GRE(argu第一部分課件)

寫作強化課程AnAdvancedCourseofGREAnalyticalWriting

主講：杜立明ByAndyDuWhoamI?Andy杜立明教齡：2003年9月至今主講：寫作線：GRE寫作/GMAT寫作（本校唯一主講）口語線：IBT口語（全國主講之一）/BEC中級口語（本校唯一主講）閱讀線：SAT分析性閱讀（本校唯一主講）關于GRE寫作的幾個重要概念GREAnalyticalWriting1-6AnalyticalWriting60minIssue-30min立論文Argument–30min駁論文149174所有考題均出自于官方題庫TheRevisedVS.TheOld

TheRevised

TheOld

ISSUE

ARGU

ISSUE

ARGU

30MIN

30MIN

45MIN30MIN1.Time

別無選擇/擴大題目準備的范圍社會類學習+教育類行為類2.Issue

TheOld2OptionsTheNew1OptionWritearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththe

statementandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderwaysinwhichthestatementmightormightnotholdtrueandexplainhowtheseconsiderationsshapeyourposition.Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhatspecificevidenceisneededtoevaluatetheargumentandexplainhowtheevidencewouldweakenorstrengthenthe

argument.3.Instructions

ISSUE立論文：Issueisanunsettledmatter!沒有正確的觀點，只有合理的觀點。

30分鐘，就一段現(xiàn)成的文字中的觀點進行肯定或否定或中立的論證?，F(xiàn)在我們一起寫的GREISSUETheabsenceofachoiceisacircumstancethatisvery,veryrare.Therearetwotypesoflaws:Onetypeisjust.Anotherisunjust.Weshouldobeythejustonesandresisttheunjustones.ARGUMENT駁論文：找錯，反駁觀點

30分鐘，就一篇邏輯不嚴謹?shù)奈恼逻M行分析與反駁。Itissaidthatinauniversity,NewJersey,studentsofthebiologydepartmentareabsent-minded.Inthisway,wecansaythatstudentsofallbiologydepartmentsareabsent-minded.幾個同學們經(jīng)常問到的問題GRE寫作需要準備多長時間GRE寫作用模板會怎樣全用會死用一部分(ISSUE框架，ARGU)可以GRE寫作需要背范文么

不GRE分數(shù)和字數(shù)有關系么

有一定關系網(wǎng)上有很多GRE寫作的高頻，要看么？

這個可以有GREArgument

IntroductionTheRevisedEditionByAndyDuHowanargumentlookslike?1.總結羅列文章5.結論2.分析錯誤一3.分析錯誤二4.分析錯誤三Body范文分析---開頭段范文.doc

Inthisargument,thearguerconcludes

that

sendingthemechanicsofGet-AwayAirlinestoatwo-weekQuality-CareSeminaronpropermaintenanceprocedureswillautomaticallyleadtogreatercustomersatisfactionalongwithgreaterprofitsfortheairline.Tosupporttheconclusion,thearguerpointsoutthattheperformanceofthemaintenancecrewsintheautomobileracingindustryimprovedmarkedlyaftertheircrewshadattendedtheseminar.Inaddition,thearguerreasonsthatsincethemaintenancecrewsoftheautomobileracingindustryandthemechanicsofGet-AwayAirlinesperformmanyofthesamefunctions,theairlineswillgainsimilarprofitsfromthetrainingprogram.Thisargumentsuffersfromseveralcriticalfallacies.主旨：送飛機維修工學習將提高客戶滿意度和利潤證1：賽車維修工學習過證2：賽車盈利=航空盈利本論證有誤

Firstly,theargumentisbasedonafalseanalogy.Thearguersimplyassumesthatairplanemechanicsandautomobilemaintenancecrewsperformmanysimilarfunctions,buthedoesnotprovideanyevidencethattheirfunctionsareindeedcomparable.

