新視界大學(xué)英語(yǔ)三 綜合教程 Unit1

Twokindsofjudgement譯文Digging1

Therearetwodifferentwayspeoplejudgeyou.Sometimesjudgingyoucorrectlyistheendgoal.Butthere’sasecondmuchmorecommontypeofjudgmentwhereitisn’t.Wetendtoregardalljudgmentsofusasthefirsttype.We’dprobablybehappierifwerealizedwhichareandwhicharen’t.Digging2

Thefirsttypeofjudgment,thetypewherejudgingyouistheendgoal,includescourtcases,gradesinclasses,andmostcompetitions.Suchjudgmentscanofcoursebemistaken,butbecausethegoalistojudgeyoucorrectly,there’susuallysomekindofappealsprocess.Ifyoufeelyou’vebeenmisjudged,youcanprotestthatyou’vebeentreatedunfairly.譯文Digging3

Nearlyallthejudgmentsmadeonchildrenareofthistype,sowegetintothehabitearlyinlifeofthinkingthatalljudgmentsare.譯文Digging4

Butinfactthereisasecondmuchlargerclassofjudgmentswherejudgingyouisonlyameanstosomethingelse.Theseincludecollegeadmissions,hiringandinvestmentdecisions,andofcoursethejudgmentsmadeindating.Thiskindofjudgmentisnotreallyaboutyou.譯文Digging5

Putyourselfinthepositionofsomeoneselectingplayersforanationalteam.Supposeforthesakeofsimplicitythatthisisagamewithnopositions,andthatyouhavetoselect20players.Therewillbeafewstarswhoclearlyshouldmaketheteam,andmanyplayerswhoclearlyshouldn’t.Theonlyplaceyourjudgmentmakesadifferenceisintheborderlinecases.Supposeyouscrewupandunderestimatethe20thbestplayer,causinghimnottomaketheteam,andhisplacetobetakenbythe21stbest.You’vestillpickedagoodteam.譯文DiggingIftheplayershavetheusualdistributionofability,the21stbestplayerwillbeonlyslightlyworsethanthe20thbest.Probablythedifferencebetweenthemwillbelessthanthemeasurementerror.譯文Digging6

The20thbestplayermayfeelhehasbeenmisjudged.Butyourgoalherewasn’ttoprovideaserviceestimatingpeople’sability.Itwastopickateam,andifthedifferencebetweenthe20thand21stbestplayersislessthanthemeasurementerror,you’vestilldonethatoptimally.譯文Digging7

It’safalseanalogyeventousethewordunfairtodescribethiskindofmisjudgment.It’snotaimedatproducingacorrectestimateofanygivenindividual,butatselectingareasonablyoptimalset.譯文Digging8

Onethingthatleadsusastrayhereisthattheselectorseemstobeinapositionofpower.Thatmakeshimseemlikeajudge.Ifyouregardsomeonejudgingyouasacustomerinsteadofajudge,theexpectationoffairnessgoesaway.Theauthorofagoodnovelwouldn’tcomplainthatreaderswereunfairforpreferringapotboilerwitharacycover.Stupid,perhaps,butnotunfair.譯文Digging9

Ourearlytrainingandourself-centerednesscombinetomakeusbelievethateveryjudgmentofusisaboutus.Infactmostaren’t.Thisisararecasewherebeinglessself-centeredwillmakepeoplemoreconfident.Onceyourealizehowlittlemostpeoplejudgingyoucareaboutjudgingyouaccurately–onceyourealizethatbecauseofthenormaldistributionofmostapplicant

pools,itmattersleasttojudgeaccuratelyinpreciselythecaseswherejudgmenthasthemosteffect–youwon’ttakerejectionsopersonally.譯文Digging10Andcuriouslyenough,takingrejectionlesspersonallymayhelpyoutogetrejectedlessoften.Ifyouthinksomeonejudgingyouwillworkhardtojudgeyoucorrectly,youcanaffordtobepassive.Butthemoreyourealizethatmostjudgmentsaregreatlyinfluencedbyrandom,extraneousfactors–thatmostpeoplejudgingyouaremorelikeaficklenovelbuyerthanawiseandperceptivemagistrate–themoreyourealizeyoucandothingstoinfluencetheoutcome.Digging11

