建筑巖土工程勘察基本術語

建筑巖土工程勘察基本術語第二章通用術語第一節(jié)巖土工程及有關學科1巖土工程（大地工程、土力工程、土質工學）geotechnicalengineering,geotechnology土力學soilmechanics巖石力學rockmechanics基礎工程foundationengineering工程地質學engineeringgeology環(huán)境工程地質學environmentalengineeringgeology地震工程學earthquakeengineering災害地質學disastergeology,hazardgeololgy水文地質學（地下水水文學） hydrogeology,（groundwaterhadrology）地下水動力學groundwaterdynamics環(huán)境水文地質學environmentalhydrogeology水化學hydrochemistry水文地球化學hydrogeochemistry環(huán)境地球化學environmentalgeochemistry15同位素地質學isotopegeology近海工程offshoreengineering數學地質mathematicalgeology航空地質aerialgeology遙感地質remotesensinggeology第二節(jié)地球的構造大氣圈atmosphere水圈hydrosphere生物圈biosphere地殼earthcrust地幔mantle6地核core巖石圈lithosphere第三節(jié)地貌地貌geomorphologyrelief地形landform地貌單元landformunit,geomorphicunit微地貌microrelief河漫灘floodplain,valleyflat沖擊平原alluvialplain7三角洲delta古河道fossilrivercourse,fossilstreamchannel河流階地fluvialterrace沖擊扇alluvialfan洪積扇diluvialfan坡積裙talusapron坳溝shallowflatravine沖溝gully15分水嶺divide16喀斯特（巖溶）karst巖溶基準面karstbase-level巖溶率degreeofkarstification巖溶地貌karstlandfeature,karstlandform溶洞solutioncave,karstcave落水洞sinkhole土洞karsticearthcave第四節(jié)礦物巖石黏土礦物claymineral高嶺石kaolinite蒙脫石montmorillonite4伊利石illite5云母mica長石feldspar石英quartz巖石rock9硬質巖石strongrock10軟質巖石weakrock11巖石的結構rockstructure12巖石的構造rocktexture巖漿巖（火成巖）magmaticrock（igneousrock）花崗巖granite流紋巖rhyolite閃長巖diorite安山巖andesite18輝長巖gabbro19玄武巖balsat20正長巖syenite粗面巖trachyte沉積巖sedimentaryrock膠結物cement,binder膠結類型typeofcementation礫巖conglomerate26角礫巖breccia黏土巖claystone泥巖mudstone頁巖shale砂巖sandstone石英巖quartzite32石灰?guī)rlimestone33泥灰?guī)rmarl白云巖dolomite變質巖metamorphicrock36片麻巖gneiss大理巖marble板巖slate片巖schist千枚巖phyllite構造巖tectonite42斷層角礫巖faultbreccia糜棱巖mylonite包含物inclusion充填物fillingmaterial第五節(jié)地質構造地質體geologicalbody地質構造geologictexture,geologicstructure產狀attitude走向strike5傾向dip傾角dipangle7褶曲fold背斜anticline向斜syncline構造盆地structuralbasin斷層fault正斷層normalfault逆斷層reversefault平移斷層transcurrentfault,strike-slipfault活斷層activefault擦痕面slickensides斷裂rupture,fracture發(fā)震斷裂causativefault,seismogenicfault破碎帶fracturezone節(jié)理joint節(jié)理組jointset22節(jié)理頻數（裂隙度）jointfrequency裂隙fissure,crack裂隙率fractureporosity,fissureporosity極射赤平投影stereographicprojection第六節(jié)外力地質作用及其產物沉積物sediments2冰積物till分選sorting磨圓度roundness5沖刷深度scourdepth,erosiondepth6凍結深度frostdepth7風化作用weathering風化殼weatheringcrust風化程度degreeofweathering風化帶weatheredzone第七節(jié)物探地球物理勘探geophysicalprospecting,geophysicalexploration工程地球物理勘探engineeringgeophysicalprospecting綜合物探方法comprehensivegeophysicalmethod4聲波探測sonicprospecting,acousticprospecting,acousticexploration大地電流場telluric(electric)field自然電場naturalelectricfield自然電場法naturalelectricfieldmethod電法勘探electricalprospecting,electricalexploration9地震勘探seismicprospecting,seismicexploration磁法勘探magneticprospecting,magneticexploration重力勘探gravityprospecting,gravityexploration放射性勘探radioactivityprospecting地球物理測井geophysicallogging電測井electriclogging電阻率測井resistivitylogging溫度測井temperaturelogging井斜測井driftlogging放射性測井radioactivitylogging井徑測量holediametermeasurement單孔下傳法down-holemethod單孔上傳法(檢層法)up-holemethod(boreholemethod)22跨孔法crossholemethod遙感技術remotesensingtechnique紅夕卜探測infra-redacquisition