正文段1正文段1

Itistruethatboththeairplaneandtheautomobileneedrefuelingandenginemaintenance,buttherestillexistsfundamentaldifferences:thestructureandthebuildingmaterialsofeachother'senginesaredifferent,soistheoiltheyuse.正文段1Therefore,eventhoughthetwo-weekQuality-CareSeminarprovedeffectiveinimprovingtheperformanceofthemaintenancecrewsintheautomobileracingindustry,thereisnoguaranteethatitwillworkjustaswellforairplanemechanics.錯誤類比無法證明飛工和賽工的工作有可比性論證工作的同和異結論正文段2

Secondly,thearguercommitsafallacyofhastygeneralization.ThearguerassumesthatsendingitsmechanicstotheSeminarwillleadtothegreaterprofitsaswellasgreatercustomersatisfactionfortheairline.Theassumptionisproblematicbecauseitoverlooksanumberoffactors.正文段2Forinstance,customersatisfactiondependsonseveralmajorfactorsotherthangoodmaintenanceoftheairplane.Customersaregenerallyconcernedaboutthepunctuality,theon-boardservice,theticketprice,theluggagehandlingprocedureandeventhediscount,allofwhichareignoredbythearguer.正文段2

Besides,Get-AwayAirlinescangaingreaterprofitsbyincreasingitscustomersorpassengersandatthesametimecuttingdownitscosts.急于概括上課不等于提高客戶滿意度和利潤論證如何提高客戶滿意論證如何提高利潤結尾段Insum,thisargumentisnotconvincingasitstands.Onlywithmoreconvincingevidencecouldthisargumentbecomemorethanjustanemotionalappeal.主旨：送飛機維修工學習將提高客戶滿意度和利潤證1：賽車維修工學習過證2：賽車盈利=航空盈利本論證有誤錯誤類比急于概括飛工和賽工的工作有可比性論證工作的同和異課不等于滿意度和利潤論證如何提滿意利潤結論段一.寫作的基本要求字數(shù):30分鐘(300-400字)

100字來自原題信息二.寫作步驟與時間分配III.寫作步驟與時間分配1.快速審題(2分鐘)抓住所給短文重要內(nèi)容；理解instructions的要求結論：Conclusion（推理的終點）論據(jù)：Evidence:statistics,examples,facts判斷文章中推理論證的邏輯關系（論據(jù)間的關系）前提假設：

Assumption抓住所給短文重要內(nèi)容TheBasicStructureofArguCONCLUSION

(Optional)CONCLUSION

(Optional)EVIDENCE1EVIDENCE2EVIDENCE3EVIDENCE4ASSUMPTIONAndyisaflake?Andyisaflake.Aboveall,accordingtooneofhisroommates,hereadsPlayboyeverynight.What’smore,heusedtocheathisteacherandwascriticizedbeforethewholeclass.What’sworse,hehasafriendwhosenameisFatHuang,awidelyrecognizedflake.Finally,itisreasonabletoclaimthatAndyisunreliable.Sweetfood=relievestress?Peoplesufferingfrommentalstressalwaysprefertoeatsweetfoodbecausesweetfoodcaneffectivelyrelievethestrainofyourmentaleffort.Firstofall,accordingtoaresearch,apoormanwhojustlosthisjobandwifenormallyeats10bagsofcandies.Moreover,manyofmycolleagueseatcandywhenfeelingstressful.Inaddition,thetruthisthatitisacommonsensethatsweetfoodcanhelprelievethestress.Ifyouaredown,eatcandies!推理論證的邏輯關系

