizontalmakesurethereferenceplaneisanabsolutehorizontalplane.Highsensitiveopticalinterferencemeasurementprincipleassuresthehighaccuracy.Aprototypeofthemethodhasbeenbuiltupandevaluated.Experimentalresultsshowthetiltanglechangesrelativetosealevelcanbedetectedattheaccuracyof+-1arcsecondwithinthemeasurementrangeof700arcseconds.II.PRINCIPLEFigure1illustratestheschematicdiagramofworkingprinciple.PointOisthefocalpointofbeamexpandinglens.PointOcanbeconsideredasapointlightsource.Itemitssphericalwave-front.Liquidoilsurfacewillalwaysmaintainhorizontallyduetothegravityforceoftheearth.Theoilsurfaceisusedasthereferenceplane.Thecontainerismadeofglass.Itsbottomsurfacewillinclinetogetherwiththetargetobjectwhenthesensorisplacedonthetarget.Thelightfromoilsurfaceandglasssurfacewillinterferencetoformcircularfringespattern(seeFig.4).Theinclineanglecanbemeasuredwiththecentrepositionchangesofcircularfringes.PisthemirrorimageofOagainsttoglass-airsurfaceandQisthemirrorimageofOagainsttooil-airsurface.Theoil-airsurfacerepresentsthehorizontalplane.WhentheglasssurfacepositionedparallelwithoilsurfacethePandQareinthesamelineperpendicularwithoilsurface.Thislineisalsotheopticalaxisoftheopticalsystem.Thefringesarecircularfringeswithcommoncenter.Whentheoilboxisinclinedtheglasssurfacehasatiltangleaagainsttotheoilsurface.（1）wherenistherefractionindexofglass.Whenthetiltangleistiny,theaboveequationcanbesimplifiedas（2）Wecanobtainthefollowingequationfromand（3）whereristhecenterpositionofcircularfringes.Disthedistanceofthereceivingscreentotheglasssurfaceofoilbox.histhethicknessofglassandoil.nistherefractionindexofglassandoil(hereweassumetheglassandoilhavesameindexsincetheyareveryclose).AssumethatsothathisnegligiblerelativetoD.(4)Fromequation(4)n,Dandharefixedoncethesetupisassembled.Let,calledsystemconstant.Thissystemparametercanbeobtainedthroughcalibrationprocess.Henceequation(4)canbewrittenas（5）wherercanbecalculatedwithimageprocessingtechniqueandhencedothetiltangle.Fig.1SchematicdiagramofmeasurementprincipleIII.DESCRIPTIONOFSENSORFigure2showsthedetaillayoutoftheopticalheadofthesensor.Itincludeslaser1,beamexpander2,beamsplitter3,mirror4andliquidoilbox5.Apointlightsourceemitssphericalwave-front.Thisbeamgoesthroughtheoilbox.Itisreflectedbytheglasssurfaceandoilsurfacerespectively.Thesetwowave-frontsmeettogetheragainaftertheypassdifferentopticalpaths.Ifthecoherentlengthofthepointlightsourceislongerthantheopticalpathdifference,thesetwobeamswillinterfereandformcircularfringes.Whenonesurfacetiltsthecenterofthecircularfringeswillshiftaccordingly.Whentheopticalpathchanges,thefringeswillbegeneratedorabsorbedaccordingly.Onefringechangeoccursincorrespondingtoopticalpathdifference,whereisthewavelengthofthelightsource