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PAGEPAGE53初升高銜接英語目錄前言第一講英語字母的認(rèn)識(shí)第一節(jié)字母的書寫第二節(jié)字母的讀音第二講單詞的讀音第一節(jié)音標(biāo)的認(rèn)識(shí)第二節(jié)音節(jié)的認(rèn)識(shí)第三節(jié)字母的發(fā)音規(guī)則第四節(jié)語法詞綴的讀音第三講句子的朗讀第一節(jié)意群與停頓第二節(jié)連讀第三節(jié)不完全爆破第四節(jié)音的顎化第五節(jié)節(jié)奏第六節(jié)語調(diào)第四講詞匯類別第一節(jié)名詞第二節(jié)代詞第三節(jié)數(shù)詞第四節(jié)動(dòng)詞第五節(jié)形容詞第六節(jié)副詞第七節(jié)介詞第八節(jié)連詞第九節(jié)冠詞第十節(jié)助詞第五講句子成分第一節(jié)主語第二節(jié)謂語第三節(jié)表語第四節(jié)賓語第六節(jié)定語第七節(jié)狀語第八節(jié)同位語第六講簡單句的基本句型第一節(jié)簡單句的概念第二節(jié)簡單句的幾種基本句型第七講句子的種類第一節(jié)陳述句第二節(jié)祈使句第三節(jié)感嘆句第四節(jié)疑問句第八講動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)第一節(jié)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)第二節(jié)動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)第三節(jié)時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)第九章課堂英語第一節(jié)學(xué)生用語第二節(jié)教師用語第十講高中英語學(xué)習(xí)的方法第四講詞匯類別英語中,根據(jù)詞匯在句子中的地位和作用,可將英語詞匯分為十大類,即:名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞、連詞、冠詞、助動(dòng)詞等。其中,名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞等六類詞匯,不僅有本身的詞義,而且還在句子中擔(dān)任某一句子成分,于是被叫作實(shí)詞;而介詞、連詞、冠詞、助詞等四類詞匯,雖然有些詞匯具有本身的詞義,但是它們?cè)诰渥又胁怀洚?dāng)任何句子成分,于是被叫作虛詞。見下表:實(shí)詞名詞nounwater,milk,tea,air,idea,desk,pen,book,newspaper代詞pronounyou,me,this,that,some,many,everyone,all,both,each數(shù)詞numeralone,two,three,four,five;first,second,third,fourth,fifth動(dòng)詞verbread,see,write,teach,listen,speak,eat,have,make,take形容詞adjectiveinteresting,interested,beautiful,wonderful,great,polite副詞adverbhow,however,finally,therefore,carefully,hard虛詞介詞prepositionin,at,on,of,for,to,through,across,over冠詞articlea/an,the連詞conjunctiveand,but,or,for助詞auxiliaryverbbe,do,have;can,may,must第一節(jié)名詞名詞指用來表示人、事物、活動(dòng)的名稱的詞,可分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。其中,可數(shù)名詞有單復(fù)數(shù)變化形式。單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前必須有冠詞、指示代詞、物主代詞或不定代詞修飾,而不可數(shù)名詞前可以沒有這些詞。如:a/his/this/another/some/onebookThisiswater/apen.名詞一般在句子中作主語、賓語、表語、同位語,有時(shí),也可作定語或狀語。如:Englishisnotdifficulttolearnatall.(主語)CanyouspeakChinese?(賓語)Mybrotherisasoldier.(表語)Mr.Li,ourmathteacher,isverykind.(同位語)Maryisastudentcadreinourclass.(定語)Ididn’tseeherthismorning.(狀語)第二節(jié)代詞代詞指用來直接指代人、事物、活動(dòng)的詞,可分為人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞等。代詞一般在句子中作主語、賓語、表語、定語等。如:Heisill,sohecan’tcomehere.(主語)Thestudentsalllikehim.(賓語)It’sme.(表語)Thisismyshirt.(定語)第三節(jié)數(shù)詞數(shù)詞是指表示人或事物的數(shù)量、或排列順序的詞。如:one,two,three…;first,second,third,…在句子中,數(shù)詞一般作主語、賓語、表語、定語等。如:Sixcanbedividedbythree.(主語)Ifyoutakethreeoutoften,yougetseven.(賓語)Fiveandthreeiseight.(表語)IhavethreeEnglishbooks.(定語)第四節(jié)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞是指表示動(dòng)作、行為的詞。它可分為系動(dòng)詞和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞(行為動(dòng)詞)。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞又可分為及物動(dòng)詞(vt.)和不及物動(dòng)詞(vi.)。及物動(dòng)詞意思還不夠完整,必須帶賓語;而及物動(dòng)詞意思完整,不要帶賓語。在句子中,系動(dòng)詞必須與表語一起作謂語;而實(shí)義動(dòng)詞直接充當(dāng)謂語。如:Helookedverypleased.(謂語)Marygaveatalkatthemeeting.(謂語)Igotoworkbybikeeveryday.(謂語)系動(dòng)詞可大致分為三類,即:(1)表示心理、特征或存在的系動(dòng)詞,如be,appear,feel,look,seem,smell,sound,taste等;(2)表示狀態(tài)延續(xù)的系動(dòng)詞,如:continue,keep,remain,stay,stand等;(3)表示狀態(tài)變化的系動(dòng)詞,如become,come,fall,get,go,grow,run,turn等。注意此外,動(dòng)詞中還有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞兩類,由于它們不能單獨(dú)使用,也不充當(dāng)句子成分,于是,把它歸入助詞類進(jìn)行介紹。