（論據(jù)之間的邏輯關系）并列：1+2+3=conclusion1.美國樓很高；2.美國美女多；3.美國福利好-----美國是一個好國家遞進：1---2---3=conclusion1.在節(jié)假日旅游的人很多；2.因此，在節(jié)假日旅游，交通一定很不便，而且可能訂不到酒店；3.國慶是全年時間最長的節(jié)日，因此在那個時候出行一定會非常不便-----建議國慶最好呆在家里如何尋找前提假設Unstated/Stated我要到男廁所入廁腦白金可以讓我更加年輕題目中結論或論據(jù)所依據(jù)的事實:在他們之間通常存在因果關系1.結論或論據(jù)中所包含的條件、原因、時間狀語2.論據(jù)2基于論據(jù)1得出，論據(jù)1就是論據(jù)2的前提3.事實+hence/therefore/thus+結論（開頭）"Therearetwotypesoflaws:justandunjust.Therefore,everyindividualinasocietyhasaresponsibilitytoobeyjustlawsand,evenmoreimportantly,todisobeyandresistunjustlaws.“。。。。。。"Aslongaspeopleinasocietyarehungryoroutofworkorlackthebasicskillsneededtosurvive,theuseofpublicresourcestosupporttheart

theartsisinappropriate—and,perhaps,evencruel—whenoneconsidersallthepotentialusesofsuchmoney."“Inarecentcitywidepoll,fifteenpercentmoreresidentssaidthattheywatchtelevisionprogramsaboutthevisualartsthanwasthecaseinapollconductedfiveyearsago.Duringthesepastfiveyears,thenumberofpeoplevisitingourcity’sartmuseumshasincreasedbyasimilarpercentage.Sincethecorporatefundingthatsupportspublictelevision,wheremostofthevisualartsprogramsappear,isnowbeingthreatenedwithseverecuts,wecanexpectthatattendanceatourcity’sartmuseumswillalsostarttodecrease.Thussomeofthecity’sfundsforsupportingtheartsshouldbereallocatedtopublictelevision.”“Inarecentcitywidepoll,fifteenpercentmoreresidentssaidthattheywatchtelevisionprogramsaboutthevisualartsthanwasthecaseinapollconductedfiveyearsago.

Duringthesepastfiveyears,thenumberofpeoplevisitingourcity’sartmuseumshasincreasedbyasimilarpercentage.Sincethecorporatefundingthatsupportspublictelevision,wheremostofthevisualartsprogramsappear,isnowbeingthreatenedwithseverecuts,wecanexpectthatattendanceatourcity’sartmuseumswillalsostarttodecrease.Thussomeofthecity’sfundsforsupportingtheartsshouldbereallocatedtopublictelevision.”“Inarecentcitywidepoll,fifteenpercentmoreresidentssaidthattheywatchtelevisionprogramsaboutthevisualartsthanwasthecaseinapollconductedfiveyearsago.

Duringthesepastfiveyears,thenumberofpeoplevisitingourcity’sartmuseumshasincreasedbyasimilarpercentage.

Sincethecorporatefundingthatsupportspublictelevision,wheremostofthevisualartsprogramsappear,isnowbeingthreatenedwithseverecuts,wecanexpectthatattendanceatourcity’sartmuseumswillalsostarttodecrease.Thussomeofthecity’sfundsforsupportingtheartsshouldbereallocatedtopublictelevision.”“Inarecentcitywidepoll,fifteenpercentmoreresidentssaidthattheywatchtelevisionprogramsaboutthevisualartsthanwasthecaseinapollconductedfiveyearsago.Duringthesepastfiveyears,thenumberofpeoplevisitingourcity’sartmuseumshasincreasedbyasimilarpercentage.

Sincethecorporatefundingthatsupportspublictelevision,wheremostofthevisualartsprogramsappear,isnowbeingthreatenedwithseverecuts,wecanexpectthatattendanceatourcity’sartmuseumswillalsostarttodecrease.

Thussomeofthecity’sfundsforsupportingtheartsshouldbereallocatedtopublictelevision.”Sincethecorporatefundingthatsupportspublictelevision,wheremostofthevisualartsprogramsappear,isnowbeingthreatenedwithseverecuts,wecanexpectthatattendanceatourcity’sartmuseumswillalsostarttodecrease.支持公共電視（播放大量視覺藝術節(jié)目）的資金將被削減導致參觀博物館的人數(shù)將下降“Inarecentcitywidepoll,fifteenpercentmoreresidentssaidthattheywatchtelevisionprogramsaboutthevisualartsthanwasthecaseinapollconductedfiveyearsago.Duringthesepastfiveyears,thenumberofpeoplevisitingourcity’sartmuseumshasincreasedbyasimilarpercentage.Sincethecorporatefundingthatsupportspublictelevision,wheremostofthevisualartsprogramsappear,isnowbeingthreatenedwithseverecuts,wecanexpectthatattendanceatourcity’sartmuseumswillalsostarttodecrease.