,infra-reddetection航片地質解釋geologicalinterpretationofaerialphotograph衛(wèi)片地質解釋geologicalinterpretationofsatellitephotograph傳感器transducer28探頭(探測器、探針)probe第八節(jié)勘探勘探exploration勘探線exploratoryline勘探點exploratoryspot,exploratorypoint勘探孔(井)explorationhole(well)勘探生產孔(井)explorationproductionhole(well)探槽exploratorytrench,testtrench7平洞adit探井exploratorypit,testpit,exploratoryshaft斜井inclinedshaft豎井shaft,verticalshaft釬探rodsounding槽探trenching井探（坑探）test-pitting鉆探drilling,boring鉆孑Lborehole,drillhole鉆孔結構drillholestructure回轉鉆進rotarydrilling沖擊鉆進percussiondrilling,churndrilling鋼砂鉆進shotdrilling跟管鉆進follow-downdrilling巖芯鉆探coredrilling振動鉆探vibro-boring,vibro-drilling泥漿鉆探mudflushdrilling空氣鉆探airflushdrilling巖石的可鉆性rock-drillability26巖芯采取率corerecovery,coreextraction沖洗液flushfluid正循環(huán)沖洗directcirculation29反循環(huán)沖洗reversecirculation泥漿med,slurry泥皮mudcake32沖洗液消耗量flushfluidloss漏水段lostcirculationinterval鉆機drillingrig鉆頭drillbit,drillingbit36螺旋鉆頭auger勺鉆spoonbit沖擊鉆頭percussionbit,choppingbit桶式鉆頭bucketauger抽桶bailer鉆桿drillrod套管casing巖芯管corebarrel取土器sampler,samplingtube面積比arearatio46內間隙比innerclearanceratio外間隙比outerclearanceratio厚壁取土器thickwallsampler薄壁取土器thinwallsampler束結式取土器ringed-linebarrelsampler,thinwalledshoeandbarrelsamplerassem回轉取土器rotarysampler,doublecorebarrelsampler活塞取土器pistonsampler水壓活塞取土器hydraulicpistonsampler謝爾貝取土器Shelbytubesampler原狀土樣undisturbedsample擾動土樣disturbedsoilsampler第九節(jié)通用圖件地形圖topographicalmap地貌圖geomorphologicmap地質圖geologicalmap第四紀地質圖quaternarygeologymap覆蓋層地質圖driftmap,overburdenmap6基巖地質圖bedrockmap構造地質圖geologicalstructuremap地質剖面圖geologicalsection,geologicalprofile實測地質剖面圖field-acquiredgeologicalprofile橫剖面圖transverseprofile,cross-section縱剖面圖longitudinalprofile綜合柱狀圖compositecolumnarsection13立體投影圖fencediagram14節(jié)理玫瑰圖rosediagramofjoints第三章巖土力學及基礎工程第一節(jié)土的類別土的統(tǒng)一分類法unifiedsoilclassificationsystem塑性圖plasticitychart殘積土residualsoil坡積土slopewash洪積土diluvialsoil沖擊土alluvium,alluvialsoil風積土eoliandeposit8海積土marinesoil有機土organicsoil10泥炭peat沼澤土swampsoil,marshsoil漂石boulders塊石blockystones卵石gravels,cobbles碎石angulargravels,angularcobbles圓礫finegravels,pebbles角礫angularfinegravels,angularpebbles砂土sand礫砂gravellysand粗砂coarsesand中砂mediumsand細砂finesand粉砂siltysand粉土silt砂質粉土sandysilt粘質粉土clayeysilt輕亞黏土sandyloam亞砂土siltyloam,sandyloam,clayeysilt粘性土cohesivesoil粉質黏土siltyclay亞黏土clayloam,leanclay黏土clay紅黏土redclay,lateriticsoil裂隙黏土fissuredclay網紋黏土latticeclay軟土softclay淤泥softorganicclay,mud凍土frozensoil膨脹土expansivesoil,swellingsoil鹽漬土saltysoil,salinesoil濕陷性土collapsiblesoil,slumpingsoil黃土loess43人工填土fill素添土plainfill雜填土miscellaneousfill沖填土hydraulicfill,dredgerfill回填土backfill質控填土engineeredfill49紋泥（季候泥）varvedclay正常固結土normallyconsolidatedsoil欠固結土underconsolidatedsoil超固結土overconsolidatedsoil第二節(jié)巖土物理性質物理性質physicalproperty均質性homogeneity非均質性heterogeneity均質層homogeneousstratum,homogeneouslayer非均質層heterogeneouslayer,heterogeneousstratum6各向同性isotropy各向異性anisotropy各向同性介質isotropicmedium各向異性介質anisotropicmedium粒徑（粒度）grainsize,particlesize粒組fraction