Onegoodplacetoapplythisprincipleisincollegeapplications.Mosthighschoolstudentsapplyingtocollegedoitwiththeusualchild’smixofinferiorityandself-centeredness:inferiorityinthattheyassumethatadmissionscommitteesmustbeall-seeing;self-centerednessinthattheyassumeadmissionscommitteescareenoughaboutthemtodigdownintotheirapplicationandfigureoutwhetherthey’regoodornot.譯文DiggingThesecombinetomakeapplicantspassiveinapplyingandhurtwhenthey’rerejected.Ifcollegeapplicantsrealizedhowquickandimpersonalmostselectionprocessesare,they’dmakemoreefforttosellthemselves,andtaketheoutcomelesspersonally.■譯文judgment釋義n.[C,U]anopinionthatyouhaveafterthinkingcarefullyaboutsomething

判斷；看法；評(píng)價(jià)例句Itisstilltoosoontoformajudgmentaboutthis.現(xiàn)在對(duì)此作出判斷仍為時(shí)過(guò)早。翻譯Words例句IrespecthisjudgmentandI’llfollowanyadvicehegivesme.我尊重他的判斷能力，會(huì)接受他提出的任何建議。翻譯釋義vt.

tomakeawrongjudgmentaboutapersonorsituation

錯(cuò)誤地判斷；錯(cuò)誤估計(jì)Wordsmisjudge例句Thedefeatshowedhowbadlyhe'dmisjudgedthemoodoftheelectorate.這次失敗表明他對(duì)選民的情緒判斷大錯(cuò)特錯(cuò)。翻譯例句Imisjudgedtheturnandhitthesidewalk.我對(duì)拐彎處判斷錯(cuò)誤，駛上了人行道。翻譯釋義a.notfairorreasonable

不公平的；不合情理的例句It'ssounfair—Marygetsmoremoneyforlesswork!太不公平了——瑪麗干的活少，拿的錢卻多！翻譯Words例句Theunfairdismissalwillbeproperlyinvestigated.無(wú)理解雇一事將會(huì)得到徹底調(diào)查。翻譯unfairsake釋義n.[C](ususing)(forsb’s~;forthe~ofsth)thebenefitorgoodofsomeoneorsomething

利益；好處例句Hemovedtotheseasideforthesakeofhishealth.為了健康，他移居到海邊。翻譯Words例句翻譯Theytriedtokeeptheirmarriagetogetherforthesakeofthechildren.他們?yōu)榱藘号M力維持著婚姻關(guān)系。真題Somewomencouldhavemadeagoodsalaryinajobinsteadofstayinghome,buttheydecidednottoworkforthesakeofthefamily.(Jan.2000,CET-4,VocabularyandStructure)釋義n.[U]thequalityofbeingsimpleandnotcomplicated,especiallywhenthisisattractiveoruseful

簡(jiǎn)單；簡(jiǎn)易；簡(jiǎn)明例句翻譯Words例句Hisideastoodoutbecauseofitssimplicity.翻譯他的構(gòu)想因簡(jiǎn)明而突出。Becauseofitssimplicity,thistestcouldbecarriedouteasilybyafamilydoctor.這種測(cè)試簡(jiǎn)單易行，家庭醫(yī)生就可以進(jìn)行操作。simplicity真題Forhostsandguests,thechangemeansgreatersimplicityandcomfort.(Dec.2003,CET-4,ReadingComprehension)釋義1a.(usubeforenoun)notclearlybelongingtoaparticulartype

（類型）不確定的，含糊不清的例句It’saborderlinecondition,perhapsreadyforsurgery.情況不確定，大概可以做手術(shù)了。翻譯Words例句borderlinecandidate可上可下的候選人翻譯borderline釋義2n.[sing]animaginarypointdividingonefeelingorstatefromanother,whereitishardtotellthedifferencebetweenthetwo

不明確的界限；含混不清的境況例句Donotcrosstheborderlinebetweenadmirationandlove.不要跨越欣賞與愛(ài)慕之間的含混界線。翻譯Words例句Ididn'tsleepwellrecently,alwayswanderattheborderlineofsleepandwakefulnessatnight.我最近睡不好，夜里總是處于半夢(mèng)半醒的狀態(tài)。翻譯borderlinescrew釋義v.

