南開大學(xué)光學(xué)工程內(nèi)部課件Sep 7th

OpticsSun,Qian(孫騫)Photonicsresearchcenter,SchoolofPhysics,NankaiUniversity,Tianjin300071,P.R.ChinaEmail:Qiansun@

TEL:0086-22-23506238課程概述54課時(shí)。周一3,4節(jié)，雙周周三1，2節(jié)。平時(shí)作業(yè)10分，論文及論述20分，期末70分。答疑時(shí)間：周一下午四點(diǎn)至五點(diǎn)半，三教106室習(xí)題課教師：張永強(qiáng)，王玨1InthebeginningGodcreatedtheheavensandtheearth.2Nowtheearthwasformlessandempty,darknesswasoverthesurfaceofthedeep,andtheSpiritofGodwashoveringoverthewaters.3AndGodsaid,"Lettherebelight,"andtherewaslight.4Godsawthatthelightwasgood,andheseparatedthelightfromthedarkness.5Godcalledthelight"day,"andthedarknesshecalled"night."Andtherewasevening,andtherewasmorning-thefirstday.BibleGenesis1

TheBeginning

“Lightis,inshort,themostrefinedformofmatter.”LouisdeBroglie德布羅意AtomsNebulaWhystudyoptics?Lasersandfiberopticsnowarereplacingwires.Whatislight?Howdoeslightact(propagate)?Howtogeneratelight?Howtotransmitandmanipulate?Howtodescribequantitativelylight?Whataretheusagesoflight?…………WhatShouldBeMadeClear物理學(xué)二級學(xué)科理論物理粒子物理與原子核物理原子與分子物理等離子體物理凝聚態(tài)物理聲學(xué)光學(xué)無線電物理NobelLaureatesinthefieldofOpticsW.Ketterle(MIT),E.Cornell,C.Wieman–Physics2001?Z.Alferov,H.Kroemer,J.Kilby–Physics2000A.Zewail–Chemistry1999S.Chu,C.Cohen-Tannoudji,W.Phillips–Physics1997E.Ruska–Physics1986N.Bloembergen,A.Schawlaw,K.Siegbahn–Physics1981A.Cormack,G.Housefield–BiologyorMedicine1979M.Ryle,A.Hewish–Physics1974D.Gabor–Physics1971A.Kastler–Physics1966C.Townes(MIT),N.Basov,A.Prokhorov–Physics1964F.Zernicke–Physics1953C.Raman–Physics1930W.H.Bragg,W.L.Bragg–Physics1915G.Lippman–Physics1908A.Michelson–Physics1907J.W.Strutt(LordRayleigh)–Physics1904H.Lorentz,P.Zeeman–Physics1902W.R?ntgen–Physics1901參考書目趙凱華鐘錫華著《光學(xué)》北京大學(xué)出版社M.BornandE.Wolf,PrincipleofOptics,7thedition,CambridgeUniversityPressEugeneHecht,Optics,4thed,AddisonWesley,2002母國光戰(zhàn)元齡著《光學(xué)》人民教育出版社參考書目37Username:opticsPassword:optics-nk/opt/index//course/optics/IntheBeginning墨翟，公元前468－376，《墨子》《墨子》現(xiàn)存53篇，對幾何學(xué)，力學(xué)，光學(xué)等進(jìn)行了描述Briefhistoryofoptics影子的形成(《經(jīng)下》16/271/—·—)經(jīng)：景不徙。說在改為。影子從不移動(dòng)。道理在于改變行為經(jīng)說：景，光至，景忘；若在，盡古息。光一照到，影子就消失。但如果影子不受到擾動(dòng)，它將永遠(yuǎn)存在下去Briefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)本影與半影(《經(jīng)下》17/—/38·16)經(jīng)：景二。說在重。有兩個(gè)影子。道理在于雙重(兩個(gè)光源)經(jīng)說：景，二光夾一光。一光者景也。兩條光夾于一個(gè)光點(diǎn)。這樣，從每一光點(diǎn)得到一個(gè)影子Briefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)焦點(diǎn)的定義，小孔成像中像的反演(《經(jīng)下》18/—/40·17)經(jīng)：景到，在午有端與景長。說在端。像由于交叉（午）因此是倒立的。交叉的地方是一個(gè)點(diǎn)（端）。這影響像（景）的大小。理由在于點(diǎn)（端）經(jīng)說：景，光之人，照若射。下著之人也高，高者之人也下。足蔽下光，故成景于上；首蔽上光，故成景于下。在遠(yuǎn)近有端于光，故景庫內(nèi)也。一個(gè)受到光照射的人，看起來就好像他在發(fā)射出（光線）一樣。人的下部成為（像的）上部，而人的上部成為（像的）下部。人的腳（好像發(fā)出）光在下方被遮蔽（即照到了針孔的下方），（但另一些光線）在上方成像。人的頭（好像發(fā)出）光在上方被遮蔽（即照到了針孔的上方），（但另一些光線）在下方成像。在（離開光源、反射體或像）較遠(yuǎn)或較近的某個(gè)位置上，有一個(gè)距激光的點(diǎn)（端）（即針孔），結(jié)果像就只被允許通過聚集之處（庫）的光線所形成

Briefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)平面鏡(《經(jīng)下》19/—/42·—)經(jīng)：景迎日。說在轉(zhuǎn)。影子可以由反射(迎)太陽(的光線)形成。理由在于翻轉(zhuǎn)經(jīng)說：景，日之光反燭人，則景在日與人之間。如果太陽光反射到人身上，那么形成的影在人和太陽之間Briefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)折射率(《經(jīng)下》56/—/57·21)經(jīng)：荊之大，其沈淺也。說在見。荊棘（在水中）的（表觀的）大小是這樣的，其沉沒的部分看起來是淺的。理由在于表觀（見）經(jīng)說：荊，沈，荊之見也。則沈淺非荊淺也。若易，五之一。沉沒的部分是荊棘的外表，因而沉沒部分的深淺并非荊棘本身的深淺。如果做一個(gè)比較，（那么可以發(fā)現(xiàn)實(shí)際深度與表觀深度之間的差）是五分之一Briefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)《韓非子》(外儲說左，上)客有為周君畫莢者，三年而成。君觀之，與髹莢者同狀。周君大怒。畫莢者曰：“筑十版之墻，鑿八尺之牖，而以日始出時(shí)加之其上而觀?！敝芫秊橹?望見其狀，盡成龍蛇禽獸車馬，萬物之狀備具。周君大悅。此莢之功非不微難也，然其用與素髹同。豆莢映畫：最早的小孔放大鏡，投影儀的先驅(qū)Briefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)

《淮南子》，公元前120左右，淮南王劉安及其門客的著作。記錄了陽燧（陽燧見日，則燃而為火）蛙鈕螭紋銅陽燧Briefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)《淮南萬畢術(shù)》，公元前120左右，淮南王劉安及其門客的著作。記錄了用冰制作透鏡的方法：“削冰令圓，舉以向日，以艾承其影，則火生?！边€記錄了潛望鏡的雛形：“取大鏡高懸，置水盆于其下，則見四鄰矣?！盉riefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)譚峭《化書》，約公元940年(南唐)。書中有一段十分有趣的記錄：小人常有四鏡。一名圭，一名珠，一名砥，一名盂。圭視者大，珠視者小，砥視者正，盂視者倒。觀彼之器，查我之型，由是無大小，無短長，無妍丑，無美惡。描述的很有可能是四種透鏡的成像性質(zhì)。圭是雙凹發(fā)散透鏡，珠是雙凸透鏡，砥是平凹透鏡，盂是平凸透鏡。Briefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)沈括《夢溪筆談》，公元1086年，記錄了諸多光學(xué)現(xiàn)象，如凹透鏡，凸透鏡，暗箱成像，魔鏡（世有透光鑒，鑒背有銘文，凡二十字，字極古，莫能讀。以鑒承日光，則背文及二十字皆透在屋壁上，了了分明。人有原其理，以謂鑄時(shí)薄處先冷，為背文上差厚，后冷而銅縮多，文雖在背，而鑒面隱然有跡，所以于光中現(xiàn)。余觀之，理誠然如是）等Briefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)Briefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)Euclid,Catoptrics,rectilinearpropagationoflight,thelawofreflectionHeroofAlexandria,assertedthatlighttraversestheshortestallowedpathbetweentwopoints.Plato,Republic,theapparentbendingofobjectspartlyimmersedinwaterBriefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)Cleomedes(50A.D.),ClaudiusPtolemy(130A.D.),tabulatedfairlyprecisemeasurementsoftheanglesofincidenceandrefractionforseveralmedia.