.Fig.2LayoutofopticalsensorheadAsillustratedinFigure2,thelaser1emitsalaserbeam.Thislaserbeamisexpandedbyabeamexpander2toformasphericalwave-frontbeam.Subsequentlythisbeamgoesthroughtheliquidoilbox5perpendicularly.Thereflectionsoccurinthesurfacesformedbymediaslayerswithdifferentrefractionindexes.Thereflectionratioisdeterminedbytheformulawhenincidentdirectionisperpendicularlytothereflectionplan（6）Whereandrepresentthediffractionindexofthetwomedias.Thecloserthetworeflectionindexesthelesslightreflected.Whenequalstothereisnoreflectionoccurringatthissurface.Whilebuildingthesensoroneofthemostimportantrequirementsistomakesurethatthecentersofallopticalcomponentsarepositionedonthesameline,e.g.theopticalaxis.Duetomechanicaltoleranceandthepreciserequirementsofthesensorhead,afinetuneonthealignmentoftheopticalheadisnecessarytomakesurethesensorcanworkwell.Themethodbeginswithaligningthelasertoenablethelaserbeamparalleltothebaseplatethatalltheopticalcomponentswillbemountedon.Subsequentlyinstallthebeamsplitter.Thedirectionoflaserbeamwillbechangebyarightangleandincidenttotheliquidoilbox.Adjustthebeamsplitteruntilthelaserbeamincidenttotheliquidoilboxperpendicular.Installbeamexpandertoconverttheparallelbeamintoasphericallaserbeam.Alignthebeamexpanderaxiswiththesystemopticalaxis.Thereflectedwavefrontscomingfromglasssurfaceandoilsurfacewillgothroughbeamsplitterandchangeitsdirectionatrightanglebymirrortoentercamera.Thealignmentofcameramakesensurethelaserbeamtobeimagedatthecenteroftheimagingplane.Thatis,theimagingaxisisnormaltotheimagingplane.Furthermore,themethodneedstofurtheraligntheliquidoilboxwiththethreescrews10mountedintheoilboxtoensuretiltanglewithinthemeasurementrange.Apatternwithcircularfringeswillappear.Adjustthescrew10untilthecenterofthefringepatternpositionedinthecenterofimagesensorasillustratedinFigure4A.Fig.3SchematicdiagramofoilboxFigure3showsthedetailsofliquidoilbox.Thefirstsurfaceisformedbyair-glass,calledair-glasssurface;thereflectionratioisabout3%sincetherefractionindexofairis1andtheglassweusedisaround1.4.Thesecondsurfaceisformedbyglass-oil,calledglass-oilsurface.Thereisalmostnoreflectioninthissurfacesincewechooseproperoilwiththecloserefractionindexwiththeglass.Thethirdsurfaceisconstructedbytheoilandair.Sothereflectionratioisaboutthesameasthefirstsurface.Thetworeflectedwavefrontsbythefirstglass-airsurfaceandthethirdoil-airsurfacewillmeettogetherandinterferenceeachothertoformapatternwithcircularinterferencefringesasillustratedinFigure4.Whentheglasssurfaceisparallelwithoilsurfacethecenterwillbepositionedintheopticalaxis(Fig.4A).Thepositionofcenterofthecircularfringeswillshiftwhenthetiltanglevaries(Fig.4B).Fig.4AInterferencefringepatterns(centerposition,nontilted