(veryinfml)(~up)tomakeaseriousmistakeorspoilsomething,especiallyasituation

(使)弄糟；

（使）搞亂例句Iscrewedupmyexamslastyear.去年我考砸了。翻譯Words例句Davescrewedupmyfiles,nowIcan'tfindanything.戴夫搞亂了我的文件，我現(xiàn)在什么也找不到。翻譯釋義1vt.tothinkthatsomeonehaslesspowerorabilitythantheyreallydo

小看，輕視（某人的權(quán)力或能力）例句IthoughtitwouldbeaneasygamebutIhadunderestimatedmyopponent.我以為比賽應(yīng)該很輕松，可是我低估了對(duì)手。翻譯Words例句ThefirstlessonIlearntasasoldierwasnevertounderestimatetheenemy.翻譯作為一名士兵，我學(xué)到的第一堂課就是絕不要小看敵人。真題…Butthechallengeisnottobeunderestimated.

(Jan.2002,CET-4,ReadingComprehension)underestimate釋義2n.[C]awrongideathatsomethingissmaller,lessimportantetcthanitreallyis

低估；估計(jì)不足例句Peopledoubtthattheaccidentcasualtyisanunderestimate.

人們懷疑事故傷亡人數(shù)有可能被低估了。翻譯Wordsunderestimate釋義n.

[C,U]thewayinwhichsomethingexistsindifferentamountsindifferentpartsofanareaorgroup

分布例句翻譯WordsThecountrywasnotedforitsunevendistributionoflandresources.這個(gè)國(guó)家以其土地資源的分布不均勻著稱。例子翻譯thegeneraldistributionofearthquakesaroundtheworld全世界地震總的分布情況distribution釋義a.

bestormostsuitablewithinarangeofpossibilities

最優(yōu)的；最適宜的例句翻譯Words例句翻譯Theoptimaltemperaturerangeforgrowingmushroomsisfrom55Fto72F.種蘑菇的最佳生長(zhǎng)溫度在華氏55到72度。Wepickedtheoptimaltimetoleavefortheairport.

我們選擇最合適的時(shí)間出發(fā)去機(jī)場(chǎng)。optimalanalogy釋義n.[C,U]acomparisonbetweentwosituations,processesetcthatisintendedtoshowthatthetwoaresimilar

比擬；比喻；類比例句翻譯WordsShedrewananalogybetweenrunningtheeconomyandahousewife'sweeklybudget.她用家庭主婦一周的預(yù)算類比經(jīng)濟(jì)的運(yùn)行。例句翻譯Byanalogy,theheartisapumpandthebrainisacomputer.打個(gè)比方，心臟就是一只水泵，而大腦就是一部計(jì)算機(jī)。釋義1ad.(leadsb~)tomakesomeonebelievesomethingthatisnottrue

使（某人）誤信例句翻譯WordsIt'seasytobeledastraybythereportsontheInternet.網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的報(bào)道很容易讓人受誤導(dǎo)。例句翻譯Thepublicwasledastraybythefalsepictureofrealitygiveninhisbook.公眾被他在書中對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)所作的虛假描繪迷惑了。astray釋義2

ad.

(go~)tobecomelostorgotothewrongplace

迷路；走失例句翻譯WordsWemarkedthetrail,sotravelerswillnotgoastray.我們給小路設(shè)標(biāo)志使行人不致迷路。例句翻譯ThechequeIsentthemseemstohavegoneastray.我寄給他們的那張支票好像丟失了。astrayapplicant釋義n.

[C]someonewhoappliesforsomething,suchasajoborloanofmoney

申請(qǐng)人例句翻譯Words成功的申請(qǐng)者將會(huì)接到電話通知。Successfulapplicantswillbenotifiedbytelephone.例句翻譯廣告吸引來(lái)許多申請(qǐng)者。Theadvertisementattractedanumberofapplicants.application釋義n.

[C,U]aformalrequestforpermissiontodoorhavesomething

申請(qǐng)；請(qǐng)求例句翻譯Words本大學(xué)歡迎成年學(xué)生的入學(xué)申請(qǐng)。Theuniversitywelcomesapplicationsfrommaturestudents.例句翻譯他們接受了我加入俱樂(lè)部的申請(qǐng)。Theyacceptedmyapplicationtojointheclub.Itisessentialthattheseapplicationformsbesentbackasearlyaspossible.(Jan.2000,CET-4,VocabularyandStructure)

真題釋義例子翻譯Words一批備用的社區(qū)項(xiàng)目志愿者apoolofvolunteersforcommunityprojectsatalentpoolofgreatstudentathletes例子翻譯優(yōu)秀學(xué)生運(yùn)動(dòng)員人才庫(kù)n.

