第二講 實(shí)用文體與翻譯

Lesson2PracticalWritingandItsTranslation第二講實(shí)用文體與翻譯李國(guó)玉liguoyu85@2013實(shí)用文體與文體學(xué)實(shí)用文體的體系實(shí)用文體的主要特征實(shí)用文體的翻譯要求PracticalWritingStyleandStylistics文體學(xué)StylisticsStylisticsisthestudyandinterpretationoftextsfromalinguisticperspective.Asadisciplineitlinksliterarycriticismandlinguistics,buthasnoautonomousdomainofitsown.Thepreferredobjectofstylisticstudiesisliterature,butnotexclusively"highliterature"butalsootherformsofwrittentextssuchastextfromthedomainsofadvertising,popculture,politicsorreligion.文體學(xué)是從語(yǔ)言學(xué)角度研究和闡釋文本的學(xué)科。這門學(xué)科將文學(xué)批評(píng)和語(yǔ)言學(xué)聯(lián)系起來(lái)，它沒(méi)有自己獨(dú)立的領(lǐng)域。文體學(xué)的研究對(duì)象通常是文學(xué)作品，但并非無(wú)一例外總是“高雅文學(xué)”，它也研究其他形式的文本，比如廣告、通俗文學(xué)、政治或宗教文本。Stylisticsattemptstoestablishprinciplescapableofexplainingtheparticularchoicesmadebyindividualsandsocialgroupsintheiruseoflanguage.Otherfeaturesofstylisticsincludetheuseofdialogue,descriptivelanguage,theuseofgrammar,thedistributionofsentencelengths,theuseofparticularlanguageregisters,etc.文體學(xué)的目的是要找出一些規(guī)律，這些規(guī)律可以用來(lái)解釋個(gè)人或群體在使用語(yǔ)言的過(guò)程中所作出的特定的選擇。文體的其他特征還包括對(duì)話的使用，描述性語(yǔ)言的使用，語(yǔ)法的使用，長(zhǎng)短句的分布，對(duì)某個(gè)特定語(yǔ)體的使用，等等。此外，文體學(xué)的研究在于：（1）分析各種語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣，以便確定哪些特征經(jīng)常地或僅僅應(yīng)用于某些場(chǎng)合；（2）盡可能地說(shuō)明為什么某種文體具有這些特征，而不具備另一些特征；（3）以語(yǔ)言功能為依據(jù)，對(duì)這些特征進(jìn)行分類。這里，“特征”是指任何可以從語(yǔ)流中挑選出來(lái)進(jìn)行歸納的現(xiàn)象。它們存在于語(yǔ)言的任何平面——詞、詞組、句子、段落及篇章。凡是適用有限場(chǎng)合的特征，均可視為具有文體意義或在文體上可資區(qū)別的特征。實(shí)用文體的體系科技英語(yǔ)（EnglishforScienceandTechnology）Medicine,Engineering,Computer,Chemistry商業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)英語(yǔ)(EnglishforBusinessandEconomy)Economics,Business,Accounting社會(huì)科學(xué)英語(yǔ)(EnglishforSocialScience)Law,Journalism,LibraryScience學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)（EnglishforAcademicPurposes）職業(yè)英語(yǔ)（EnglishforOccupationalPurposes）實(shí)用文體的主要特征MainFeaturesofPracticalStyle信息性Informative勸導(dǎo)性Persuasive匿名性Anonymous信息性Informative實(shí)用文體的基本功能是荷載人類社會(huì)的各種信息：敘事明理、傳旨達(dá)意、立法布道。Themajorfunctionofpracticalwritingsaretoconveyvariousinformationofthehumansociety,namely,tonarrateastory,toillustrateanargument,togiveanotice,tomakeanannouncement,toissuealaw,tosetarule,andsoon.Themainbuildingofthehotel,12storieshigh,has659roomsandsuites,avarietyofrestaurants,bars,banquetroomsandfunctionroomsaswellasacompletesetofservicefacilitiesincludingbusinesscenters,shoppingarcadeandin-doorswimmingpool.飯店主樓12層，擁有客房659間，各式餐廳、酒吧、宴會(huì)廳等多功能廳齊備，并有商務(wù)中心、商場(chǎng)、室內(nèi)游泳池等多項(xiàng)服務(wù)設(shè)施。聘請(qǐng)保姆我處有幾個(gè)孩子（一歲半至兩歲）需人照顧。每周約工作5天，每天上午9點(diǎn)至12點(diǎn)。如有愿者，請(qǐng)與圣·保羅大街3號(hào)樓2單元202聯(lián)系。電話WANTEDlookafterchildren(1?to2years)inmyflat5daysawk.9to12a.m.St.PaulStreet3-2-2020532-85239278勸導(dǎo)性Persuasive實(shí)用文本勸導(dǎo)受眾去相信什么或不相信什么，勸導(dǎo)人們?nèi)フJ(rèn)可或否定什么。