Thussomeofthecity’sfundsforsupportingtheartsshouldbereallocatedtopublictelevision.”（1+2）--3=conclusionEVIDENCE1：看藝術節(jié)目的人增加EVIDENCE3EVIDENCE2：參觀博物的人數(shù)增加鑒于兩者之關系，支持電視資金削減將影響博物館參觀人數(shù)

CONCLUSION:應該把支持藝術的錢支持電視看電視的人多了導致

到博物館看展覽的人增加4Conclusion:chooseAdams并列關系Evidence1:工作人數(shù)Evidence2:收入的兩倍Evidence3:平均房價Evidence4:十年與去年的銷售差別Assumption:更快更好88Conclusion:buildmorenewstoreinPlainsville并列關系Evidence1:銷售處于歷史最高點Evidence2:會員/滿員Evidence3:預見新生代Assumption:盈利Example"Sevenyearsago,homeownersinnearbyBrookvillecommunityadoptedasetofrestrictionsonhowthecommunity’syardsshouldbelandscapedandwhatcolorstheexteriorsofhomesshouldbepainted.Sincethen,averagepropertyvalueshavetripledinBrookville.InordertoraisepropertyvaluesinDeerhavenAcres,weshouldadoptourownsetofrestrictionsonlandscapingandhousepainting."

ExampleConclusion:restrictionsonlandscapingandhousepainting.遞進關系Evidence1:七年前,附近的社區(qū)實施了涂色規(guī)定Evidence2:平均價格翻了三番理解instruction的要求Instructions（題目要求）的意義

寫作之時要有法可依，不可隨意發(fā)揮讓你怎么寫就怎么寫否則找死如何才能符合argument的要求呢？1.文章中的語言要回應題目的要求；2.根據(jù)要求的規(guī)定明確攻擊方向。新GRE的ARGU一共有八個INSTRUCTIONS可分為四大類第一類:Assumption第二類:Evidence第三類:Questions第四類:Alternativeexplanations第一類:AssumptionWritearesponseinwhichyouexaminethestatedand/orunstatedassumptionsoftheargument.Besuretoexplainhowtheargumentdependsontheseassumptions,andwhattheimplicationsarefortheargumentiftheassumptionsprove

unwarranted.

分析：此類要求是最8中要求中最根本的，因為它要求考生分析文章中的assumption的前提假設。explainhowtheargumentdependsontheseassumptions而所謂的前提假設其實就是整篇文章論證的過程，即從論據(jù)推到結論的過程。whattheimplicationsarefortheargumentiftheassumptionsprove

unwarranted.

沒有這些前提假設結論肯定是不會成立的，因此只要討論的是前提，不管是結論的前提，還是論據(jù)的前提都是符合要求的。sincethemaintenancecrewsoftheautomobileracingindustryandthemechanicsofGet-AwayAirlinesperformmanyofthesamefunctions,theairlineswillgainsimilarprofitsfromthetrainingprogram第二類:EvidenceWritearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhatspecificevidenceisneededtoevaluatetheargumentandexplainhowtheevidencewouldweakenorstrengthenthe

