語(yǔ)法專題指導(dǎo)課件-名詞

五+二英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專題（一）名詞專有名詞(ProperNouns)普通名詞(CommonNouns)個(gè)體名詞(IndividualNouns)集體名詞(CollectiveNouns)物質(zhì)名詞(MaterialNouns)抽象名詞(AbstractNouns)不可數(shù)名詞(UncountableNouns)可數(shù)名詞(CountableNouns)專有名詞主要是指人名、地名或某類人或事物的名稱，如Beijing，China等。注意：專有名詞的第一個(gè)字母要大寫(xiě)普通名詞是一類人或東西或是一個(gè)抽象概念的名詞，如：book，sadness等。名詞CollectiveNouns:

表示若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體Eg:army;audience;crew;family;team;police;government;public集體名詞有時(shí)作單數(shù)看待，有時(shí)作復(fù)數(shù)看。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，視為整體時(shí)作單數(shù)看，突出它的成員時(shí)作復(fù)數(shù)看。Hisfamily_____notlarge.(be)Cf:Hisfamily______allmusiclovers.(be)在一些情況下，集體名詞后單復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞都可以用，沒(méi)什么差別。Eg:Theaudiencewas(were)excitedbytheshow.isare有少數(shù)集體名詞通常用作單數(shù)。Eg:Thegangisbeinghuntedbythepolice.OurcompanyissendinghimtoworkinBerlin.個(gè)別集體名詞則多作復(fù)數(shù)看待。Eg:Thepolicearelookingforhim.

MaterialNouns:指無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的物質(zhì)。Eg:beer;cake;cloth;cotton;detergent;fur;ice;paint;paper;soil一般來(lái)說(shuō)，物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)的，因而沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式。但有一些特殊情況：1)有些物質(zhì)名詞可用作可數(shù)名詞，表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一種”Eg:Twostrongblackcoffees,please.

(兩份）Threebeers,please.

(三杯）Itwasaspecialtea.

(一種）2)個(gè)別物質(zhì)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式可以表示特別的意義。Eg:rains（雨季）sands（沙灘）snows(積雪）waters(海域)…名詞的數(shù)

不可數(shù)名詞一般沒(méi)有單復(fù)數(shù)之分，它包括抽象名詞、物質(zhì)名詞和專有名詞。例如：health,advice,glass,wood,English,America不可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞須用單數(shù)形式。不可數(shù)名詞的特點(diǎn)(1)Tablesaremadeof____.(84全國(guó))

A.wood

B.woods

C.wooden

D.somewoods

(2)Fatherwenttohisdoctorfor____abouthishearttrouble.(87全國(guó))

A.anadvice

B.advice

C.advices

D.theadvices(3)Hegainedhis______byprinting______offamouswriters.(95全國(guó))

A.wealth;work

B.wealths;works

C.wealths;work

D.wealth;works(1)沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式；(2)不能直接在前面加不定冠詞；(3)表示其數(shù)量不能直接在前面加數(shù)詞，而要用apieceof之類的結(jié)構(gòu)。

ABD名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)情況加法例詞一般情況以s,x,ch,sh,結(jié)尾以輔音＋y結(jié)尾以輔音+o結(jié)尾以f或fe結(jié)尾的詞加-s加-es去y加-ies多數(shù)加-es

把f/fe改成vesBrothers;schoolsBuses;watchesLadies;countriesHeroes;tomatoesHalves;leaves;可數(shù)名詞有單、復(fù)數(shù)之分?？蓴?shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式有以下幾種：Notes:*1:stomachstomachs*2:以元音+y或以專有名詞+y結(jié)尾的名詞，直接在詞尾加-s.Eg:boys;toys;Henrys*3:以元音+o

videos;studios以oo結(jié)尾

zoos;bamboos;kangaroos一些外來(lái)詞(特別是音樂(lè)方面的詞)pianos一些縮寫(xiě)詞

kilos;photos;memos一些專有名詞

Eskimos;Filipinos直接在詞尾加-s.*4:以f/fe結(jié)尾只加-s的詞：proofs;gulfs;cliffs;roofs;serfs;beliefs;chiefshandkerchief（手帕，手絹）的復(fù)數(shù)形式兩者都可以。

單復(fù)數(shù)相同的情況：sheep;deer;means;fish;works;species;Chinese;Japanese以及由漢語(yǔ)音譯表示度量衡、貨幣等單位的名詞。Eg:yuan,jiao,fen,jin,mu

只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的情況：trousers(褲子);glasses(眼鏡);compasses(圓規(guī))apairofthanks;clothes;remains;goods;people;cattle不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)：1.manmenEg:woman–women;chairman-chairmen2.ooeeEg:foot-feet;tooth-teeth;goose-geese3.+enEg:child-children;ox-oxen4.ouseiceEg:mouse-mice;louse-lice（虱子）有些外來(lái)詞的不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)形式：Eg:analysis-analyses;basis-bases;thesis-theses;crisis-crisescriterion-criteria;phenomenon-phenomena;medium-mediaatomatosometomatoessomepotatoessomeheroes名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化(5)輔音字母+o結(jié)尾，加es讀/z/但piano,photo,kilo,tobacco加s元音字母+o結(jié)尾，加s讀/z/radio-radiosfoot--feetchild-childrentooth--teethmouse--mice名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化(1)goose-geeseox-oxenman--menwoman--womenmendoctorswomenteachersonesheeptwosheepaChinesetwoChineseaJapaneseseveralJapanese名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化(2):單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同onefish一條魚(yú)fishes不同種類的魚(yú)／各種各樣的魚(yú)threefish三條魚(yú)somefish一些魚(yú)肉可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞deer-deermeans-meansseries-series

species-speciesworks-works（工廠）Some______visitedourschoollastWednesday.A．German B．Germen C．Germans D．Germens國(guó)家人的名詞需要記住三種情況：1、單復(fù)數(shù)同形：Chinese;Japanese;Swiss2、需要變形：English-Englishman3、加–s或-es：German–Germans詳見(jiàn)下表。_______willmakeatriparoundtheworldduringthecomingChristmas.(1993上海)A.TheEvens B.TheEvens’ C.TheEvenses D.TheEvenses’專有名詞的復(fù)數(shù)與定冠詞連用，常用來(lái)表示“一家人”或一家之中的兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)重要的人。如：---Whodidyouspendlastweekendwith?---_____.(98上海)APalmer’s BThePalmers’ CThePalmers DThePalmer’sMrSmithhastwo______,bothofwhomareteachersinaschool.A．brothers-in-law B．brother-in-lawsC．brothers-in-laws D．brothers-inlaw以連字符號(hào)連接的合成名詞一般將中心名詞變成復(fù)數(shù)，如：managers-in-chief;fathers-in-law。如果沒(méi)有中心名詞就在該合成詞的最后加–s。如：grown-ups。(1)DrSmithisgoingtopulloutoneofmy______.(86全國(guó))

A.teeth

B.tooth

C.teeths

D.toothes(2)_____turngreeninspring.(86全國(guó))

A.Leaf

B.Leafs

C.Leave

D.Leaves

(3)_____willmakeatriparoundtheworldduringthecomingChristmas.A.TheEvens B.TheEvens’ (93上海)C.TheEvensesD.TheEvenses’當(dāng)可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)大于一時(shí)要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。特殊用法ADC可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞的修飾語(yǔ)及轉(zhuǎn)換1.Ineed______cloth,forI'mhopingtomake______clothes.(93上海)

A.alotof;many

B.much;much

C.many;many

D.many;alot

2.Wewaited______forthebus.(95全國(guó))

A.longtime

B.alongtime

C.thelongtime

D.somelongtime

3._____workhasbeendonetoimprovethepeople‘slivingstandard.(85全國(guó))

A.ManyB.Agreatmany

C.Alargenumberof

D.Agreatdealof

4.Theyoungdancerslookedsocharmingintheirbeautifulclothesthatwetook______picturesofthem.(03上海)

A.manyof

B.massesof

C.thenumberof

D.alargeamountof

5.Wehaveonlyasofa,atableandabedinournewapartment.Weneedtobuy______morefurniture.(05上海春)

A.any

B.many

C.little

D.some

ABDBD6.Ihear_______boysinyourschoollikeplayingfootballintheirsparetime,thoughotherspreferbasketball.(2006遼寧)

A.quitealot

B.quiteafew

C.quiteabit

D.quitealittle

7.Wealwayskeep________sparepaper,incaseweranout.(2006浙江)

A.toomuch

B.anumberof

C.plentyof

D.agoodmany

8.Manypeopleagreethat____ofEnglishisamustininternationaltradetoday.(96)A.aknowledgeB.knowledgesC.knowledgeD.theknowledgeBC1.有些物質(zhì)名詞表示不同種類時(shí)可以有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如，fishes,fruits,teas,allweathers。

