27037 本科自考英語語言學(xué)概論精心整理 Chapter 4 Phonology

Chapter4Phonology(音位學(xué))4.1phoneticsandphonology:語音學(xué)與音位學(xué)的區(qū)分Bothphoneticsandphonologyareconcernedwithspeech.語音學(xué)和音位學(xué)都士對語音的研究。定義區(qū)別-Phoneticsisastudyoftheproduction,perceptionandphysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds.語音學(xué)是研究語音的生產(chǎn)、感知和物理性質(zhì)的。-Phonologystudieshowspeechsoundsarecombined，organized，andconveymeaningsinparticularlanguages.研究語音如何在在特定的語言中結(jié)合、組織和表達(dá)含義。---Phonologyislanguage-specific.itisthestudyofhowsoundsareorganizedandusedinnaturallanguages.音位學(xué)是特定于語言的。它的研究對象是自然語言中的聲音是如何組織和使用的。---Phoneticsisastudyofspeechsoundswhilephonologyisastudyofthesoundsystemofalanguage.語音學(xué)是一個研究語音的然后音位學(xué)是研究一種語言的聲音系統(tǒng)的學(xué)科。4.2Phonemes，phonesandallophones音位、音子、音位變體Differentlanguageshavedifferentphonologicalsystems.不同的語言有不同的語音系統(tǒng)。定義：1Phonesarethesmallestidentifiablephoneticunitorsegmentfoundinastreamofspeech.音子就是在連續(xù)的發(fā)音中可辨認(rèn)的最小語音單位或片段。2Allophonesarethephoneswhichrepresentaphonemeinalanguageandcannotchangewordmeaningbysubstitutinganyofthesetforanother.音位變體是指代表語言中音位的音子，即使以一個取代另一個也不改變詞義。③

Phonemesaretheminimaldistinctiveunitsinthesoundsystemofalanguage.音位是語言系統(tǒng)中最小的獨特的單位。Allophonesaretherealizationofaparticularphonemewhilephonesaretherealizationofphonemesingeneral.音位變體是一個特定音素的認(rèn)知而音子則是一般的音素。4.3Minimalpairs最小對立體Thephonologistisconcernedwithwhatdifferencearesignificantortechnicallyspeaking,distinctive.Minimalpair---apairofwordswhichdifferfromeachotherbyonesound.Threeconditions（情況）:1）thetwofromsaredifferentinmeaning意義不同2）thetwoformsaredifferentinonesoundsegment聲音片段不同3）thedifferentsoundsoccurinthesamepositionofthetwowords.不同聲音發(fā)生在兩個單詞的相同位置Minimalset:agroupofwordscansatisfy（滿足）thethreeconditions.Minimalpairshelpdeterminephonemes.最小對立體用來定義音位。4.4identifyingphonemes識別音素4.4.1contrastivedistribution，complementarydistributionandfreevariation對比分布，互補分布和自由變異Thedistributionofasoundreferstothecollectiveenvironmentsinwhichthesoundconcernedmayappear.一個聲音的分布是指其有關(guān)的聲音可能出現(xiàn)的集體環(huán)境。1）contrastivedistribution對比分布Iftwoormoresoundscanoccurinthesameenvironmentandthesubstitutionofonesoundforanotherbringsaboutachangeofmeaning，theyaresaidtobeincontrastivedistribution.如果兩個或更多的聲音可以發(fā)生在相同的環(huán)境并且一旦一個聲音替換另一個會改變的意思,那他們就是處于對比分布。2）complementarydistribution互補分布Iftwoormoresoundsneverappearinthesameenvironment，thatis，eachsoundonlyappearsintheenvironmentswheretheothersoundneveroccurs，thentheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.如果兩個或更多的聲音從未出現(xiàn)在相同的環(huán)境中,也就是每一個聲音只出現(xiàn)在其他的聲音不出現(xiàn)的環(huán)境中,然后他們被稱為處在互補分布。3）freevariation自由變異Whentwosoundscanappearinthesameenvironmentandthesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotcauseanychangeinmeaning，theyaresaidtobeinfreevariation.當(dāng)兩個聲音可以出現(xiàn)在相同環(huán)境但是替換一個其他不會導(dǎo)致任何意思的改變,然后他們被稱為處在自由變異。4.4.2Principlesofidentifyingphonemes識別音位的四個原則（1）Iftwosoundsarefoundtobeincontrastivedistribution,theyareseparatephonemes.如果兩個音處于對比分布，那么它們是兩個獨立的音位。（2）Iftwosoundsarealwaysinfreevariation,thentheyaretwoallophonesofthesamephoneme.如果兩個音總是處于自由變異，則這兩個音是同一個音位的音位變體。（3）Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsareincomplementarydistribution,thentheyaretwoallophonesofthesamephoneme.如果語音上相似的兩個音處于互補分布，則它們是同一個音位的音位變體。（4）Iftwosoundsareincomplementarydistributionbuthavenophoneticsimilarity,thentheyaretwodifferentphonemes.如果兩個音處于”互補分布”，但沒有語音相似性，他們肯定是兩個不同的音位。Procedures:過程?1checkprinciple(1)andfindminimalpairs.Ifyes,thentwosoundsarephonemes.?2Ifnominimalpairisfound,checkprinciple（2）.TheanswerisalwaysNO,direct