argument.分析：evaluatetheargument評價論證過程論證過程包括了文章中論者如何從論據(jù)到結論的整個推理過程和前提假設。whichyoudiscusswhatspecificevidenceisneededtoevaluatetheargument評價論證過程所還需要那方面論據(jù)其實也就是說如論證中有什么邏輯上的問題，你就指出作者需要提出這方面的論據(jù)去避免這個問題sincethemaintenancecrewsoftheautomobileracingindustryandthemechanicsofGet-AwayAirlinesperformmanyofthesamefunctions,theairlineswillgainsimilarprofitsfromthetrainingprogram此要求主要還是從寫作語言上體現(xiàn)。比如：如果文中出現(xiàn)了一個“錯誤類比”對于“assumption”的寫作方法為：ThearguerhastilyassumesthatAandBarecomparable.Theassumptionisproblematicbecausethearguermightoverlookanumberoffactors.對于“evidence”的寫作方法為：ThearguerhastooffermoreevidencetosubstantiatetheassumptionthatAandBarecomparable.Theassumptionisproblematicbecausethearguermightoverlookanumberoffactors.第三類:QuestionsWritearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhatquestionswouldneedtobeansweredinordertodecidewhethertherecommendationandtheargumentonwhichitisbasedarereasonable.Besuretoexplain

howtheanswerstothesequestionswouldhelptoevaluatethe

recommendation.分析：decidewhethertherecommendationandtheargumentonwhichitisbasedarereasonable為了確定XXX和它所依據(jù)的論證過程是否合理Argument=論證過程=從論據(jù)到結論的整個推理過程和前提假設whichyoudiscusswhatquestionswouldneedtobeanswered為了確定XXX和它所依據(jù)的論證過程是否合理，需要回答一些什么問題簡單點說就是要討論論證過程所出現(xiàn)的問題recommendation/advice/prediction/conclusion而它們一定是基于論證過程而成立的比如：1，男同學臟；2，男同學色；3，男同學都是吃貨。開除所有男同學。/男同以后都可能沒出息。/男人都很壞。sincethemaintenancecrewsoftheautomobileracingindustryandthemechanicsofGet-AwayAirlinesperformmanyofthesamefunctions,theairlineswillgainsimilarprofitsfromthetrainingprogram此要求同樣不必拘泥于邏輯錯誤從何而來，注意寫作語言即可?！板e誤類比”ThearguerarbitrarilyassumesthatAandBarecomparable.However,isthisthecase?

Theassumptionisproblematicbecausethearguermightoverlookanumberoffactors.Inordertosubstantiatetheconclusion,thearguerhastoanswerwhetherAandBarecomparable.Theassumptionisproblematicbecausethearguermightoverlookanumberoffactors.Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhatquestionswouldneedtobeansweredinordertodecidewhethertheadviceandtheargumentonwhichitisbasedarereasonable.Besuretoexplainhowtheanswerstothesequestionswouldhelptoevaluatethe

advice.基本同上Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhatquestionswouldneedtobeansweredinordertodecidewhethertherecommendationislikelytohavethepredictedresult.Besuretoexplainhowtheanswerstothesequestionswouldhelptoevaluatethe

recommendation.同上Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhatquestionswouldneedtobeansweredinordertodecidewhetherthepredictionandtheargumentonwhichitisbasedarereasonable.Besuretoexplainhowtheanswerstothesequestionswouldhelptoevaluatethe

prediction.同上Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhatquestionswouldneedtobeaddressedinordertodecidewhethertheconclusionandtheargumentonwhichitisbasedarereasonable.Besuretoexplainhowtheanswerstothequestionswouldhelptoevaluatethe

conclusion.同上第四類:AlternativeexplanationsWritearesponseinwhichyoudiscussoneormorealternativeexplanationsthatcouldrivaltheproposedexplanationandexplainhowyourexplanation(s)canplausiblyaccountforthefactspresentedintheargument.