第五節(jié)形容詞形容詞是指用來描述、修飾、限制、說明人或事物、活動(dòng)的詞。如:nice,good,big,large,small,short,high,tall,empty,full等。形容詞在句子中可作定語、表語,有些形容詞可作狀語,或者與定冠詞連用相當(dāng)于名詞,作主語、賓語等。如:Thisisaninterestingstory(定語)Thecityisbeautiful.(表語)Hungryandcold,helefthispost.(狀語)Thepoorneedhelp.(主語)Shelookedafterthewoundedinthewar.(賓語)第六節(jié)副詞副詞是指用來描述、說明事物發(fā)展程度、方式、狀態(tài)的詞。如:very,quite,rather,fast,slowly,carefully,wonderfully,helpfully等。副詞在句子中一般作狀語。但是,地點(diǎn)、方位副詞也可作表語或定語。如:Hewrotecarefully.(狀語)However,hedidn’tlikeit.(狀語)Heisthere.(表語)Theboysthereareveryinterestedinwhathesaid.(定語)第七節(jié)介詞介詞是指用來表示人或事物的位置、處所或相互關(guān)系的詞。如:at,in,for,besides,except,despite,above,over,under,beneath等。介詞不能單獨(dú)使用、不能充當(dāng)句子的任何成分,但是可接名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞、從句等構(gòu)成介詞短語。介詞短語可作狀語、定語、表語等。如:Thestudentsareplayingfootballontheplayground.(狀語)TheboyunderthetreeisLiMing’sbrother.(定語)Iwasathomelastnight.(表語)注意:(1)除了but,except外,其它介詞一般不能接動(dòng)詞不定式。(2)除了in,but,except外,其它介詞一般不能接that從句。第八節(jié)連詞連詞是指用來將詞與詞、短語、句子與句子連接起來的詞,如:and,or,but等。連詞在句子中只起連接作用,連接兩個(gè)詞性相同或相近、作用對(duì)等的部分,而不作任何句子成分。如:heandI(連接兩個(gè)代詞)heorMary(連接代詞和名詞)singanddance(連接兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞)bigandclean(連接兩個(gè)形容詞)fastandwell(連接兩個(gè)副詞)inthesunornearafire(連接兩個(gè)短語)Ilikereading,andhelikeswriting.(連接兩個(gè)句子)第九節(jié)冠詞冠詞是英語中一種特有的詞,可分為定冠詞(the)、不定冠詞(a/an)和零冠詞(不用冠詞)三類。英語中,名詞前須用冠詞,但不作任何句子成分。如:water(零冠詞,表物質(zhì)類別)thewater(定冠詞,表特定的水)abook(不定冠詞,泛指一本書)anapple(不定冠詞,泛指一個(gè)蘋果)第十節(jié)助詞助詞是指幫助句子表達(dá)某種意義的詞,包括助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞兩類。1.助動(dòng)詞助動(dòng)詞有do,be,have,will,shall等,本身沒有意義,也不作句子成分,主要與動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成不同的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣;或使句子成為否定、疑問句;或?qū)?dòng)作進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)等。如:(1)“be+動(dòng)詞-ing”構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)I’mreadingastorynow.(2)“be+動(dòng)詞過去分詞”構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)Thetreewasplantedlastyear.(3)“have+動(dòng)詞過去分詞”構(gòu)成完成時(shí)Hehasfinishedhishomework.(4)“will/shall+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成將來時(shí)Hewillcomeheresoon.Ishallgototherailwaystationtomeethim.(5)“do+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成對(duì)動(dòng)作的強(qiáng)調(diào)HedoeslikeEnglish.(6)“do/be/have/will/shall+not”構(gòu)成否定Ihaven’tseenherthismorning.(7)“do/be/have/will/shall+主語”構(gòu)成疑問句Willyoubefreethisafternoon?(8)“be+todo”表示希望、義務(wù)、可能、約定等。I’mtoseehimthisweekend.2.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有can,could;may,might;must,haveto;need,dare,will,would,usedto;shall,should,oughtto;hadbetter;wouldrather等。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞屬于助詞的一種,它們雖然有本身的意義,表示義務(wù)、要求、請(qǐng)求、建議、推測、勸告、征求對(duì)方的意見等,但是不能單獨(dú)作句子的成分,而只能與其它動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞可以被提前到句首,使句子變成疑問句;也可在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面接否定詞not,構(gòu)成否定句。如:Icanswimintheriver.Canyouswimintheriver?Ican’tswimintheriver.注意:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法將在模塊四中詳細(xì)學(xué)習(xí)。第五講句子成分與漢語相比,英語的句子成分既有相似之處,也有一些較大的差異,它是構(gòu)成英語語法的框架。要讀懂復(fù)雜的句子、寫出較有深度的句子,了解和掌握英語的句子成分是非常必要的。句子成分的定義:組成一個(gè)句子的各個(gè)部分,叫做句子成分。包括:主語、謂語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語以及同位語。主語和謂語構(gòu)成句子的骨架,而定語和狀語則是修飾骨架的血肉,是修飾語。句子成分主要由實(shí)詞擔(dān)任。實(shí)詞包括:名詞、動(dòng)詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞和數(shù)詞。虛詞在句中只起連接、限定或表達(dá)喜怒哀樂感情等作用,不做句子成分。虛詞包括:介詞、連詞、冠詞和感嘆詞等。第一節(jié)主語主語是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體,一般位于句首。但在there