12131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354顆粒級配grainsizedistribution;gradation;grading;granulometricdistribution粒徑分配曲線(顆粒累積曲線)grainsizedistributioncurve;gradingcurve;granulometriccurve;grainaccumulationcurve有效粒徑effectivegrainsize,effectivediameter平均粒徑meandiameter限制粒徑constraineddiameter均勻系數coefficientofuniformity級配系數coefficientofgradation渾圓度roundness球度sphericity比面積specificsurface土骨架soilskeleton宏觀結構macro-structure微觀結構micro-structure單粒結構singlegrainedstructure聚粒結構aggregatedstructure絮凝結構flocculentstructure組構分析fabricanalysis觸變性thixotropy活動性activityofsoil綢度consistency阿太堡界限Atterberglimits縮限shrinkagelimit塑限plasticlimit(PL)液限liquidlimit(LL)塑性指數plasticityindex(PI)液性指數liquidityindex含水比watercontentratio密度density重度bulkweight,unitweight干重度dryunitweight浮重度buoyantunitweight,submergedunitweight飽和重度saturatedunitweight含水量moisturecontent,watercontent飽和度degreeofsaturation孑L隙率porosity孑L隙比voidratio相對密度relativedensity臨界孔隙比criticalvoidratio密實度compactness收縮shrinkage體縮volumetricshrinkage,bulkshrinkage膨脹性expansibility,expansiveness自由膨脹率freeswell

55崩解性（濕化性）slaking濕陷性collapsibility自重濕陷性self-weightcollapsibility凍脹frostheave融陷性thawcollapsibility巖石的吸水率absorptionrateofrock巖石的飽水率watersaturationofrock巖石的飽水系數water-saturationcoefficientofrock巖石的抗凍性frostresistibilityofrock第三節(jié)巖土力學性質力學性質mechanicalproperties總應力totalstress有效應力effectivestress4中性應力（中性壓力）neutralstress孑L隙水壓力porewaterpressure超孔隙水壓力excessporepressure孑L隙水壓力參數porepressureparameters孑L隙（水）壓力消散dissipationofporewaterpressure9應力路徑stresspath莫爾圓Mohr’scircle非線性應力應變關系relationofnonlinearstress-strain彈性介質elasticmedium彈性半空間elastichalfspace泊松比Poisson’sratio彈性模量modulusofelasticity,elasticmodulus,Youngsmodulus粘彈性viscoelasticity彈塑性elastoplasticity18彈性區(qū)elasticzone塑性區(qū)plasticzone米塞斯屈服準則Vonmisesyieldcriteria21特萊斯卡屈服準則Trescayieldcriteria莫爾-庫侖屈服準則Mohr-Coulombyieldcriteria23德魯克-普拉格屈服準則Druker-Prageryieldcriteria24庫侖-太沙基破壞準則Coulomb-Tezaghicriteria流變性rheologicalproperty蠕變creep剪脹性dilatancy抗剪強度shearstrength峰值抗剪強度peakshearstrength殘余抗剪強度residualshearstrength長期抗剪強度long-termshearstrength莫爾包絡線Mohr’senvelope33粘聚力（內聚力，凝聚力）cohesion34似粘聚力apparentcohesion

353637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061626364656667686970717273747576假粘聚力pseudo-cohesion附著力（粘著力）adhesion內摩擦角angleofinternalfriction夕卜摩擦角angleofexternalfriction休止角angleofrepose有效粘聚力effectivecohesion有效內摩擦角effectiveangleofinternalfriction不排水抗剪強度undrainedshearstrength固結consolidation壓縮性compressibility初始固結initialconsolidation主固結primaryconsolidation次固結（壓縮） secondaryconsolidation各向等壓固結isotropicconsolidation（IC）各向不等壓固結anisotropicconsolidation（AC）固結系數coefficientofconsolidation固結度degreeofconsolidation前期固結壓力（先期固結壓力）preconsolidationpressure似前期固結壓力quasi-preconsolidationpressure,psedo-preconsolidationpressure超固結比overconsolidationratio（OCR）壓縮系數coefficientofcompressibility壓縮系數compressionindex再壓縮指數recompressionindex體積壓縮系數coefficientof（volume）compressibility壓縮模量modulusofcompressibility變形模量modulusofdeformation體積模量bulkmodulus剪變（切）模量shearmodulus初始切線模量initialtangentmodulus切線模量tangentmodulus割線模量secantmodulus回彈模量reboundmodulus卸荷模量unloadingmodulus旁壓模量pressuremetermodulus次固結（壓縮）系數coefficientofsecondaryconsolidation（compression）濕陷起始壓力initialcollapsepressure濕陷系數coefficientofcollapsibility巖石抗拉強度tensilestrengthofrock巖石軟化系數softeningcoefficientofrock巖石強度損失率rockstrengthloss巖石抗力系數coefficientofrockresistance巖石點荷載（強度）指標pointloadindex,pointloadstrengthindex第四節(jié)巖土試驗顆粒分析granulometricanalysis,grain-sizedistributionanalysis,mechanicalanalysis