分析：什么叫alternativeexplanations?杜同學每天放學后很晚才回家。這是很可能是因為他在教室里刻苦學習。NO。更有可能的是他在外頭耍朋友。此類要求，我們主要分析文章中的事實有無其它解釋。我們同樣是去討論論證過程中的問題，只需要在開頭段對要求作出回應即可。二.寫作步驟與時間分配2.寫第一段(4分鐘)作用歸納所給短文的結論和論據(jù)，并指出其犯有嚴重邏輯錯誤TEFModel

T–ThemeE–EvidenceF–Flaw

轉述結論羅列論據(jù)指出錯誤Inthisargument,thearguerconcludes

thatbetweenthetworealestatefirms,Adamsisapparentlysuperiortotheother.Tomaintaintheconclusion,thearguerillustratesasfollows.(1)Adamshasmorerealestateagents;(2)itsrevenuelastyearwastwiceashighasthatofFitch;(3)itsaveragepriceofthehomesalesexceedsthatofFitch;(4)HomeslistedwithAdamssellsfaster.Atthefirstglance,thisopinionseemstobesomewhatconvincing,butfurtherreflectiontellsmethatIcannotagreewithitforthefollowingreasons.轉述結論Inthisargument,thearguerconcludes/recommends/suggests/claims/predictsthat…Example4Inthisargument,thearguerconcludes/recommends/suggests/claims/predictsthat…Betweenthetworealestatefirms,Adamsisapparentlysuperiortotheother.羅列證據(jù)Tomaintaintheconclusion,thearguerpointsout/illustratesasfollows.(1)(2)(3)(4)

Example(1)Adamshasmorerealestateagents;(2)itsrevenuelastyearwastwiceashighasthatofFitch;(3)itsaveragepriceofthehomesalesexceedsthatofFitch(4)HomeslistedwithAdamssellsfaster指出錯誤Atthefirstglance,thisopinionseemstobesomewhatconvincing,butfurtherreflectiontellsmethatIcannotagreewithitforthefollowingreasons.（通用型）Assumption模型：論證錯了，由于假設Theargumentisnotwellsupported(grounded)forsomeassumptionsremainunproven(problematic）Atthefirstglance,thisopinionseemstobesomewhatconvincing,butfurtherreflectiontellsmethattheunderlyingassumptionishardlyacceptablebecausenoneoftheevidencecanleadtoit.Theassumptionslendlittlecredibilitytothespeaker’sargument.

Evidence模型：論證錯了，缺少論據(jù)Theargumentisinvalidforthereasonthatsomeessentialevidencehasbeentotallyneglected/nosupportingevidencehasbeenprovided.Question模型：論證錯了，有問題沒回答/存在很多問題。Theconclusionisunreliableduetothefactthatmanycriticalquestionsarenotclarified.Theassumptionsandevidencescanhardlylendanycredibilitytotheargument,foranswerstoseveralquestionsshouldbefurtheranswered.AlternativeExplanations模型：論證錯了，前提假設和論據(jù)推不出結論，存在其它的解釋。Theargumentisunwarranted,fortheassumptionsandevidencescannotguaranteetheconclusionandtherearealternativeexplanations.Theargumentisunwarranted,fortheassumptionsandevidencescannotassuretheconclusionanditcanbeexplainedinanalternativeway.二.寫作步驟與時間分配3.寫正文段(20分鐘)1)移動光標,先寫完正文部分的段落主題句（轉述原文有問題的內(nèi)容）2)一段一個錯誤,小錯誤可以合二為一3）錯誤分析的順序要符合題目的論證順序4)段落開頭要有主題句,主題句之前要有過渡詞推薦正文段布局TYPE1大+大+大TYPE2大+大+2小正文段段落之間的語言銜接A–B–C=CONCLUSIONA+B+C=CONCLUSIONA–B–C=CONCLUSION如果題目的論證過程是遞進結構。我們在正文段的分析段落間的銜接語言上也要體現(xiàn)出這個遞進的關系。1.在節(jié)假日旅游的人很多；2.因此，在節(jié)假日旅游，交通一定很不便，而且可能訂不到酒店；3.國慶是全年時間最長的節(jié)日，因此在那個時候出行一定會非常不便-----建議國慶最好呆在家里段一：節(jié)日旅游的人多無法推出交通不便/訂不到酒店段二：即便前面一個假設是正確的，作者也不一定能推出國慶節(jié)出行就很不方便。段三：基于前面的前提和假設，作者得出結論：國慶最好呆在家里。這個結論也是同樣值得我們懷疑。A–B–C=CONCLUSION首先，作者假設_____.再者，基于這個假設，作者提出了_____.即便以上的假設是正確的，我們也不能憑此推斷出______.首先，作者假設_____.Firstofall,thearguerassumesthat______.Imply/suggest/hint/indicate/pointoutHastily/incorrectly/unfairly/unnecessarily再者，基于這個假設，作者提出了_____.Inaddition,basingontheassumptionabove,thearguerimpliesthat______.即便以上的假設是是正確的，我們也不能憑此推斷出______.Grantedthattheassumptionabovecouldbesubstantiated,wecannotensurethat_____.A+B+C=CONCLUSIONInthefirstplace,論據(jù)A的問題Inthesecondplace,論據(jù)B的問題Inaddition,論據(jù)C的問題正文段的具體結構PART1：主題句--轉述原文有問題的內(nèi)容。PART2：指出所出現(xiàn)的問題。PART3：論證（1）正文段主題句的寫法DifferentTStodifferentinstructionAssumption