be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句(當(dāng)主語不是疑問詞時(shí))和倒裝句中,主語位于謂語、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如:Henryhasdonehisbest.(名詞)Ifeelfineaboutit.(代詞)One-fifth
of
the
students
in
this
class
are
girls.(數(shù)詞)Tofindyourwaycanbeaproblem.(不定式)Smoking
cigarettescausestroubleinthelungs.(動(dòng)名詞)The
rich
should
help
the
poor.(名詞化的形容詞)Wheneveryouarereadywillbefine.(主語從句)
注意It作形式主語,代替由不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句等表示的真正主語。例如:It
is
necessary
to
master
a
foreign
language.(it作形式主語,真正的主語為后面的不定式)Itisnousepumpingadrywell.(it作形式主語,真正的主語為后面的動(dòng)詞-ing)Itisstrangethatnobodyknowsher.(it作形式主語,真正的主語為后面的從句)第二節(jié)謂語謂語說明主語所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語,一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下:一、簡單謂語:由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成。如:He
practices
running
every
morning.二、復(fù)合謂語:(一)由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。如:You
may
keep
the
book
for
two
weeks.
He
has
caught
a
bad
cold.
(二)由系動(dòng)詞加表語構(gòu)成。如:We
are
students.第三節(jié)表語表語用以說明主語的身份、年齡、性別、外部特征和心理狀態(tài)等。它一般位于系動(dòng)詞(be,
become,
get,
look,
grow,
turn,
seem等)之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。例如:Our
teacher
of
English
is
an
American.(名詞)Is
it
yours?(代詞)The
weather
has
turned
cold.(形容詞)The
speech
is
exciting.(分詞)Three
times
seven
is
twenty
one.(數(shù)詞)His
job
is
to
teach
English.(不定式)His
hobbyis
playing
football.(動(dòng)名詞)The
machine
must
be
out
of
order.(介詞短語)Time
is
up.
/The
class
is
over.(副詞)The
truth
is
that
he
has
never
been
abroad.(表語從句)第四節(jié)賓語賓語表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承受者,一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。例如:They
saw
amediaandtechnology
exhibitionyesterday.(名詞)Wecouldn’taskforanythingmore.(代詞)How
many
friends
do
you
have?
I
have
five.(數(shù)詞)Theidleareforcedtowork.(名詞化形容詞)Thedisabledaretoreceivemoremoney.(名詞化的過去分詞)Tofindyourwaycanbeaproblem.(不定式短語)I
enjoy
listening
to
popular
music.(動(dòng)名詞短語)I
think(that)he
is
fit
for
his
office.(賓語從句)提示賓語種類:一、雙賓語(間接賓語+直接賓語):1.賓語中有些動(dòng)詞需要兩個(gè)同等的賓語,即直接賓語(directobject)與間接賓語(indirectobject)。直接賓語一般指動(dòng)作的承受者,間接賓語指動(dòng)作所向的或所為的人和物(多指人),能帶雙賓語的動(dòng)詞常用的有:answer,bring,buy,do,find,get,give,hand,keep,leave,lend,make,offer,owe,pass,pay,play,promise,read,save,sell,send,show,sing,take等,間接賓語一般須與直接賓語連用,通常放在直接賓語之前。例如:Lend
me
your
dictionary,
please.Ihavefoundhimaplace.2如果直接賓語是代詞,則必須放在間接賓語之前,并且在二者之間加上介詞to或for。例如:Giveittome,Lily.不能說Givemeit,Lily.Theretwopencilsonthedesk,passthemtome.不能說…passmethem.二、復(fù)合賓語(賓語+賓補(bǔ)),例如:They
elected
him
their
monitor.第五節(jié)補(bǔ)足語補(bǔ)足語是一種補(bǔ)足主語和賓語的意義的句子成分。補(bǔ)足主語意義的句子成分叫做主語補(bǔ)足語,補(bǔ)足賓語意義的句子成分叫做賓語補(bǔ)足語.Theman,cruelbeyondbelief,didn’tlistentotheirpleadings.His
father
named
him
Jimmy.(名詞)They
painted
their
boat
white.(形容詞)Let
the
fresh
air
in.(副詞)You
mustn’t
force
him
to
lend
his
money
to
you.(不定式短語)We
saw
her
entering
the
room.(現(xiàn)在分詞)We
found
everything
in
the
lab
in
good
order.(介詞短語)We
will
soon
make
our
city
what
your
city
is