作者力圖表述客觀、文字確鑿，使自己提供的信息可被驗(yàn)證或追本溯源。Practicalwritingspersuadetheaudiencetobelieveordisbelievethings,toapproveordisapprovethings.Theauthortriestobeobjectiveandunambiguous,sothattheinformationthatheconveysisverifiableortraceable.科技文本、知識(shí)普及類文本訴諸理性。ThepreviouslyunknownKoichiTanakabecamethecountry’ssecondyoungestNobelwinner,andtheonlyrecipientofthechemistryprizetohavenomorethanabachelor’sdegree.從前默默無(wú)聞的田中耕一成為日本第二位最年輕的諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)得主。他是唯一的一位只有本科學(xué)歷的化學(xué)獎(jiǎng)獲得者。Highertemperatureareassociatedwithgreatermeltingrates.溫度越高，熔化速度就越快。旅游文本或廣告文體訴諸想象或愿望。九寨溝是個(gè)童話的世界。冬天的九寨溝，童話的意味更長(zhǎng)。Nine-VillageValleyisaworldoffairytales.Inwinter,ithasalotmoretotell.Cokerefreshesyoulikenoothercan.沒(méi)有別的食品能像可口可樂(lè)那樣使您精神豪爽；沒(méi)有別的罐裝飲料像可口可樂(lè)那樣使您清新。奪“罐”清爽，唯有可口可樂(lè)！可口可樂(lè)，清爽一“冠”！匿名性Anonymous匿名性主要指實(shí)用文體的各類語(yǔ)篇缺乏、甚至沒(méi)有作者或譯者個(gè)性，而是按一定的（約定俗成的）程式行事，其次是指許多語(yǔ)篇不署作者、譯者姓名。對(duì)于譯者來(lái)說(shuō)，作者因素并不重要，重要的是語(yǔ)篇提供的信息及信息傳遞的效果。Practicalwritingseitherlackoravoidtheauthor’sorthetranslator’sindividuality,writtenaccordingtogiven（conventional）formulas.Alotofthesetextsareunsigned.Forthetranslator,whatisimportantisnotwhowritesthetext,butwhatinformationisconveyedandhow.合同contractThiscontractismadebyandbetweentheauthorizedrepresentativesofHASTINGSLtd.(hereinaftercalledtheBuyer)andtheTAIHUAIndustriesCorporation(hereinaftercalledtheSeller)throughfriendlydiscussionaccordingtothetermsandconditionsstipulatedthereunder.赫斯汀有限公司（以下簡(jiǎn)稱買方）授權(quán)的代表與泰華工業(yè)公司（以下簡(jiǎn)稱賣方）通過(guò)友好協(xié)商根據(jù)以下條款簽訂本合同。廣告ad有一套未配置家具的公寓，內(nèi)有三間臥室和兩個(gè)衛(wèi)生間，有一個(gè)可停放兩輛汽車的車庫(kù)，公寓內(nèi)有壁爐和電冰箱，有意者可通過(guò)電話聯(lián)系面談，電話號(hào)碼

UNF.APT3bdrm.2ba.2–cargarfplc.,frig.callforappt用文體的翻譯要求1.Correctness2.Fluency3.Appropriateness4.Efficiency1.正確性Correctness有些單詞或詞組在專業(yè)英語(yǔ)中，與在日常生活中常用的意思不一樣，翻譯的時(shí)候要注意正確理解，選用相應(yīng)的行業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)或常用語(yǔ)。NoticesorothercommunicationsrequiredtobegivenbyonePartypursuanttothisAgreementshallbewritteninChinese.一方根據(jù)本協(xié)議要求發(fā)出的通知或其它書信應(yīng)以中文書寫。Theforeigninvestorhasacquiredmorethan10PRCdomesticenterprisesengaginginrelatedindustrieswithinayear.外國(guó)投資者一年內(nèi)并購(gòu)中國(guó)境內(nèi)關(guān)聯(lián)行業(yè)的企業(yè)超過(guò)10個(gè)。1.正確性Correctness在表達(dá)空間、時(shí)間、位置、價(jià)值等概念時(shí)需精確，切忌主觀臆斷。如貴方能將尿素報(bào)價(jià)降至每噸1200法郎，我們可訂購(gòu)150至180噸。Ifyoucanreduceyourpriceofureato1,200Frenchfrancsperton,wemaybeabletoplaceanorderof150-180metrictons.2.通達(dá)FluencyAnypersonnotputtinglitterinthisbasketwillbeliabletoafineof$5.任何不把凌亂的東西放入這個(gè)筐內(nèi)而任意亂扔的人將處以罰款5美元。廢物入筐，違者罰款5美元。大碗喝茶解渴，卻說(shuō)不上茶是怎樣的好。Onecangetridofthirstbydrinkingteawithabowlbuthecannottellhowwonderfultheteais.Todrinkatagulpisaquickwaytoquenchthirst,butitgivesnotasteofthehighgradetea.當(dāng)時(shí)上海行路難、乘車難成為突出的社會(huì)問(wèn)題。