[C]agroupofpeoplewhoareavailabletowork

（可以工作的）備用人員poolrejection釋義n.

[C,U]arefusaltoacceptsomeoneforajoborcourseofstudy

拒絕聘用；拒絕錄取例句翻譯Words他在找到工作前一次次遭到拒絕。Hefacedrejectionafterrejectionbeforefindingajob.I'vesentofftenapplicationsbutI'veonlyhadrejectionssofar.例句翻譯我寄出去十份申請(qǐng)，但是到目前收到的只是回絕信。extraneous釋義a.

notrelatingtothesubjectorsituationyouaredealingwith

無(wú)關(guān)的例句翻譯Words我刪掉了一些無(wú)關(guān)的東西。Ideletedsomeextraneousmaterial.例句翻譯他的報(bào)告包含了太多無(wú)關(guān)緊要的細(xì)節(jié)。Hisreportcontainstoomanyextraneousdetails.釋義a.

alwayschangingyourmindaboutwhoorwhatyoulike

（心理）多變的，無(wú)常的，不堅(jiān)定的Praisenonetoomuch,forallarefickle.對(duì)人莫過(guò)贊，人人都會(huì)變。Phrases例句翻譯Thegrouphasbeennotoriouslyfickleinthepast.這伙人過(guò)去一直是出了名地善變。例句翻譯fickle釋義例句翻譯他對(duì)人很有觀察力。perceptive

a.

abletonoticeorunderstandthingsquicklyandeasily

觀察敏銳的；善于理解的PhrasesHe'sveryperceptiveaboutpeople.例句翻譯一位善解人意的教師真的能幫助害羞的孩子。Aperceptiveteachercanreallyhelpashychild.

釋義n.

[C](ususing)thefinalresultofaprocess,meeting,activityetc

結(jié)果；結(jié)局；后果Phrases例句翻譯Whatwastheoutcomeofyourinterview?你面試的結(jié)果如何?例句翻譯It’stooearlytoknowtheoutcomeofherillness.現(xiàn)在要想知道她的病情結(jié)果還太早。outcomeWearemostimpressedbythefactthateventhosepatientswhowerenottoldoftheirseriousillnesswerequiteawareofitspotentialoutcome.(Jun.1996,CET-4,ReadingComprehension)

真題釋義例句翻譯她接受了自已不如對(duì)手的現(xiàn)實(shí)。Sheacceptedherinferioritytoherrivals.n.

[U]thefactthatsomeoneorsomethingisnotasgood,important,intelligentetcassomeoneorsomethingelse

低人一等；下級(jí)；次等Phrases例句翻譯Hewhoenviesadmitshisinferiority.嫉妒別人說(shuō)明對(duì)自己感到自卑。

inferiority釋義例句翻譯委員會(huì)已決定提高明年的會(huì)費(fèi)。committeeThecommitteehavedecidedtoraisemembershipfeesfornextyear.n.[C]agroupofpeoplewhorepresentalargerjob,forexampletostudysomethingandsuggestwhatactiontotake

委員會(huì)Phrases例句翻譯Theydecidedtoformacommitteetolookintotheproblem.他們決定成立一個(gè)委員會(huì)來(lái)調(diào)查此問(wèn)題。Mysister’sprofessorhadherrewriteherpapermanytimesbeforeallowinghertopresentittothecommittee.(Jan.1989,CET-4,VocabularyandStructure)

真題釋義1例句翻譯醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)制度越來(lái)越繁瑣，人情越來(lái)越淡薄。Thehealthcaresystemhasbecomeincreasinglybureaucraticandimpersonal.a.

usedaboutlargeorganizationsthatdonotthinkaboutpeople’sindividualneedsandsituations