now.(從句)注意句子的賓語是動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)詞-ing形式或從句時(shí),常用it作形式賓語,將真正的賓語提到賓語補(bǔ)足語之后。常見的動(dòng)詞有think,find,consider,judge,feel,make,take,suppose,believe等。例如:Thechairmanthought______necessarytoinviteProfessorSmithtospeakatthemeeting.(2005全國卷=1\*ROMANI) Athat Bit Cthis Dhim【解釋】B。此題考查考生對(duì)it的掌握和運(yùn)用能力。此句式為:think/consider/feel/suppose/believeetc.+it+adj.+(forsb)todosomething.此句it作形式賓語,代替后面的不定式toinviteProfessorSmithtospeakatthemeeting。第六節(jié)定語修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語用來說明所修飾的名詞或代詞的品質(zhì)與特征,位置靈活,可以是前置,也可以后置。定語可由以下成分表示:Sheisanaturalmusician.(形容詞)China
is
a
developing
country;
America
is
a
developed
country.(分詞)
There
are
thirty
girlstudents
inour
class.(名詞)His
rapid
progress
in
English
made
us
surprised.(代詞)Herpromisetowritewasforgotten.(不定式短語)The
teaching
plan
for
next
term
has
been
worked
out.(動(dòng)名詞)He
is
reading
an
article
about
how
to
learn
English.(介詞短語)Theworldtodayisquitedifferent.(副詞)第七節(jié)狀語修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子,說明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分,叫做狀語。狀語在句中可以表示:時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、目的、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、程度、方式、比較、方向以及伴隨等情況,位置靈活,可以在句首、句中或句末??捎梢韵滦问奖硎荆篐espeaksthelanguagebadlybutreadsitwell.(副詞及副詞性詞組)He
has
lived
in
the
city
for
ten
years.(介詞短語)He
is
proud
to
have
passed
the
national
college
entrance
examination.(不定式短語)He
is
in
the
room
making
a
model
plane.(分詞短語)Wait
a
minute.(名詞)Once
you
begin,
you
must
continue.(狀語從句)
提示狀語種類如下:How
about
meeting
again
at
six?(時(shí)間狀語)Last
night
she
didn’t
go
to
the
dance
party
because
of
the
rain.(原因狀語)I
shall
go
there
if
it
doesn’t
rain.(條件狀語)Mr.
Smith
lives
on
the
third
floor.(地點(diǎn)狀語)She
put
the
eggs
into
the
basket
with
great
care.(方式狀語)She
came
in
with
a
dictionary
in
her
hand.(伴隨狀語)In
order
to
catch
up
with
the
others,
I
must
work
harder.(目的狀語)He
was
so
tired
that
he
fell
asleep
immediately.(結(jié)果狀語)She
works
very
hard
though
she
is
old.(讓步狀語)I
am
taller
than
he
is.(比較狀語)第八節(jié)同位語當(dāng)兩個(gè)指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置時(shí),一個(gè)句子成分可被用來說明或解釋另一個(gè)句子成分,前者就叫做后者的同位語。這兩個(gè)句子成分多由名詞(代詞)擔(dān)任,同位語通常放在其說明的名詞(代詞)之后。Wehavetwochildren,aboyandagirl.(名詞)Theyallwantedtoseehim.(代詞)Areyoutwoready?(數(shù)詞)Theirlatestproposal,toconcentrateonprimaryeducation,hasmetwithsomeopposition.(不定式)Thefirstplan,attackingatnight,wasturneddown.(v-ing)theartofwriting(介詞短語)Thenewsthatwearehavingaholidaytomorrowisnottrue.(從句)第六講簡單句的基本句型第一節(jié)簡單句的概念簡單句是指只由一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)(有時(shí)可能會(huì)有并列的主語或謂語)構(gòu)成的句子。請(qǐng)看以下例句:1.Isawhimwalkingtotheofficethismorning.(句子中只有Isaw是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。saw是謂語動(dòng)詞;walking是非謂語動(dòng)詞,因此句子還是簡單句。) 2.WhiteandMikewerenearlykilledbyafallingtree.(由于WhiteandMike是and連接的兩個(gè)名詞作主語,而句子中也只有WhiteandMikewerenearlykilled一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。waskilled是被動(dòng)語態(tài);cutting,falling是非謂語動(dòng)詞,因此句子還是簡單句。) 3.Youcaneitherstayhereorcomewithus.(由于主語是You,而動(dòng)詞stay,come是由or連接起來作謂語,句子還是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu),can是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,因此句子還是簡單句。)第二節(jié)簡單句的幾種基本句型英語語言雖然千變?nèi)f化,但是始終沒有脫離英語的六個(gè)基本句型,因此掌握這些基本句型是學(xué)好英語的基礎(chǔ)。句型一、“主--系--表”結(jié)構(gòu)這個(gè)句型主要用來說明主語的身份、狀態(tài)、特征、類屬等。如:I’maseniorhighstudent.Heisverystrong.Whathesaidsoundsveryinteresting.Itisgettingwarm.常見用于這一句型的系動(dòng)詞有:(1)be,appear,feel,look,seem,smell,sound,taste等表示心理、特征或存在的狀態(tài);(2)continue,keep,remain,stay,stand等表示狀態(tài)的延續(xù);(3)become,come,fall,get,go,grow,run,turn等表示狀態(tài)的變化。