)Fig.4BInterferencefringepatterns(sideposition,tiltedangle)IV.CALIBRATIONItisvitalforcalibrationofthesensortoensureanaccurateandreliablemeasurement.Apropercalibrationmakessurethatthecenterofthecircularfringesispositionedinthecenterportionoftheimagesensorwhenthesensorisplacedhorizontally.Thepurposesofthecalibrationarenotonlyobtainingsystemconstanthofequation(6)butalsocorrectingerrorscausedbyopticalaberration.Theconceptofcalibrationistoputoursensorandthebenchmarksensorontothesameplatethenchangethetiltanglesoftheplatetorecordthereadingsofoursensorandthebenchmarksensors.Figure5showsschematicdiagramofourcalibrationworkstationforthecalibrationofthesensor.Theworkstationconsistsofaflatplatesupportedatthreepointsandtwohighaccuratesingleaxistiltanglesensorswithaccuracyashighas1arcsecond.Thetwosensorsarepositionedatarightangle,oneisalongwithx-axistomonitorthechangeinxdirectionandtheotherisalongwithy-axistomonitorthechangeinydirection.Fig.5SchematicdiagramofcalibrationplatformTheplateissupportedatthreepointswiththreescrews.Itiseasytochangethetiltangleoftheplatebyadjustingthethreescrews.Ouropticalsensorheadisplacedinthecenteroftheplateandalignedwithxandyaxisofthestation.First,adjustthebaseplateuntilthereadingsofthesensorequalto0tolettheworkstationplateisparalleltothesealevel.Second,mountouropticalsensorthatneedstobecalibratedontotheplate.Alignthexandyaxiswiththebenchmarksenor.Third,adjustthelevelofliquidoilboxwiththethreescrewsonthecoveroftheliquidoilboxuntilthecentercircularfringesmovetothecenteroftheimagesensor.Thisadjustcanmakesurethepropermeasurementrange.Forth,changedifferenttiltanglesbymeansofadjustingthedifferentheightsofscrew.Recordthereadingsofthebenchmarksensorandcalculatethetiltanglesoftwoaxeswithoursensor.Thereadingsshouldcoverthewholemeasurementrange.Calibrationcoefficientcanbeobtainedwiththiscalibrationdata.Afterinputthecalibrationcoefficientintosoftwareapplicationprogram,thecalibrationprocessisover.Fig.6AshowsthecalibrationlineinXaxis.Fig.6BshowsthecalibrationlineinYaxis.Fig.6AMeasurementresultsofXaxisFig.6BMeasurementresultsofYaxisV.CONLUSIONAnovelopticalsensorwasinvented.Aprototypehasbeenbuiltupandevaluated.Accuracyof+-1arcsecondwithinthemeasurementrangeof700arcsecondshasbeenachieved.Itcanmeasureinclinationangleortiltangleoftwoaxessimultaneouslyandprecisely.Thissensorisbasedontheprincipleoflaserinterference.Ithasthefollowingmainadvantagescomparewithotherinclinometers.(1)Highaccurate.Itisopticalinterferenceprinciplebasedsensor.Anyvariationlessthan,e.g.0.3microninopticalpathwillcausethemovementofinterferencefringepattern.Thistinychangeisdetectedandconvertedtotiltangle.(2)Insensitivetomagneticenvironment.(3)Optoelectronicsensor,nomechanicalmovingparts.