擊實試驗compactiontest,Proctortest膨脹壓力試驗swellingpressuretest4單軸壓縮試驗(無側限抗壓強度試驗)uniaxialcompressiontest,(unconfinedcompressiontest)5單剪試驗simplesheartest6直接剪切試驗directsheartest不固結不排水試驗(快剪試驗)unconsolidatedundrainedtest(UU),(quicktest)8固結不排水試驗(固結快剪試驗)consolidatedundrainedtest(CU);(consolidatedquicktest)固結排水試驗(慢剪試驗) consolidateddrainedtest(CD);(slowtest)壓縮試驗(固結試驗) compressiontest;(consolidationtest)三軸剪切試驗(三軸壓縮試驗)triaxialsheartest;(triaxialcompressiontest)動三軸試驗dynamictriaxialtest共振柱試驗resonantcolumntest偏應力deviatorstress,deviatoricstress巴西抗拉強度試驗Braziliantensilestrengthtest加州承載比試驗Californiabearingratiotest(CBR)17點荷載試驗pointloadtest原位測試in-situtests19靜力觸探試驗staticpenetrationtest,staticconetest,conepenetrationtest(CPT)20荷蘭錐Dutchcone21孔壓靜力觸探試驗conepenetrationtestwithporepressuremeasurements,piezoconetest動力觸探試驗dynamicpenetrationtest,dynamicsounding標準貫入試驗standardpenetrationtest(SPT)24旁壓試驗(橫壓試驗) pressuremetertest25十字板剪切試驗vanetest,fieldvanetest(FV),vanesheartest26平板載荷試驗plateloadingtest27螺旋板載荷試驗screwplateloadingtest28現場謙切試驗in-situsheartest應力解除法stressreliefmethod應力恢復法stressrecoverymethod套孔法over-coringmethod門塞法doorstoppermethod33水壓脹裂法(水力致裂法) hydraulicfracturing34足尺試驗fullscaletest35模型縮尺效應scaleeffect第五節(jié)土工計算地基土foundationsoil,subgrade,subsoil持力層bearinglayer,sustaininglayer下臥層underlyinglayer壓縮層compressedlayer接觸壓力contactpressure

101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748超載surcharge有效覆蓋壓力effectiveoverburdenpressure附加應力additionalstress,superimposedstress,load-inducedstress紐馬克圖Newmarkchart壓力泡pressurebulb臨塑壓力criticalpressure地基失效foundationfailure剪切破壞shearfailure整體剪切generalshearfailure局部剪切破壞localshearfailure沖剪破壞punchingfailure漸進破壞progressivefailure基礎滑動slidingoffoundation容許荷載allowableload容許承載力allowablebearingcapacity極限承載力ultimatebearingcapacity安全系數factorofsafety沉降settlement差異沉降(沉降差)differentialsettlement局部傾斜angulardistortion傾斜tilting坑底隆起bottomheave靜止土壓力earthpressureatrest主動土壓力activeearthpressure被動土壓力passiveearthpressure郎肯土壓力理論Rankine’searthpressuretheory庫倫土壓力理論Coulomb’searthpressuretheory斜坡穩(wěn)定性slopestability穩(wěn)定數stabilitynumber條分法methodofslices極限平衡法limitequilibriummethod本構方程constitutiveequation劍橋模型Cambridgemodel(Cam-model)帽檐模型capmodel賴特-鄧肯模型Lade-Duncanmodel(LDmodel)鄧肯-張模型Duncan-Changmodel有限單元法finiteelementmethod有限差分法finitedifferencemethod邊界單元法boundaryelementmethod初始條件initialcondition邊界條件boundarycondition基床反力系數(溫克爾系數)coefficientofsubgradereactionccoefficient)溫克爾假定Winkler’shypothesis第六節(jié)地下峒室

基巖bedrock2臨空面freeface巖體rockmass結構體structuralelement結構面(不連續(xù)面)structuralplane(discontinuity)6軟弱結構面weakplane軟弱夾層weakintercalatedlayer結構面起伏度(節(jié)理面起伏度)discontinuitywaviness;(jointwaviness)10巖體結構類型11格里非斯破裂10巖體結構類型11格里非斯破裂12巖體尺寸效應structuralpatternofrockmassGriffithfracture,Griffithcracksizeeffectofrockmass圍壓效應confiningpressureeffect,confinedpressureeffect,ambientpressureeffect巖體工程地質分類engineeringgeologicalclassificationofrockmass普氏系數Protodyakonov’snumber風化系數rockweatheringindex裂隙系數coefficientoffissuration堅固度competenceofrock巖體完整性指數intactnessindexofrockmass;(velocityindexofrockmass)20巖石質量指標20巖石質量指標21巖石質量系數22巖體質量指標23巖體變形系數rockqualityindexrockmassqualitydesignationdeformationcoefficientofrockmass巖石模量折減系數reductionfactorofrockmass隧道圍巖質量指標tunnelingqualityindex巖體的穩(wěn)定性rockmassstability隙跨比fissurespacing-spanratio自持時間stand-uptime地應力groundstress,geostaticstress初始應力initialstress構造應力tectonicstress殘余應力residualstress感生應力inducedstress地應力場groundstressfield,geostaticstressfield地下洞室undergroundopening,undergroundchamber隧道tunnel洞室圍巖surroundingrock,ambientrock圍巖二次應力狀態(tài)(圍巖應力)secondarystressstate;(surroundingrockstress)圍巖應力集中系數factorofstress-concentrationinsurroundingrock40巖石壓力(山巖壓力、巖體壓力)rockpressure應力松弛stressrelaxation松動區(qū)loosenedzone,loosezone自然平衡拱naturalself-supportingarch圍巖偏壓non-uniformrockpressure覆蓋層overburden覆蓋壓力overburdenpressure內水壓力internalwaterpressure夕卜水壓力externalwaterpressure洞室穩(wěn)定性評價undergroundopeningstabilityevaluation冒頂cavein,rooffall片幫sidewallspalling,sidewallslabbing,sidewallscaling底鼓bottomheave,bottomsqueeze回彈rebound巖爆rockburst采空區(qū)mined-outarea采空塌陷miningsubsidence導洞（導坑）pilottunnel全斷面法fullfacemethod上導坑法topheadingmethod側導坑法sidedriftmethod多導坑法multi-driftmethod坑臺法topheadingandbenchmethod盾構法shieldmethod,shieldtunneling氣壓法pneumaticsealingmethod凍結法freezingmethod,freezingprocess超挖overbreak仰拱invert,invertedarch邊墻sidewall襯砌lining噴錨聯合支護combinedboltingandshotcreting第七節(jié)堤壩工程涵管culvert圍堰cofferdam堤dike路堤embankment壩dam尾礦壩tailingsdam,tailingsfilldam第八節(jié)地基處理與巖土加固地基處理groundtreatment,soiltreatment,soilimprovement巖土加固soilstabilization,soilimprovement,soilreinforcement墊層cushion摻拌加固法admixturestabilization預壓法preloading砂井sanddrain排水板法geodrain,wickdrain,cardboarddrainmethod8真空固結法（真空預壓法） vacuummethod9深層加密法deepcompaction擠密樁compactionpile石灰樁limepile,limecolumn振沖法vibroflotation深層攪拌法deepmixingmethod,mixed-in-placepiles化學加固法chemicalstabilization旋噴法jetgrouting灌漿grouting帷幕灌漿curtaingrouting擠密灌樁compactiongrouting強夯法dynamicconsolidation,heavytamping土工合成材料geosynthetics,geotextiles土工織物geotextile土工膜geomembrane土工墊geocushion,geospacer加筋土reinforcedearth熱加固法thermalstabilization托換工程underpinning擋土墻retainingwall抗滑樁slide-resistantpile錨固anchoring,bolting錨桿earthanchor,groundanchor,tieback噴漿shotcreting,guniting盲溝frenchdrain,moledrain樹根樁rootpile第九節(jié)基礎基礎foundation,footing淺基礎shallowfoundation,shallowfooting深基礎deepfoundation埋深embedmentdepth擴展基礎spreadfooting條形基礎stripfoundation,stripfooting筏形基礎raftfoundation,matfoundation板式基礎slabfoundation格排基礎grillagefoundation,grillageraft聯合基礎combinedfooting箱形基礎boxfoundation補償基礎floatingfoundation,compensatedfoundation沉井opencaisson沉箱caisson地梁foundationbeam,gradebeam樁基礎pilefoundation,piledfoundation樁pile群樁pilegroup19樁承臺pilecap高樁承臺highrisepilecap低樁承臺buriedpilecap摩擦樁frictionpile端承樁endbearingpile嵌巖樁socketedpile排土樁displacementpile少排土樁smalldisplacementpile27不排土樁nondisplacementpile預制混凝土樁precastconcretepile板樁sheetpile旋噴樁jet-groutedpile灌注樁cast-in-placepile沉管灌注樁drivencast-inplacepile33法蘭基灌注樁Frankipile墩pier擴底墩belledpier,under-reamedpier被動樁passivepile支護樁soldierpiles,tangentpiles地下連續(xù)墻diaphragmwall,slurrywall支撐bracing井點降水well-pointdewatering樁極限承載力ultimatebearingcapacityofpile樁的容許荷載allowablepilebearingload樁端阻力endresistance,pointresistance44樁的表面摩擦力skinfrictionofpile樁的粘著系數adhesionfactorofpile負摸擦力negativeskinfriction,dragdown樁的分部安全系數partialsafetyfactorsofpile48樁的維持荷載試驗maintainedloadpiletest樁的等速貫入試驗constantratepenetrationtestofpile樁的動測法dynamicmeasurementsofpile打樁分析儀piledrivinganalyser第十節(jié)振動自由振動freevibration強迫振動forcedvibration有阻尼振動dampedvibration諧振harmonicvibration周期振動periodicalvibration穩(wěn)態(tài)振動steady-statevibration瞬時振動transientvibration隨機振動randomvibration振動衰減vibrationattenuation對數衰減logarithmicdecrement阻尼damping內阻尼internaldamping臨界阻尼criticaldamping幾何阻尼geometricaldamping,radialdamping振幅amplitude振動幅值amplitudeofvibration相位差phasedifference周期period圓頻率circularfrequency共振resonance擾力disturbingforce豎向振動verticalvibration滑移振動slidingoscillation搖擺振動rockingoscillation扭轉振動torsionaloscillation,yawingoscillation耦合振動coupledvibration地基剛度stiffnessoffoundationsoil地基剛度系數coefficientofsubgradereaction自由度degreesoffreedom單自由度體系single-degree-offreedomsystem31質量-彈簧-阻尼體系（集總參數體系）mass-spring-dashpotsystem;（lumped-coefficientsystem）32集總質量lumped-mass33自然頻率（固有頻率） naturalfrequency振型modeofvibration峰值速度peakvelocity動力放大系數dynamicmagnificationfactor動態(tài)位移dynamicdisplacement頻率比frequencyratio質量比massratio阻尼比dampingratio慣性矩比ratioofmomentofinertia,inertiaratio機械阻抗mechanicalimpedance導納admittance基礎隔振foundationisolation彈性波elasticwave體波bodywave剪切波（橫波） shearwave;（transversewave）壓縮波（縱波、疏密波）compressionwave;（longitudinalwave）表面波surfacewave瑞利波Rayleighwave51波動方程waveequation功率普密度powerspectraldensity第四章巖土工程勘察工程勘察engineeringinvestigations巖土工程勘察geotechnicalinvestigations,geotechnicalstudy工程地質詳細勘察detailedgeotechnicalinvestigation巖土工程分級categorizationofgeotechnicalprojects踏勘walk-oversurvey,sitereconnaissance工程地質測繪engineeringgeologicalmapping地質點pointofobservation,geologicobservationpoint選址勘察sitinginvestigation初步勘察preliminarygeotechnicalinvestigation詳細勘察detailedgeotechnicalinvestigation施工勘察investigationofduringconstruction場地的地質適宜性geologicalsuitabilityofsite13場地穩(wěn)定性sitestability14場地復雜程度sitecomplexity15工程地質類比法（工程地質比擬法）engineeringgeologicalanalogy工程地質條件engineeringgeologicalcondition工程地質單元engineeringgeologicunit工程地質分區(qū)engineeringgeologiczoning工程地質圖engineeringgeologicalmap工程地質評價engineeringgeologicalevaluation工程地質勘察報告engineeringgeologicalinvestigationreport巖土工程分析評價geotechnicalanalysisandevaluation23現場檢驗onsiteinspection,in-situinspection24現場監(jiān)測onsitemonitoring,in-situmonitoring反演分析backanalysis,backcalculation巖土工程勘察報告geotechnicalinvestigationreport,geotechnicalstudyreport第二節(jié)不良地質現象不良地質現象adversegeologicphenomena,unfavorablegeologicalconditions泥石流mudflow,debrisflow溝床糙度channelroughness,bedroughness危巖overhangingrock,hangingrock崩塌（山崩） topplingcollapse;toppling;（avalanche）地裂groundfracturing,groundfissuration管涌piping流砂quicksand地面沉降landsubsidence沉陷subsidence滑坡landslide,slide滑動面slidingsurface滑動帶slidingzone滑坡床slidebed,slidingbed滑坡體slidemass,slidingmass滑坡舌slidetongue滑坡后壁headscarp,slipcliff滑坡裂縫slidecracks19滑坡主軸slideaxis古滑坡fossillandslide順層滑坡consequentlandslide切層滑坡insequentlandslide淺層滑坡shallowslide深層滑坡deepslide,deeplandslide25推移式滑坡slumpingslede牽引式滑坡retrogressiveslide,retrogressivelandslide馬刀樹divertedtrees,benttrees,tiltedtrees第三節(jié)地震1地震區(qū)seismicarea,earthquakearea震源seismicsource震中epicenter4地震活動性seismicity地震波seismicwave6主震mainshock余震afterhock8水庫誘發(fā)地震reservoirimpoundinginducedseismicity地震震級earthquakemagnitude10地震烈度seismicintensity,earthquakeintensity基本烈度basicintensity場地烈度siteintensity設計烈度designintensity地面運動groundmotion基巖加速度bedrockacceleration16地震反映譜seismicresponsespectrum地面脈動microtremour卓越周期predominantperiod19地震效應seismiceffect震陷earthquakesubsidence砂土液化liquefactionofsand液化勢liquefactionpotential液化指數liquefactionindex24噴水冒砂sandboil動荷載dynamicload26脈沖荷載pulseload循環(huán)荷載cyclicloading動應力dynamicstress循環(huán)應力cyclicstress滯回圈hysteresisloop骨干曲線backbonecurve地震力seismicforce地震系數seismiccoefficient地震影響系數coefficientofseismiceffect35地震小區(qū)劃seismicmicrozonation,seismicmicrozoning36地震危險性分析（地震風險分析）earthquakehazardevaluation第五章水文地質第一節(jié)水循環(huán)水循環(huán)（水文循環(huán)）watercycle,（hydrologiccycle）大氣水atmosphericwater地表水surfacewater土壤水soilwater地下水groundwater水力聯系hydraulicinterrelation地下水起源originofgroundwater地表徑流surfacerunoff地下徑流subsurfacerunoff流域valley,drainagebasin流域面積（匯水面積） drainagearea,riverbasinarea,（catchmentarea）地下水動態(tài)groundwaterregime地下水動態(tài)類型typeofgroundwaterregime14潛水位變化帶zoneofvariablephreaticlevel氣象因素meteorologicalfactor降水量amountofprecipitation蒸發(fā)量amountofevaporation地下水蒸發(fā)evaporationofgroundwater水文因素hydrologicalfactor第二節(jié)地下水的類型包氣帶水aerationzonewater上層滯水perchedwater潛水phreaticwater承壓水confinedwater自流水artesianwater孑L隙水porewater裂隙水fissurewater巖溶水karsticwater結合水boundwater,combinedwater吸著水hydroscopicwater薄膜水pellicularwater毛細管水capillarywater重力水gravitationalwater地下水成因類型groundwaterorigintype凝結水condensationwater,condensedwater滲入水infiltrationwater封存水connatewater原生水juvenilewater第三節(jié)地下水賦存水文地質條件hydrogeologicalcondition地下水埋藏條件conditionofgroundwateroccurrence地下水埋藏深度depthofgroundwateroccurrence充氣帶（包氣帶） zoneofaeration土壤水帶soilwaterzone中間帶（滲水帶） intermediatezone,vadosewaterzone毛細管帶capillaryzone,capillaryfringe毛細管上升高度capillaryheight,capillaryrise毛細管水壓力（毛細管水張力）capillarypressure,（capillarytension）飽水帶（飽和帶）zoneofsaturation11含水層aquifer潛水含水層phreaticaquifer承壓含水層confinedaquifer14有限含水層finiteaquifer無限含水層infiniteaquifer透水層permeablelayer,perviouslayer17滲透性（透水性）permeability18富水性waterabundance19弱透水層aquitard不透水層（隔水層、阻水層） imperiouslayer,impermeablelayer,（aquifuge,aquiclude）自流斜地artesianslope自流盆地artesianbasin自流水區(qū)artesianbasin自流水頭artesianhead承壓水頭confinedwaterhead,artesianhead含水構造water-bearingstructure斷裂含水帶water-bearingfracturezone地下水盆地groundwaterbasin地下水庫groundwaterreservoir不透水邊界imperviousboundary地下分水嶺groundwaterdivide地下水流域groundwatercatchment潛水面phreaticsurface,watertable滲出面seepageface（seepagezone）含水層儲水storageofwaterinaquifer含水層儲能storageofenergyinaquifer第四節(jié)地下水運動滲流seepage滲流場seepagefield水頭waterhead水頭損失waterheadloss過水斷面dischargesection,dischargearea水力坡（梯）度hydraulicgradient滲透速度seepagevelocity,filtrationvelocity實際流速actualvelocity滲透途徑filtrationpath,seepagepath地下水流向groundwaterflowdirection沁潤曲線phreaticcurve流線flowline,streamline等勢線equipotentialline流網flownet層流laminarflow紊流turbulentflow地下水穩(wěn)定流groundwatersteadyflow地下水非穩(wěn)定流groundwaterunsteadyflow一維流one-dimensionalflow二維流two-dimensionalflow平面流planeflow三維流three-dimensionalflow徑向流radialflow輻射流radialflow25達西定律Darcy’slaw滲流連續(xù)方程seepagecontinuityequation27滲透力(滲透壓力)seepageforce粘滯性viscosity第五節(jié)水化學與水環(huán)境地下水水質groundwaterquality水質分析(水化學分析) waterqualityanalysis(hydrochemicalanalysis)水樣watersample溶解度solubility地下水總礦化度totalmineralizationofgroundwater化學需氧量chemicaloxygendemand(COD)生化需氧量biochemicaloxygendemand(BOD)地下水硬度groundwaterhardness硬水hardwater軟水softwater地下水鹽堿度salinityandalkalinityofgroundwater淡水freshwater咸水salinewater鹽水saltwater鹵水brine酸性水acidulouswater堿性水alkalinewater地下水腐蝕性groundwatercorrosivity礦水mineralwater溶解作用dissolution淋濾(溶濾作用)lixiviation,leaching淋溶eluviation濃縮作用concentration24離子交換ionexchange吸附sorption沉淀作用precipitation27地下水混合作用mixingofgroundwater28脫碳酸作用decarbonation脫硫酸作用sesulphidation分子擴散moleculardiffusion水動力彌散hydrodynamicdispersion對流彌散convectivedispersion不溶混驅替immiscibledisplacement地下水環(huán)境容量environmentalcapacityofgroundwater地下水環(huán)境背景值groundwaterenvironmentalbackgroundvalue地下水污染groundwaterpollution水質污染標志waterpollutionindices地下水污染起始值initialvalueofgroundwaterpollution地下水質模型groundwaterqualitymodel地下水質惡化groundwaterqualitydeterioration海水入侵seawaterintrusion,seawaterencroachment地下水衛(wèi)生防護帶sanitaryprotectionzoneofgroundwater含水層自凈作用self-puringofaquifer地下水環(huán)境質量評價environmentalqualityassessmentofgroundwater地下水環(huán)境影響評價environmentalimpactassessmentofgroundwater第六節(jié)水文地質調查與圖件水文地質測繪hydrogeologicalsurvey,hydrogeologicalmapping水文地質鉆探hydrogeologicaldrilling水文地質勘察hydrogeologicalinvestigation水文地質初步勘察preliminaryhydrogeologicalinvestigation水文地質詳細勘察detailedhydrogeologicalinvestigation水文地質圖hydrogeologicalmap綜合水文地質圖compositehydrogeologicalmap8水文地質等水位線圖 isopiesticmapofgroundwater水文地質等水壓線圖 isopiesticcontourmapofgroundwater地下水水化學圖groundwaterchemistrymap,hydrochemicalmapofgroundwater水文地質剖面圖hydrogeologicalprofile第七節(jié)地熱地熱資源geothermalresources地熱場geothermalfield地熱剃度(地熱增溫率) geothermalgradient;(geothermalincrementrate)熱傳導heattransfer,thermaltransmission熱擴散thermaldiffusion熱對流featconvection熱輻射heatradiation,thermalradiation第八節(jié)井泉地下水露頭groundwateroutcrop泉spring上升泉ascendingspring下降泉descendingspring,gravityspring接觸泉contactspring溢流泉overflowingspring溫泉thermalspring,hotspring沸泉boilingspring礦泉mineralspring完整井completelypenetratingwall,wellofcompletepenetration非完整井partiallypenetrationwell,wellofpartialpenetration生產井productionwell大口井openwell復合井compositewell集水井collectorwell輻射井radialwell回灌井rechargewell,injectionwell管井tubularwell管井結構wellstructure井(孔)徑well(borehole)diameter井斜welldeflection井壁管wellcasing,welltube井過濾器wellfilter,screenpipe,filterpipe沉淀管settlingpipe填礫gravelpack反濾層invertedgravelfilter洗井wellwashing止水sealing,plugging封井outsidesealingofwell井噴welleruption井溫welltemperature井距wellspacing水平集水廊道horizontalgallery第九節(jié)水文地質試驗與參數砂槽模型sandboxmodel縫隙模型modeloffissuration常水頭滲透試驗constantheadpermeabilityteat變水頭滲透試驗fallingheadpermeabilityteat滲水試驗in-situpermeabilitytest注水試驗injectiontest7抽水試驗pumpingtest壓水試驗packerpermeabilitytest地下水連通試驗groundwaterconnectivitytest地下水示蹤試驗groundwatertracertest電模擬