句型二、“主--謂”結(jié)構(gòu)這個(gè)句型常用來表示主語的動(dòng)作。謂語動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞,后面不能接賓語,但是可以接副詞、介詞短語、不定式、分詞或從句作狀語。如:Heleft.Thesunrisesintheeast.Hecametogethisbookback.Hewillcomeherewhenhefinisheshishomework.句型三、“主--謂--賓”結(jié)構(gòu)這個(gè)句型主要表示主語動(dòng)作的內(nèi)容,謂語由及物動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)。如:IwantaChinese-Englishdictionary.HereadsChineseeverymorning.Marylikesplayingthepianoverymuch.句型四、“主--謂--賓1--賓2”結(jié)構(gòu)這個(gè)句型主要表示主語的動(dòng)作涉及了人和事兩個(gè)方面,其中賓語1指人,叫做間接賓語,而第二個(gè)賓語2指事情,叫做直接賓語。如:Mothergavemeawatchyesterday.Myauntboughtmeacomputer.這個(gè)句型也可改換為“主+謂+賓2+介詞(to/for)+賓1”結(jié)構(gòu)。如上面句子可改為:Mothergaveawatchtomeyesterday.Myauntboughtacomputerforme.提示上面句型轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)(1)下列動(dòng)詞ask,bring,fetch,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,promise,read,return,sell,send,show,teach,tell,write等后面用to,表示動(dòng)作的方向,意為“給,對(duì),向”等。(2)下列動(dòng)詞buy,call,choose,cook,draw,find,get,make,order,read,sing,save,spare等后面用for,意為“為”。句型五、“主--謂--賓--補(bǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)這個(gè)句型主要表示主語要求賓語做某事或者使賓語怎么樣。用于這個(gè)句型的動(dòng)詞后面如果不接賓語補(bǔ)足語,句子意思久還不完整。如:Heaskedmetohaveatalkwithhim.WeconsideritveryimportanttolearnEnglishwell.提示(1)常見用于這個(gè)句型的動(dòng)詞有:ask,consider,find,force,get,have,help,let,make以及感官動(dòng)詞feel,hear,notice,observe,see,watch等。(2)have,help,let,make及感官動(dòng)詞feel,hear,notice,observe,see,watch接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí),不定式符號(hào)to須省略,但是將它們變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),不定式必須帶to。句型六、“Therebe”結(jié)構(gòu)這個(gè)句型主要表示某時(shí)或某地存在著某東西。用于這個(gè)句型的動(dòng)詞除了be外,還有arrive,come,exist,lie,live,go,remain,stand等,??勺g為“某時(shí)或某地有……”,或“某時(shí)或某地存在(發(fā)生、矗立著、躺著)……”。如:Therewasatalltreeinfrontofthebuilding.Therelivedakingwholoveddrawingverymuch.提示(1)句型中動(dòng)詞的形式由它后面的名詞的數(shù)及時(shí)間狀語確定;(2)句型中動(dòng)詞前可以有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can,may,must,haveto,usedto等修飾,表示“可能有……,肯定有……,從前有……等意思;(3)句型中動(dòng)詞前可以有appearto,seemto,happento等表示“似乎有……”,“碰巧有……”等意思。鞏固練習(xí)標(biāo)出下列句子劃線部分的句子成分1.Mike’sfatherisanEnglishteacher.2.Jack’ssisterworksinthatfactoryoverthere.3.Hesattherealone,readingastory.4.Readinginbedisbadforyoureyes.5.Therearesomechildrenplayingontheplayground.6.It’sveryimportanttogetonwellwiththeworkers.7.Whathetoldusthismorningprovedtrue.8.Wethinkitverynecessarytoteachthestudentshowtolive.9.Idon’tknowifhecansparemeafewminutes.10.Hewillcometojoinuswhenhefinisheshiswork.第七講句子的種類第一節(jié)陳述句(1)陳述句是用來陳述事實(shí)、事件或道理的句子,說明主語是什么,主語怎么樣或者主語做什么等,英語中常用實(shí)心圓點(diǎn)結(jié)束其句子。如:Englishiswidelyusedallovertheworld.Wemustworkhardertogetthetaskfinishedontime.Mr.Blackwillcometogiveusatalkonscience.(2)陳述句的否定=1\*GB3①助動(dòng)詞(系動(dòng)詞be、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)+not,如:Idon'tlikesweets.Theseexercisesarenotdifficult.Ican’tfollowyou.Ihavenotsaidanythingtoanybodyaboutit.=2\*GB3②助動(dòng)詞(系動(dòng)詞be、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)+never,hardly,seldom,little,few等,如: Ihavenever/hardly(ever)/seldomspokentoMr.George.=3\*GB3③no,none以及其它由no-構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞(nothing,nobody,noone,nowhere等)。Ihavespokentonobody/nooneaboutit.Ihavesaidnothingtoanybodyaboutit.Ihavenomoney.Ihavenone.=4\*GB3④neither和nor,主要在以下句式中:Ihaven'tspokentoMr.George.Neither/NorhaveI.