(4)Twoaxesanglesmeasurementatthesametime.REFERENCES[1]Olson,JackR.,“Electrolytictiltsensorandmethodformanufacturingsame”,USpatent,US6802132B1,2004[2]Urano,Mitsuhiro,“Capacitancetypeliquidsensor”,PatentEP1515117A1,2005[3]Zabler,Erich,“Tiltsensor”,PatentEP0768513A2,1997**大學(xué)英文文獻(xiàn)原文及翻譯一種精確測(cè)量?jī)A斜角度的光學(xué)傳感器摘要本文主要介紹了一種新型光學(xué)傳感器，它可以同時(shí)準(zhǔn)確地測(cè)量?jī)A斜角或兩軸傾斜角度。這種傳感器是基于激光干涉原理，因此具有很高的精度。設(shè)計(jì)制作了一個(gè)傳感器的模型來(lái)論證這個(gè)新的方法，這是一個(gè)光電傳感器,傳感器中沒(méi)有移動(dòng)的部分。由正交于鉛垂面的流動(dòng)水平面提供參考面。傳感器和絕對(duì)水平面之間的角度隨著被測(cè)量的物體傾斜而改變，這些變化反映在條紋圖案的中心位置的轉(zhuǎn)移方式。不同的干涉條紋的中心位置隨傾斜角的變化而改變。干涉條紋圖案進(jìn)行記錄和處理，轉(zhuǎn)化為兩軸、水平和垂直傾斜角度。當(dāng)使用1024*1024像素的傳感器時(shí)，測(cè)量范圍為700弧秒，其精度可高達(dá)+/-1弧秒。關(guān)鍵詞：傾斜角度傳感器，傾斜儀，激光干涉I介紹市場(chǎng)上目前有幾種類(lèi)型的商業(yè)傾斜角度測(cè)量傳感器。有些是角度傳感器，有些是傾斜儀，它們的工作原理不同。電解液體、電容和鐘擺是現(xiàn)在大多數(shù)傾斜角度傳感器和傾斜儀的三個(gè)主要工作原理。在這里，我們提出了一種新的光學(xué)方法，建立了一個(gè)用激光、光學(xué)元件和圖像傳感器的光電傳感器，它可以同時(shí)做精確的傾斜角度測(cè)量，不需要進(jìn)行機(jī)械的移動(dòng)，其工作原理是基于光學(xué)干涉，相干激光作為光源。光線通過(guò)一個(gè)裝滿液態(tài)油的玻璃油盒。由正交于鉛垂面的流動(dòng)水平面提供參考面。當(dāng)激光束穿過(guò)油箱有兩束光線反射回來(lái)，一束是液體的表面產(chǎn)生的，另一束是容器玻璃產(chǎn)生的，干涉條紋就是由這兩條光線形成的，條紋圖案將隨著傾斜角度的變化產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的變化，條紋圖案采集和處理后將反映傾斜角度信息，光學(xué)工作原理使它不受磁場(chǎng)的影響。該傳感器可以同時(shí)測(cè)量?jī)奢S傾角。流動(dòng)的水平面確保了參考面是一個(gè)絕對(duì)的水平面。高靈敏度光學(xué)干涉測(cè)量原理，保證了較高的精度。II原理圖1說(shuō)明了工作原理示意圖，O點(diǎn)是光線擴(kuò)大鏡頭的焦點(diǎn)，O點(diǎn)可以看作是點(diǎn)光源，它發(fā)出球面波。由于地球重力的影響，液體油面始終保持水平，因此用油面作為參考平面。該容器是玻璃材料的。當(dāng)傳感器被放在目標(biāo)表面時(shí)，其底部表面將連同目標(biāo)對(duì)象一起傾斜。圖1測(cè)量原理工作示意圖從油面和玻璃表面射出的光將干涉形成圓形圖案（見(jiàn)圖4）。傾斜角度可以通過(guò)圓形圖案中心位置的改變測(cè)量得出。P是點(diǎn)O在玻璃和空間之間形成的鏡像，點(diǎn)Q則是點(diǎn)O在油和空氣之間形成的鏡像，油—空氣平面代表了水平面。當(dāng)使玻璃面平行油面，點(diǎn)P和點(diǎn)Q在垂直于油面的同一條線上，這條線也是光學(xué)系統(tǒng)的軸線。邊緣與共同中心圓形邊緣。當(dāng)油箱傾斜玻璃表面有一對(duì)以油面的傾斜角，這是同心圓圖案。當(dāng)油盒傾斜時(shí)，玻璃面相對(duì)于油面有個(gè)傾斜角。（1）其中n是玻璃的折射率。當(dāng)傾斜角度很小，上面的方程可以簡(jiǎn)化為 （2）我們可以從和得到以下方程：（3）其中是圓條紋中心的位置，

D是接收屏幕到油箱玻璃表面的距離，H是玻璃和油的厚度，

n是玻璃和油折射率（因?yàn)椴ＡШ陀偷恼凵渎史浅＝咏?，這里假設(shè)它們相等）。

假設(shè)折射率nD遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于h，因此相對(duì)于來(lái)說(shuō)h可以忽略不計(jì)。(4)從方程（4）可知，一旦裝置安裝好后，n,d,h是固定的。令,為系統(tǒng)常量，系統(tǒng)參數(shù)可以通過(guò)校驗(yàn)過(guò)程獲得。因此方程(4)可以寫(xiě)成（5）其中可以通過(guò)圖像處理技術(shù)計(jì)算出,由此可以得出值。III.傳感器的描述圖2顯示了傳感器的光學(xué)頭部詳細(xì)布局。它包括激光1，擴(kuò)束2，光束分離器3，平面鏡4和液體油盒5。一個(gè)點(diǎn)光源發(fā)出球面波，這束光線穿過(guò)油箱。這束光線分別被玻璃表面和油的表面反射，兩束不同路線的光將再次相遇再次相聚。如果點(diǎn)光源相干長(zhǎng)度大于長(zhǎng)的光程差，這兩束光線將產(chǎn)生干涉形成環(huán)形條紋。當(dāng)一個(gè)表面發(fā)生傾斜，圓形條紋中心將相應(yīng)地轉(zhuǎn)變。當(dāng)光學(xué)路徑變化，條紋將相應(yīng)的出現(xiàn)或者被吸收。條紋變化發(fā)生在一個(gè)相對(duì)應(yīng)的光程差，其中為光源的波長(zhǎng)。圖2光學(xué)傳感器布局如圖2所示，激光發(fā)射激光束1。激光束通過(guò)擴(kuò)束2被擴(kuò)大，形成一個(gè)球形波前束，隨后這束光線垂直穿過(guò)液