基本模型：作者假設______Thearguerassumesthat_______Evidence基本模型：作者需要提供證明XXX的論據(jù)；證明XXX的證據(jù)是缺失的。Inordertobolstertheconclusion,thearguerneedstoprovideevidencestoprove_________.Thestatement/assumptionthat______isunjustified,foritlackscriticalevidence.Question

基本模型：把原文有問題的內(nèi)容改成一個一般疑問句；作者說XXX，真的嗎？；作者需要回答。Thearguerassumesthattheshabbydecorationdirectlycausesthedeclineofprofits.Firstofall,doestheshabbydecorationreallycausethedeclineofprofits?Thearguerassumesthattheshabbydecorationdirectlycausesthedeclineofprofits.However,isitthecase/

truth/credible/convincing/trustable?Inordertosubstantiatetheconclusion,thearguerneedstoanswerwhether______.AlternativeExplanations同Assumption

（2）正文段論證的方法正文段論證的基本方式論證方法1，杜老師很胖是因為他具有肥胖的基因。2，杜老師喜歡幫助女同學是因為他人很好。3，杜老師傻是因為他母親在他小時候經(jīng)常用拖鞋打他的頭。"Duringherseventeenyearsasaprofessorofbotany,ProfessorThomashasprovedherselftobewellworthherannualsalaryof$50,000.Herclassesareamongthelargestattheuniversity,demonstratingherpopularityamongstudents.Moreover,themoneyshehasbroughttotheuniversityinresearchgrantshasexceededhersalaryineachofthelasttwoyears.Therefore,inconsiderationofProfessorThomas’demonstratedteachingandresearchabilities,werecommendthatshereceivea$10,000raiseandapromotiontoDepartmentChairperson;withoutsucharaiseandpromotion,wefearthatProfessorThomaswillleaveElmCityUniversityforanothercollege."

Inthefirstplace,thearguerassumesthatPlainvilleresidents’concernwithleadinghealthyliveshasgivenrisetotheboomingsaleofrunningshoesandexerciseclothing.Theassumptionisquestionablebecausethearguerfailstoruleoutotherpossibilities.Forexample,Plainsvilleresidentspreferwearingsportswearsimplyduetothereasonoftheweathercondition.What’smore,sportswearmightbemorecomfortableandlessexpensivecomparedtoothertypeofclothing.

Inthefirstplace,thearguerassumesthatPlainvilleresidents’concernwithleadinghealthyliveshasgivenrisetotheboomingsaleofrunningshoesandexerciseclothing.

Theassumptionisquestionablebecausethearguerfailstoruleoutotherpossibilities.Forexample,Plainsvilleresidentspreferwearingsportswearsimplyduetothereasonoftheweathercondition.What’smore,sportswearmightbemorecomfortableandlessexpensivecompared