當(dāng)用作連詞時(shí),neither要在nor之前。如: NeitherBobnorIbrokethewindow. Weneitherwantnorneedanyhelpfromyou,thankyou.=5\*GB3⑤利用否定詞綴:dis-,il-,in-,-im,-ir,un-,-less等,如:Idislikegoingtothecinema.Heisveryunhappy.第二節(jié)祈使句祈使句是用來向?qū)Ψ桨l(fā)出命令、提出警告或要求的句子,主語為第二人稱,但是常省略。如:Comehere!OpenyourbooksatPage46,please.Becarefulwhencrossingthestreet.注意:(1)祈使句的否定式為在句首加Don’t,如:Don’tgooutatnight.Don’tbelateagain.(2)口語中,有時(shí)為了引起對(duì)方重視,采用直呼其名,并加上主語You的方式,如:Mary,youcleanthewindow,please.Jack,yougoandshutthedoor.(3)為了緩和語氣,使說話顯得委婉、客氣一些,常在句末加please,或willyou?/won’tyou?構(gòu)成反意疑問句。(詳見反意疑問句)第三節(jié)感嘆句感嘆句是指用來表示贊美、厭惡等強(qiáng)烈感情的句子。它有兩種形式:(1)What+(a/an+adj.)+n.+主語+動(dòng)詞!如:Whatacleverstudentsheis!Whatcleanwateritisinthisriver!口語中,有時(shí)將形容詞及主謂結(jié)構(gòu)全省略,如:Whataboy!Whatacity!(2)How+adj.+主語+系動(dòng)詞!或How+adv.+主語+行為動(dòng)詞!如:Howbeautifulthecityis!Howfastheisrunning!有時(shí),口語中將形容詞副詞省略,如:HowIhopetomeetyou!HowIwishyoucoulddoitrightnow!(3)How+adj.+a/an+n.+主語+動(dòng)詞!如:Howlargearoomyouhave!Howgoodagirlsheis!提示除了上述兩種形式之外,英語中也有其他方式表示感嘆,如:(1)運(yùn)用語氣詞:Ah,Wow(2)運(yùn)用單詞或短語:Great!Good!Beautiful!Veryinteresting!Asmartboy!(3)運(yùn)用簡短的句子:Heworksfast!Heisverycareful!(4)口語中,感嘆句后面的“主語+系動(dòng)詞”或“主語+謂語”常省略。如:Whataninterestingstory!Howbig!第四節(jié)疑問句疑問句指用來詢問情況、信息的句子,末尾常用問號(hào)表示。如:AreyoufromChina?DoyoulikeAmerica?Whatdoyouwant?根據(jù)疑問句的形式及回答要求,可將疑問句分為一般疑問句、特殊疑問句、選擇疑問句及反意疑問句。(1)一般疑問句一般疑問句指需要用“Yes”或“No”來回答的疑問句。其形式為:助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞be+主語+……?其回答為:Yes,主語+助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞be,或No,主語+助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞be的否定式。如:AreyouMike?Yes,Iam.Doyoulikedancing?Yes,Ido.CanyouspeakEnglish?Yes,Ican.(2)特殊疑問句特殊疑問句是指用特殊疑問詞構(gòu)成的疑問句,其回答需根據(jù)具體情況作具體回答。特殊疑問詞有:What,Which,Who,Whom,Whose,When,Where,Why,HowWhat+名詞,Whose+名詞,Which+名詞How+形容詞或副詞,如: WhatcanIdoforyou,sir?I’dlikeacupofcoffee,please. Whenwillhecomehere?Tomorrow. Howwillhecomehere?Byplane. 下列特別的特殊疑問句 WhatisMary?Sheisanactress.WhatisMarylike?Sheisaverykindgirl.WhatdoesMarylooklike?Sheisverytallandthin.WhatdoyouthinkofMary?Sheisveryfriendly.Whatdayistoday?It’sSunday.What’sthedatetoday?It’sFebruary18,2011.What’stheprice/length/size/speedof…?Howdoyoudo?Howareyou?Fine,thankyou.HowdoyoulikeMary?Sheisveryfriendly.Howfarisit?It’sabouttenminutes’walk.Howlongisit?It’stwometers.Howmuchisthebook?HowoftendoyouhaveaP.E.lesson?Twiceaweek.HowsoonwillMarycomehere?Inabouttenminutes.提示=1\*GB3①當(dāng)對(duì)句子主語進(jìn)行提問時(shí),句子仍然用陳述語序。如:Whowillcomehere?Mr.Smith.Whathappenedjustnow?Aglasswasbroken.=2\*GB3②雙重疑問句對(duì)于think,believe,suppose,imagine,expect等的句子進(jìn)行提問時(shí),形式上對(duì)主句提問,而意義上是對(duì)從句提問,如:Whatdoyouthinkhewilldotomorrow?你認(rèn)為他明天會(huì)干什么?Whatdoyouthinkwillhappenifwecutthetreesonthehill?你認(rèn)為如果我們把山上的樹砍掉會(huì)發(fā)生什么事嗎?(3)選擇疑問句選擇疑問句有兩種形式:其一是由or連接的兩個(gè)一般疑問句組成,or后面的疑問句常省略與其前面相同的部分;其二是由特殊疑問句外加or連接的兩部分構(gòu)成的疑問句。其回答時(shí),都是從疑問句中選取一部分作答。如:AreyouMaryor(areyou)Alice?I’mMary.Doyoulikeplayingbasketballor(doyoulike)football?Ilikefootball.CanyouspeakJapaneseordoyouwanttolearnit?Iwanttolearnit.Whichbagisyours,theblueoneortheredone?Theredone.Whatdoyoulikebetter,chickenorduck?duck.(4)反意疑問句反意疑問句又叫附加疑問句,它是在陳述句后面加上一個(gè)簡短的一般疑問構(gòu)成,表示對(duì)所說的話沒有把握,或向?qū)Ψ秸髑笠庖?,或提出質(zhì)疑等。反意疑問句的一般形式:“肯定陳述,否定尾句?”或“否定陳述,肯定尾句?”,其回答與對(duì)一般疑問句的回答方式一致。如:Hefinishedhishomeworklastnight,didn’the?Yes,hedid.(No,hedidn’t)Marycan’tspeakChinese,canshe?Yes,shecan.