2.有些抽象名詞表示具體的事物時(shí)，是可數(shù)名詞。如,shame/pity(憾事),interest(樂(lè)事),pleasure(樂(lè)事),surprise(意外事),disappointment(令人失望的人或事),success(成功的人或事),difficulty(難事),help(幫手)等。A不可數(shù)名詞與可數(shù)名詞的轉(zhuǎn)換3.表示“一場(chǎng)/段/件/種……”時(shí)，要用a或an，此時(shí)多有形容詞或of短語(yǔ)修飾。如，afinerain(一陣細(xì)雨),aheavysnow(一場(chǎng)大雪),alongtime(很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間)。4.表示“一杯/罐/瓶”的tea,coffee,drink,beer等，可以用a(n)或數(shù)詞修飾，也有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如twoteasandacoffee(兩杯茶和一杯咖啡)；5.有的名詞可數(shù)與否由意思而定。如：

paperglasstimeexerciseexperienceroom

不可數(shù)紙玻璃時(shí)間鍛煉經(jīng)驗(yàn)空間余地可數(shù)試卷玻璃杯次、倍習(xí)題、體操經(jīng)歷、房間6.有些不可數(shù)名詞，無(wú)論在什么情況下也沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式的，即使受形容詞修飾也不能加不定冠詞的。如advice,fun,homework,information,news,progress,equipment,furniture,baggage/luggage,jewellery,clothing等。名詞的修飾語(yǔ)只能修飾可數(shù)名詞的有each,either,neither,another,these,those,both,(a)few,several,many,agreat/goodmany,alargenumberof,scoresof,dozensof等。2.只能修飾不可數(shù)的有(a)little,much,abitof,agreatdealof,alargeamountof等。

3.既可修飾可數(shù)名詞又可修飾不可數(shù)名詞的有some,any,half,most,all,alotof,lotsof,plentyof,alargequantityof,quantitiesof等。名詞作定語(yǔ)1.Thevillageisfarawayfromhereindeed.It’s______walk.(2004上海春)

A.afourhour

B.afourhour’s

C.afour-hours

D.afourhours’

2.Hedroppedthe________andbrokeit.(1993全國(guó))

A.cupofcoffee

B.coffee'scup

C.cupforcoffee

D.coffeecup3.The______isjustaroundthecornerandyouwon’tmissit.(01北京春)

A.bicycle’sshop

B.bicycleshop

C.bicyclesshop

D.bicycles’sshop4.Ittookusquitealongtimetogethere.Itwas_____journey.A.three-hour B.athreehour（05北京春）

C.athree-hourD.threehours一般用單數(shù)形式。如astonebridge(石橋),ameetingroom(會(huì)議室),morningexercise(早操),LondonAirport(倫敦機(jī)場(chǎng)),astorybook(故事書(shū))，ashoeshop(鞋店)。DDBC2.man,woman要與所修飾的名詞的數(shù)一致。如awomanteacher(一位女教師),twowomenteachers(兩位女教師)。

3.sports,sales,clothes,goods,arts,customs等只用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如

asportsmeet(運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)),agoodstrain(貨車),customshouse(海關(guān)),asalesmanager(營(yíng)業(yè)主任)。4.數(shù)詞+名詞”作定語(yǔ),若有連字符，名詞用單數(shù)；若無(wú)連字符，名詞用所有格。名詞的搭配問(wèn)題1We’vemissedthelastbus.I’mafraidwehaveno______buttotakeataxi.(N19993)A.wayB.choiceC.possibility D.selection

可以將“havenochoicebuttodo…”視為一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)，現(xiàn)在考查這類搭配的題有很多，如：

IamsureDavidwillbeabletofindthelibrary—hehasaprettygood_______ofdirection.（05浙江卷）A．ideaB．feelingC．experienceD．sense類似的題還有：1.Here’smycard.Let’skeepin__________.(N1994)A.touch B.relation C.connection D.friendship2.Youcantakeasmanyasyoulikebecausetheyarefreeof_______.(1998上海)A.fare B.charge C.money D.pay3.Themanagerhasgotagoodbusiness_______sothecompanyisdoingwell.（03北京春季）

A．idea B．sense C．thought D．Thinking4.Ikeepmedicinesonthetopshelf,outofthechildren’s______.（04天津）

Areach Bhand Chold Dplace問(wèn)題2Aroughestimate,Nigeriais__________GreatBritain.（05上海卷）

A.threetimesthesizeas B.thesizethreetimesofC.threetimesasthesizeof D.threetimesthesizeof注意名詞用來(lái)表示比較的特殊用法。它的結(jié)構(gòu)為“倍數(shù)+the+名詞+of+對(duì)象”。常用在該結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞為：thesizeof;theweightof;thelengthof…….名詞的格所有格的形式：一般的名詞所有格在后面加’s，如：