(大型組織)不考慮個(gè)人需要的，不講人情的，客觀的Phrases例句翻譯Usuallyanorganizationtendstogetimpersonalwhenitgrowslarger.一般來(lái)說(shuō)，一個(gè)組織在壯大的過(guò)程會(huì)失去個(gè)人色彩。impersonal釋義2例句翻譯有的商場(chǎng)不設(shè)休息區(qū)也沒(méi)有椅子讓顧客歇腳，不夠人性化。Someshoppingmallsarequiteimpersonalsincethereisnorestareaandchairforclient.a.usedaboutaplacethatdoesnotseemfriendlybecausetherearenopersonalfeatures

(地方）無(wú)人情味的，不夠人性化的Phrases例句翻譯alargeimpersonalcity一座人情淡薄的大城市impersonal釋義例句翻譯批評(píng)要批評(píng)得及時(shí)，不要養(yǎng)成事后批評(píng)的習(xí)慣。getinto/inthehabitofdoingsth

Makecriticismingoodtime;

don'tgetintothehabitofcriticizingonlyaftertheevent.養(yǎng)成……的習(xí)慣Phrases例句翻譯Ineedtogetintothehabitofgettingupearlierinthemornings.我必須養(yǎng)成每天早晨早點(diǎn)起床的習(xí)慣。釋義例句翻譯他說(shuō)你胖，只是開玩笑，請(qǐng)不要往心里去。Whenhesaidyou'refat,he’sjustkidding,don'ttakeitpersonally.togetupsetbythethingsotherpeoplesayordo,becauseyouthinkthattheirremarksorbehaviouraredirectedatyouinparticular

為某人的言行感到不快Phrases例句翻譯Iftheytellmewhatthey'rereallythinking,Idon'ttakeitpersonally.如果他們告訴我實(shí)話，我就不生氣。takesthpersonally釋義例句翻譯科學(xué)家們?cè)诒M力探窮大自然的奧秘。

Scientistsaretryingtheirbesttodigintothesecretsofnature.

(infml)totrytofindinformationaboutsomething

尋找，搜集（信息）Phrases例句翻譯Thepolicemandugintothefilesthewholemorning.

那個(gè)警察整個(gè)早上都在查閱研究檔案。digintosth判斷一個(gè)人有兩種不同的方式，有時(shí)判斷的最終目的是正確地判斷一個(gè)人，不過(guò)另外一種則不是如此，并且這種判斷要常見(jiàn)得多。我們往往認(rèn)為所有的判斷都屬于第一種。如果能意識(shí)到哪些是第一種而哪些不是的話，我們也許會(huì)更幸福。Translation原文兩種判斷第一種判斷，即把正確地判斷一個(gè)人作為最終目的的判斷，包括法院判決、考試成績(jī)及大部分比賽。這些判斷當(dāng)然可能會(huì)有誤判，但因?yàn)槠渥罱K目的是正確地判斷一個(gè)人，通常會(huì)有某種類似于上訴的程序。如果你覺(jué)得別人沒(méi)有正確評(píng)價(jià)你，你可以表示反對(duì)，說(shuō)你受到了不公平的待遇。Translation原文幾乎所有對(duì)孩子的判斷都屬于第一類，所以在小時(shí)候我們就養(yǎng)成了這種習(xí)慣，認(rèn)為所有的判斷都是這樣。Translation原文但實(shí)際上還有更廣泛地存在著的第二類判斷，在這種判斷中，對(duì)你作出判斷只是做另一件事的手段。這包括大學(xué)招生、聘用及作投資決定，當(dāng)然也包括在約會(huì)時(shí)作出的判斷。這種判斷并不是真正意義上對(duì)你作出的評(píng)價(jià)。Translation原文假設(shè)你要為國(guó)家隊(duì)挑選運(yùn)動(dòng)員。簡(jiǎn)單起見(jiàn)，假設(shè)這是一個(gè)沒(méi)有位置要求的運(yùn)動(dòng)，并且你需要挑選二十個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)員。有一些明星運(yùn)動(dòng)員肯定要在隊(duì)里，還有許多肯定不能入選。只有那些難作取舍的情況會(huì)讓你的判斷產(chǎn)生差別。即使你搞砸了，低估了排在第二十名的運(yùn)動(dòng)員，使他落選了，他的位置被排在第二十一名的運(yùn)動(dòng)員所代替，你還是組建了一支好的隊(duì)伍。Translation原文如果運(yùn)動(dòng)員之間的能力分配正常，第二十一名運(yùn)動(dòng)員只會(huì)比第二十名略微遜色，或者他們之間的差距比測(cè)量誤差還要小。Translation原文那位排在第二十名的運(yùn)動(dòng)員可能會(huì)覺(jué)得自己被錯(cuò)誤地判斷了。但是在此你的目的不是為人們提供能力評(píng)估服務(wù)，而是組建一支隊(duì)伍，如果排名第二十位的與排名第二十一位的運(yùn)動(dòng)員之間的差距比測(cè)量誤差還小，你還是作了最佳選擇。Translation原文用“不公平”來(lái)形容這種“不正確的判斷”是一種錯(cuò)誤的類比。因?yàn)樵诖四康牟皇菫榱藢?duì)某個(gè)特定的個(gè)體作出正確的評(píng)估，而是選擇合理的最佳組合。Translation原文在此，會(huì)誤導(dǎo)我們的一點(diǎn)是選擇者看起來(lái)有點(diǎn)權(quán)力。這點(diǎn)權(quán)力會(huì)讓人們認(rèn)為他像個(gè)法官。如果你把對(duì)你作出判斷的人看成是一個(gè)顧客而不是一個(gè)法官，那么你就沒(méi)有了對(duì)公平性的期望。一部好小說(shuō)的作者不會(huì)抱怨讀者更喜歡金玉其外敗絮其中的作品，說(shuō)他們這樣做不公平。也許會(huì)覺(jué)得他們愚蠢，但并沒(méi)有不公平。Translation原文我們?cè)缒晁艿挠?xùn)練，加上我們總是以自我為中心，使我們認(rèn)為對(duì)我們所作的每個(gè)判斷都是關(guān)于我們本身的判斷。但事實(shí)上大部分并非如此。這是一個(gè)少見(jiàn)的例子，說(shuō)明不那么以自我為中心會(huì)使人更自信。一旦你意識(shí)到人們?cè)谂袛嗄愕臅r(shí)候多么不在意對(duì)你的判斷是否精確——由于大部分申請(qǐng)人的正態(tài)分布，在判斷會(huì)產(chǎn)生最主要的影響的情況下，最無(wú)關(guān)緊要的往往是判斷是否精確，一旦你意識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)你就不會(huì)把拒絕看成是針對(duì)你個(gè)人了。Translation原文