(No,shecan’t)提示=1\*GB3①尾句中的助動(dòng)詞(或系動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞等)及人稱代詞應(yīng)與陳述部分中的語法動(dòng)詞及主語保持一致。如: Janeisyourcousin,isn’tshe?Thereisnodoubt,isthere? Weneedtoaskfirst,don’twe?Weneedn’taskfirst,needwe?=2\*GB3②弄清楚陳述部分主語后面的縮寫形式's或'd的真實(shí)意義。如:He’snevermetyoubefore,hashe?(He's=Hehas) He’sgoingtotellyouthetruth,isn'the?(He's=Heis) You'dbettergo,hadn'tyou?(you'd=y(tǒng)ouhad) You'dratherstay,wouldn'tyou?(you'd=y(tǒng)ouwould)=3\*GB3③“否定陳述+肯定尾句”的回答必須前后一致,但Yes翻譯為“不”,No翻譯為“是的”,如。 Youseldomgoswimminginthemorning,doyou? Yes,Ido.(不,我上午游泳)/No,Idon't.(是的,我上午很少游泳)特殊的反意疑問句: =1\*GB3①Ithink/believe/suppose/imagine/expectthat–clause的反意疑問句,其肯否形式由主句確定,而其助動(dòng)詞和主語與從句保持一致。如: Ithinkthathewillcomeherethisafternoon,won’the? Idon’tbelievethathewillfail,willhe? 這個(gè)句型中,主句的主語必須是第一人稱,主句謂語動(dòng)詞必須是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),同時(shí)主句謂語動(dòng)詞沒有任何副詞修飾,否則按一般情況處理。=2\*GB3②祈使句的反意疑問部分為willyou?或won’tyou?如:Passmethenewspaper,willyou/won'tyou?Remembertolockthedoor,willyou/won'tyou?但是,若祈使句為否定,翻譯疑問部分只能用won'tyou?如:Don'tbelatenexttime,willyou?=3\*GB3③Let's…的反意疑問部分為shallwe?或shan’twe?如:Let'sdoitbyourselves,shallwe?/shan’twe?但是,若Let’snot…后,只能用shallwe?而Letusdo…與祈使句的規(guī)則一致。如:Let’snotgothere,shallwe?Letusdoitbyourselves,willyou?=4\*GB3④must,can’t等表推測的反意疑問部分,結(jié)合時(shí)態(tài)及時(shí)間狀語考慮,如:OurheadmastermusthavebeentoAmerica,hasn’the?Mikemusthavereadthestorylastnight,didn’the?=5\*GB3⑤I’m…的反意疑問部分為aren’tI?或ain’tI?陳述部分的謂語是wish,疑問部分要用may+主語。如:I’mgrown-upnow,aren’tI?/ain’tI?Iwishtohaveawordwithyou,mayI?=6\*GB3⑥Everybody/Everyone/anyone/somebody/Nobody/noone…的反意疑問部分為…they?如:Everybodyhasbeentoldwhattodo,haven'tthey?Nobodylikesthisidea,dothey?=7\*GB3⑦NoneOfus/Someofus…的反意疑問部分為…we?如:Noneofusknewtheway,didwe?SomeofyouarelearningRussian,aren'tyou?=8\*GB3⑧句子中含有seldom,hardly,rarely,little,few,scarcely等半否定詞時(shí),反意疑問部分用肯定形式,但是由詞綴構(gòu)成的否定句的反意疑問部分用否定形式。如:Fewpeopleknewtheanswer,didthey?JackdislikesEnglish,doesn’the?=9\*GB3⑨當(dāng)?shù)谝蝗朔Q對(duì)第二人稱說關(guān)于第二人稱的某些事情,想詢問對(duì)方以便證實(shí)時(shí),往往用…you?如:Iheardyousingonthehillthismorning,didn’tyou?I’mtoldthatyouhavemadegreatprogress,haven’tyou?=10\*GB3⑩感嘆句的反意疑問部分與陳述句的反意疑問部分相同,如:Whataniceday(itis),isn’tit?Howfastheisrunning,isn’the?鞏固練習(xí)一、根據(jù)括號(hào)中的要求轉(zhuǎn)換句型1.Eachofushasanewbook.(否定句)___________________2.Toseeonetimeisbetterthantohearonehundredtimes.(一般疑問句)____________3.Theyhelpedtodothecleaningthismorning.(就劃線部分提問)________________4.Theyinsistedonmystayingtherefordinner.(就劃線部分提問)_________________5.Thereissomeoneatthegatetoseeyou.(反意疑問句)___________________6.Ifeltitmydutytoreportittotheheadmaster.(否定句)___________________7.HewenttotheInternetbartoseehisfriend.(就劃線部分提問)__________________8.Didn’tyounoticehimleavethehouse?(肯定陳述句)___________________9.Hegoestoschooleveryday.(就劃線部分提問)___________________10.Ithinkthathewilllikethepresent.(反意疑問句)___________________11.Hehasanexpensivecar.(感嘆句)___________________12.Sheworksverycarefully.(感嘆句)___________________13.TellMarynottomakenoisethere.(反意疑問句)______________14.Wewillcomebackinafewminutes.(就劃線部分提問)________15.Sheboughtthecoatbecauseitfittedhimverywell.(就劃線部分提問)________二、根據(jù)句子語境,在空白處填上適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或詞組,補(bǔ)全句子。1.—________haveyoubeenawayfromhome?—Forfivemonths.2._______writerisbetterknowninChina,CharlesDickensorMarkTwain?3.He’scomealready,________?4.Shenevertellsalie,________?5.It’safineday,let’sgofishing,________?6.