Alhazen(1000A.D.),elaboratedonthelawofreflection,puttingtheanglesofincidenceandreflectionintehsameplanenormaltotheinterface;studiedsphericalandparabolicmirrorsandgaveadetaileddescriptionofthehumaneyeBriefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)FromtheseventeenthcenturyHansLippershey,Oct.2,1608,applieda(maybethefirst)patentonrefractingtelescopeZachariasJansten(1588-1632)compoundmicroscopeGalileoGalilei(1564-1642),Galileantelescope,andintroducedexperimentsintophysicsRenéDescartes(1596-1650),Consideredlightasapressuretransmittedthroughaperfectlyelasticmedium(theether)whichfillsallspace--wavetheory.LightwasbelievedasalongitudinalwaveintheetherBriefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)WillebrordSnell,1621,LawofRefractionPierredeFermat,1657,PrincipleofLesttimeRobertBoyle,RobertHooke,thefirstphenomenonofinterference,colorsexhibitedbythinfilmsnowknownas“Newtons’srings”FrancescoMariaGrimaldi,Hooke,observedpresenceoflightinthegeometricalshadow,i.e.“diffraction”Hookeadvocatedforthefirsttimethatlightconsistsofrapidvibrationspropagatedinstantaneouslyorwithaverygreatspeed.At1675,Olaf

R?merdiscoveredthefinitespeedoflightfromobservationsoftheeclipsesofJupiter’ssatellites

Briefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)IsaacNewton,basicqualityofcolor,interferenceandemission(orcorpuscular)theoryHookebelievedthatinahomogeneousmedium,everyvibrationwillgenerateaspherewhichgrowssteadily.ChristianHuygens(1629-95)enunciatedHuygensprincipleErasmusBartholinus,1669,founddoublerefractionHuygensmadethefundamentaldiscoveryofpolarization.étienneLoisMalus(oneeveningof1808)foundpolarizationoflightbyreflection.

ThomasYoung,1801,discoveredtheprincipleofinterferenceandexplainedthecolorofthinfilm.

Briefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)In1818,theParisAcademysetaprizequestionofdiffractionintheexpectationthatatreatmentofthissubjectwouldleadtothecrowningtriumphofthecorpusculartheory.AugustinJeanFresnelwontheprize,whosetreatmentconsistedofsynthesisofHuygens’andEnvelopeConstructionwithYoung’sPrincipleofInterference.Fresnelexplainednotonlythe“rectilinearpropagation”oflightbutalsotheminutedeviationfromit–diffractionphenomena

Briefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)In1816,FresnelandDominique

Fran?oisArago,investigatedtheinterferenceofpolarizedlightandfoundthattworayspolarizedatrightanglestoeachotherneverinterfere.Young,whohadheardofthisdiscoveryfromArago,foundin1817thekeyofopticswhenheassumedthatthevibrationsweretransverseIn1821,Fresnelgavethefirstindicationofthecauseofdispersionbytakingintoaccountthemolecularstructureofmatter.Fresneldeducedthelawswhichnowbearhisname,governingtheintensityandpolarizationoflightproducedbyreflectionandrefraction.

Briefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)In19thcentury,manyresearchersdevotedtodeveloptheelasticethertheory.Forexamples,AugustineLoisCauchy,Siméon

DnisPoisson,GeorgeGreen,WilliamThomson(LordKelvin),GustavKirchhoffandJohnWilliamStrutt(LordRayleigh)Theelectromagnetictheoryoflightiscapableofexplaining,intheirmainfeatures,allphenomenaconnectedwiththepropagationoflight.Butitfailstoelucidatetheprocessesofemissionandabsorption,twoexamplesofinteractionbetweenmatterandlight

In20thcentury,quantumopticsBriefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)20thcentury–Quantumtheoryexplainswave-particleduality–Inventionofholography(1948)–ConceptofOpticaltransferfunction(1955)–Inventionoflaser(1956)–Opticalapplicationsproliferatecommunications,computing,fundamentalscience,medicine,manufacturing,entertainment,……Briefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)JohannesKepler(1571–1630)WillibrordSnell(1591-1626)Rene

Descartes(1596-1659)ChristiaanHuygens

(1629-1695)IsaacNewton(1642-1727)AugustinFresnelJamesClerkMaxwell(1831-1879)AlbertMichelson(1852-1931)AlbertEinstein(1879-1955)Newcoming!!OutlineofOpticsGeometricopticsWaveopticsQuantumopticsSomeModerntopicsUnderstandingtheideasofeachlecturerequirestheknowledgeofthepreviouslectures.Ifyoukeepup,youwon’tenduplookinglikethisthenightbeforethequizzes!見過于師，方堪傳授