Mary’sbook

以–s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞所有格在后面僅加’，如：

Teachers’Day,thestudents’reading-room

以–s結(jié)尾的專有名詞所有格，如：

Engels’sworks或Engels’works’s結(jié)尾的所有格形式多用于有生命的東西的名詞。但有時(shí)其它的名詞也可以，如：today’snewspaper,fifteenminutes’ride等與時(shí)間有關(guān)的名詞。凡不能加’s構(gòu)成所有格的名詞，都可以與of結(jié)成短語(yǔ)，來(lái)表示所有格關(guān)系。就是有生命的東西的名詞也可如此，特別是當(dāng)這個(gè)名詞有較長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)時(shí)。如：

Doyouknowthenameofthegirlstandingatthegate?一個(gè)名詞所有格所修飾的詞，如果前面已經(jīng)提到，往往可以省略，避免前后重復(fù)。如：

Thisisnotmypen,butMary’s.有時(shí)某些’s結(jié)尾的所有格形式可以表示地點(diǎn)，如某人的家或店鋪、教堂等：

WecanmeetatMary’s.Hewenttohissister’sfordinneryesterday.Ihadthedressmadeatthetailor’satthecornerofthestreet.LastweekwevisitedSt.Paul’s.名詞所有格(ThePossessiveCaseofNouns)somepatterns:I’lltaketheriskforfriendship’ssake.Shewasatherwit’send.Nowtheycouldsingattheirheart’scontent.Weshouldgetthechildrenoutofharm’sway.Wehadbestkeepthematarm’slength.Forgoodness’sake,stoparguing.Janegotthemoney’sworthoutofthecoat.(為了友誼）（黔驢技窮）（盡情地）（不受損害）（保持距離）（看在上帝的份上）（很合算）1._______turngreeninspring.(NMET1986)A.LeafB.LeafsC.LeaveD.Leaves2.Hedroppedthe_______andbrokeit.A.cupofcoffeeB.coffee’scupC.cupforcoffeeD.coffeecup(NMET1993)3.Ineed_______cloth,forI’mgoingtomake_______clothes.(上海1993)A.alotof;manyB.much;muchC.many;manyD.many;alot歷年高考試題4.Hegainedhis_______byprinting_______offamouswriters. (NMET1995)A.wealth;workB.wealths;worksC.wealths;workD.wealth;works5.Manycountriesareincreasingtheiruseofnaturalgas,windandotherformsof_______.A.energyB.sourceC.powerD.material

(上海1996)6.You’llfindthismapofgreat_______inhelpingyoutogetroundLondon.(NMET1998)A.priceB.costC.valueD.usefulness7.----Whodidyouspendlastweekendwith?----_______.(上海1998)A.Palmer’sB.ThePalmers’C.ThePalmersD.ThePalmer’s8.Myparentsalwaysletmehavemyown_______ofliving.(上海1998)A.wayB.methodC.mannerD.fashion9.Thelionisconsideredthekingoftheforestasitisa(n)_______ofcourageandpower.A.exampleB.signC.markD.symbol(上海1998)10.Wevolunteeredtocollectmoneytohelpthe_______oftheearthquake.(上海1998)A.victimsB.folksC.fellowsD.villagers11.Ifyoudon’ttakeawayallyourthingsfromthedesk,therewon’tbeenough_______formystationery.(上海1998)A.areaB.placeC.roomD.surface12.Itiswidelyacceptedthatyoungbabieslearntodothingsbecausecertainactsleadto_______.(上海2000)A.rewardsB.prizesC.awardsD.results10.Wevolunteeredtocollectmoneytohelpthe_______oftheearthquake.(上海1998)A.victimsB.folksC.fellowsD.villagers11.Ifyoudon’ttakeawayallyourthingsfromthedesk,therewon’tbeenough_______formystationery.(上海1998)A.areaB.placeC.roomD.surface12.Itiswidelyacceptedthatyoungbabieslearntodothingsbecausecertainactsleadto_______.(上海2000)A.rewardsB.prizesC.awardsD.results13.Inthebotanicgardenwecanfinda(n)_______ofplantsthatrangefromtalltreestosmallflowers.(上海2001)A.speciesB.groupC.amountD.variety14.----Canyoushootthatbirdatthetopofthetree?----No,it’soutof_______. (上海2001)A.rangeB.reachC.controlD.distance15.ThelifeofLondonismadeupofmanydifferent_______.(上海2001)

A.elementsB.sectionsC.materialD.realities16.Forthesakeofherdaughter’shealth,shedecidedtomovetoawarm_______.A.weatherB.temperatureC.seasonD.climate(上海2002)17.Toregaintheir______afteranexhaustinggame,theplayerslayinthegrass.(上海2002)A.forceB.energyC.powerD.health18.IsawBobplaythepianoatJohn’spartyandonthat_______hewassimplybrilliant.A.sceneB.circumstanceC.occasion