ThenpeopleinShanghaifoundgreattroubleingettingtotheirdestinationsonfootorbycaranditbecameatopsocialproblem.3.適切Appropriateness政治語(yǔ)境、文化氛圍、方針政策、技術(shù)規(guī)范香港特別行政區(qū)將保持自由港和獨(dú)立關(guān)稅地區(qū)的地位。TheHongKongSpecialAdministrationRegionwillretainthestatusofafreeportandaseparatecustomsterritory.“五講四美三熱愛(ài)”themovementoffivestresses,fourbeauties,andthreelove五個(gè)重點(diǎn)，四個(gè)美女，三個(gè)情人？Stressondecorum,manners,hygiene,disciplineandmorals;beautyofthemind,language,behavior,andtheenvironment;loveofthemotherland,socialismandtheCommunistParty3.適切Appropriateness…2010年被評(píng)為“先進(jìn)工作者”?！瓀asrewardedas“AdvancedEmployee”in2010.被評(píng)為“高階員工”？“老年員工”？TheweatherinWuhanissunnyandthetemperatureis84°F.武漢晴，溫度84度?！鉌=FahrenheitF=32+Cx1.8°C=CentigradeC=（F-32）÷1.8武漢晴，溫度30攝氏度。3.適切Appropriateness實(shí)用語(yǔ)篇，無(wú)論書信、合同、報(bào)告、標(biāo)書，甚至論文、新聞報(bào)道等都有一定的程式。程式不僅指格式（表格、報(bào)告、論文、文摘等），也指文字式樣。Weclaim:Whatisclaimedis:WhatI(we)claimis:Claims:請(qǐng)求權(quán)項(xiàng)：/專利權(quán)要求范圍：/本專利的權(quán)項(xiàng)范圍是：Havingthusdescribedtheinvention,weclaim:Theclaimsdefiningtheinventionareasfollows:WhatIclaimasmyinventionanddesiretosecurebyLettersPatentis:4.快捷Efficiency翻譯速度是委托人或客戶的要求之一。由于市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)速度加快，各行各業(yè)都重視時(shí)效，沒(méi)有速度就沒(méi)有翻譯任務(wù)。過(guò)去“慢工出細(xì)活”的做法已不可行?，F(xiàn)在的要求是既要質(zhì)量好，又要譯得快。Homework2

Therearetwomaintypesoftrainingthataprofessioncanprovideforitsmembers:vocationaltrainingandacademictraining.Vocationalcoursesprovidetraininginpracticalskillsbutdonotincludeastrongtheoreticalcomponent.Agoodexamplewouldbeacourseinplumbingortyping.Attheendofatypingcourse,astudentisabletotypeaccuratelyandatspeedandhasapieceofpapertoproveit.Butthatistheendofthestory;whats/heacquiresisapurelypracticalskillwhichisrecognizedbysocietyas‘skilledwork’butisnotgenerallyelevatedtothelevelofaprofession.Likevocationalcourses,mostacademiccoursessetouttoteachstudenthowtodoaparticularjobsuchcuringcertaintypesofillness,buildingbridges,orwritingcomputerprograms.Buttheydomorethanthat:anacademiccoursealwaysincludesastrongtheoreticalcomponent.Thevalueofthistheoreticalcomponentisthatitencouragesstudentstoreflectonwhattheydo,howtheydoit,andwhytheydoitinonewayratherthananother.Thislastexercise,exploringtheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofvariouswaysofdoingthings,isitselfimpossibletoperformunlessonehasathoroughandintimateknowledgeoftheobjectsandtoolsofone’swork.Adoctorcannotdecidewhetheritisbettertofollowonecourseoftreatmentratherthananotherwithoutunderstandingsuchthingsashowthehumanbodyworks,whatsideeffectsagivenmedicinemayhave,whatisavailabletocounteracttheseeffects,andsoon.

Theoreticaltrainingdoesnotnecessarilyguaranteesuccessinallinstances.Thingsstillgowrongoccasionallybecause,inmedicineforexample,thereactionofthehumanbodyandtheinfluenceofotherfactorssuchasstresswillneverbetotallypredictable.Buttheval