見與師齊，滅師半德論文及論述每周閱讀一篇英文論文，提出對論文內(nèi)容的意見或看法，周日晚10點(diǎn)前將論文pdf文件及閱讀報(bào)告上傳至：37/2009/每周報(bào)告每周嘗試一個(gè)光學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)，并將結(jié)果以論文形式在周日晚10點(diǎn)前上傳至：37/2009/設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)期末研究性論文：個(gè)人報(bào)告+小組報(bào)告+辯論請用office2003編輯常用的文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫南開大學(xué)圖書館數(shù)據(jù)庫：/nav/index.aspOpticsinfobase:/OpticsLetters,OpticsExpress,JOSA,andetal.AIP:/AppliedPhysicsLetters,JournalofAppliedPhysicsAPS:/PhysicsReviewLetters,PhysicsReviewAandBPart1GeometricOpticsLightmayoftenconvenientlyberepresentedbyrays,whicharegeometricallinesalongwhichlightenergyflows.Thetermgeometricopticsisderivedfromthisconcept.Inshort,GeometricalOpticstreatsthecontrolledmanipulationofwavefronts(orrays)bymeansoftheinterpositioningofreflectingandorrefractingbodies,neglectinganydiffractioneffects.WhatisGeometricalOpticsBasicconceptsandlawsofGeometricOpticsLensMirrorsStopAberrationsInstrumentsofopticsContentBasicconceptsandlawsofGeometricOptics第一章第一節(jié)RectilinearPropagationLightasitadvancesthroughfreespaceorthroughhomogenous,isotropic

linearmatterfollowsthelawofrectilinearpropagation.RectilinearPropagationRectilinearPropagationSampleofnonuniformcaseFig.6from“Single-modeguidingpropertiesofsubwavelength-diametersilicaandsiliconwirewaveguides”,Opt.Exp.,Vol.12,No.6,1025(2004).SampleofnonuniformcaseFig.1Experimental[(a),(c)]andtheoretical[(b),(d)]intensitydistributionsforlow-powerexcitationofthedual-corecoupler.Theupperedgeofeachpanelcorrespondstotheinputfacet,theloweredgetotheoutputfacet.Panels(a)and(b)showanunmodulatedcoupler,whilepanels(c)and(d)correspondtoamodulatedcouplerFrom:PRL102,153901(2009)SampleofnonuniformcaseFIG.4.Experimentalandtheoreticalintensitydistributionsforsurface[(a),(b)]andcenter[(c),(d)]waveguideexcitations.Theoreticalplots,showingthepropagationdynamicsinsidethesample,areplacedontopofphotographsshowingexperimentaloutputintensitydistributions.Panels(a)and(c)correspondtotheunmodulatedarrays,whilein(b)=0.15and/b=1.05,andin(d)=0.15and/b=1.07.Thepeakpowersfromtoptobottomare(a)0.16MW,0.93MW,and1.41MW,(b)0.16MW,0.88MW,and1.60MW,(c)0.16MW,0.85MW,and1.41MW,and(d)0.16MW,1.01MW,and2.13MW.From:PRL102,153901(2009)SampleofanisotropiccaseSampleofnonlinearcaseFanningnoiseinLiNbO3:FecrystalTwoconsequencesoftherectilinearpropagationoflightFormationofShadowAbasicconceptofOptics——RayRectilinearPropagation

Rayarelinesdrawninthedirectionofpropagationoflight.Raysassuchdonotexist,norcantheybeisolatedexperimentally.Theyexistonlyintheoryandonthechalkboard.Itisjustausefultoolforustoanalyzethepropagationoflight.RaysarelinesperpendiculartothewavefrontsoftheelectromagneticwaveRayHypotheticalsurfacesthatareperpen-diculartoraysarecalledwavefront.Wavefrontnormalsareessentiallythesameasrays.WavefrontNowwecometothefirstsurfaceofopticalsystem.AssumethatthefirstsurfaceisplaneLawofreflectionLawofreflectionTheincidentray,thereflectedray,andthenormaltothesurfacealllieinthesameplane,andtheangleorreflectionequalstheangleofinci