令人驚奇的是，把被拒絕看得不那么針對(duì)個(gè)人，能幫助你更少地遭到拒絕。如果你認(rèn)為別人在對(duì)你作出判斷時(shí)會(huì)努力做到判斷正確，你能做的就是被動(dòng)地接受。你越了解大部分的判斷受隨意性及不相關(guān)的因素影響很大，大部分人在對(duì)你作出判斷時(shí)更像一個(gè)善變的小說(shuō)購(gòu)買者而不是一個(gè)理智而洞察一切的法官，你就越能認(rèn)識(shí)到你能做一些事去影響最終結(jié)果。Translation原文這個(gè)理論最適用于大學(xué)申請(qǐng)。大部分高中生申請(qǐng)大學(xué)時(shí)帶著不成熟的自卑和以自我為中心：自卑體現(xiàn)在他們認(rèn)為招生委員會(huì)肯定是明察秋毫的；以自我為中心是他們認(rèn)為招生委員會(huì)對(duì)他們非常重視，所以會(huì)認(rèn)真研究他們的申請(qǐng)并權(quán)衡他們是否優(yōu)秀。Translation原文這些因素相結(jié)合就導(dǎo)致申請(qǐng)人在申請(qǐng)時(shí)很被動(dòng)，并且在被拒絕時(shí)感到受傷。如果大學(xué)申請(qǐng)人意識(shí)到大部分選擇過(guò)程是多么迅速、多么不考慮個(gè)體需求，他們就會(huì)更努力地推銷自己，并能更加坦然地對(duì)待錄取結(jié)果。Translation原文1.Thefirsttypeofjudgment,thetypewherejudgingyouistheendgoal,includescourtcases,gradesinclasses,andmostcompetitions.第一種判斷，即把正確地判斷一個(gè)人作為最終目的的判斷，包括法院判決?、考試成績(jī)及大部分比賽。LanguageinUse2.It’snotaimedatproducingacorrectestimateofanygivenindividual,butatselectingareasonablyoptimalset.在此目的不是為了對(duì)某個(gè)特定的個(gè)體作出正確的評(píng)