?3Checkprinciple（3）.ifyes,phonemes.Ifno,cometoprinciple4?4Checkprinciple（4）,ifyes,phonemes4.5Distinctivefeatures區(qū)別性特征定義：Adistinctivefeatureisonewhichdistinguishesonephonemefromanother,區(qū)別性特征就是把兩個音位相互區(qū)分的特征like/nasal/,/voiced/.?Phoneticfeaturesareusedtodescribeallophones,orphones.?ThedistinctivefeaturetheoryisputforwardbyJakobson.4.6Phonologicalrules音位規(guī)則4.6.1Assimilationrule同化規(guī)則定義：Anassimilationruleisaphonologicalrulethatistodescribetheeffectofphoneticcontextorsituationonaparticularphone.同化規(guī)則是描述一個特定音子下語音上下文和情形效果的一個語音規(guī)則。Itassimilatesonesegmenttoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphonemetoanother,thusmakingthetwophonesmoresimilar.它通過“模仿”一個序列音位的一個特征使一個語音與另一個語音相似，從而使兩個音子變得相似。4.6.2Deletionrule省略規(guī)則定義：Thedeletionruleinphonologyconcernstherelationbetweenlettersandsoundswithinthephoneticcondition.在音位學(xué)中省略規(guī)則是關(guān)于在語音條件下字母與聲音的關(guān)系。Thedeletionruletellsuswhenasoundistobedeletedalthoughitisorthographicallyrepresented.它告訴我們什么時候一個語音盡管在拼寫中存在，但再發(fā)音時卻可以省略。4.6.3Sequentialrules序列規(guī)則Sequentialrulesstatethepossiblecombinationofphonemesandtheconstraintoversuchacombinationforalanguage.序列規(guī)則規(guī)定了音位的可能的組合以及其的組合制約。Withthissortoflinguisticknowledgewhichisstatedinphonologyasaphonologicalrule，astringofphonemescanbejudgedwhetheritisawordorapossibleword

foralanguage.用這樣的語言知識,闡述了音位學(xué)作為一個語音規(guī)則,一連串的音位可以判斷它是否是一個詞或一個可能的單詞。4.7suprasegmentalfeatures(超音段特征)segmentalfeatures(音段特征):featuresthathaveeffectononlyonesegment,likevoicing,aspiration.只對音段產(chǎn)生作用的特征。suprasegmentalfeatures（超音段特征）:featuresthathaveeffectonmorethanonesegment,Thedistinctive（phonological）featureswhichapplytogroupslargerthanthesingle

segmentsuchasasyllable，aword，orasentence.定義：(語音)的獨特特性,適用于團(tuán)體大于音段如一個字、一個字,或一個句子。whichalsoknownasprosody(韻律特征).Themainsuprasegmentalfeaturesincludestress,tone,intonationandjuncture.重音、聲調(diào)、語調(diào)、連音。4.7.1stress(重音,重讀)Stressisafeatureforwhichthesmallestunitofapplicationissyllable.重音是最小應(yīng)用到音節(jié)的特征。Wordstress：thenounhasthestressonthefirstsyllableandthecorrespondingverbhasthestressonthesecondsyllable.Sentencestress:anunstressedwordinasentenceisstressed

4.7.2Tone(聲調(diào))Tone(調(diào)):anidentifiablemovementorthelevelofpitch(音高)thatisusedinalinguisticallycontrastiveways.一個可識別的運動或音高水平用于一個語言的對比方法。Tonelanguage:themeaning-distinctivefunctionoftoneisespeciallyimportant.Chineseisatypicaltonelanguage.中文是典型的聲調(diào)語言。Fourtones：level，rise，fall-rise，andfall4.7.3Intonation(語調(diào))Englishisanintonationlanguage.Fivebasictypesoftones:1thefallingtones:certainty;2therisingtones:uncertainty3theleveltones:undecidedyetwhetherknownorunknown,4falling-risingtone:seemscertainbutturnsoutnottobe.5rising-fallingtones:seemsunce