—Isn’tyouruncleanengineer?—________,heisn’t.7.________carelessheis!8.Oh,John,________yougaveup!9.Ifthiscoatisn’tyours,________canitbe?10.—Didn’tanyonerecognizethepresident?—No,________.11.Don’tsmokeinthemeetingroom,________?12.Letmehavealook,________?13.________funitistohaveatalkwithyou!14.________IwishIcouldhavemoretime!15.Hurry,________youwont’makethetrain!第八講動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)第一節(jié)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)是用來表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間和所處的狀態(tài)的重要形式。不同時(shí)間所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作必須要用不同的時(shí)態(tài)來表示。英語的時(shí)態(tài)共有十六種,見下表:一般進(jìn)行完成完成進(jìn)行現(xiàn)在…+am/is/are…+do/does…+have/has…+am/is/aredoing…+havedone…+hasdone...+havebeendoing…+hasbeendoing過去…+was/did…+were/did…+wasdoing…+weredoing…+haddone…+hadbeendoing將來…+shall/willdo…+am/is/aregoingtodo…+am/is/aredoing…+am/is/aretodo…+am/is/areabouttodo…willbeingdoing…will/shallhavedone…will/shallhavebeendoing過去將來…+should/woulddo…+was/weregoingtodo…+was/weredoing…+was/weretodo…+was/wereabouttodo…+wouldbedoing…wouldhavedone…wouldhavebeendoing其中《大綱》要求重點(diǎn)掌握表中的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)、一般將來時(shí)、過去將來時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、將來進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)等十種主要時(shí)態(tài)。一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的意義和作用(1)表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作、行為,常與everyday,never,always,often,usually等頻度副詞連用。如:Igotoschoolat8everymorning.Iusuallygotoworkatseveninthemorning.(2)表示客觀真理、客觀存在、科學(xué)事實(shí)。如:Theearthmovesaroundthesun.ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.(3)用在格言或警句中。如:Pridegoesbeforeafall.驕者必?cái)?。Graspall,loseall.貪多必失。(4)表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、特性、性格、能力等。如:Isthereanythingwrongwithyou?Youlookpale.Idon'twantsomuch.Nowwatchme,Iswitchonthecurrentandstandback.【典例】I______ping-pongquitewell,butIhaven'thadtimetoplaythisyear.[解析]play。題干后面的分句用了轉(zhuǎn)折語氣,并用了現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),空格處是指含現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的廣泛意義上的現(xiàn)在時(shí)間。(5)表示計(jì)劃或安排中的動(dòng)作。如:ThetrainleavesforBeijingat2:30p.m.(6)用在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中,表示一般將來時(shí)。如:IfIamfree,I’llcometoseeyou.2.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的形式(1)be動(dòng)詞:Iam…;He/She/It/Mary/…is…;We/You/Theyare…(2)have/has:He/She/It/Mary/…h(huán)as…;I/We/You/Theyhave…(3)其它動(dòng)詞:當(dāng)主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式;其他人稱或復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞用原形。如:Helikessinging,whilewealllikedancing.【典例】—Whenwillyoucometoseeme,Dad?—Iwillgotoseeyouwhenyou_________thetrainingcourse.[解析]finish。在時(shí)間狀語從句中,主句用將來時(shí),從句用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。二、一般過去時(shí)1.一般過去式的形式的構(gòu)成(1)規(guī)則變化=1\*GB3①一般在動(dòng)詞后面加-ed,如:played,worked,walked=2\*GB3②在以“輔音字母+e”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞后面直接加-d,如:liked,loved,hated=3\*GB3③以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,改y為I,再加-ed,如:studied=4\*GB3④在以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾,并且最后只有一個(gè)輔音字母的動(dòng)詞后,雙寫最后輔音字母,然后再加-ed,如:stopped,regretted(2)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞(詳見不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化表)2.一般過去時(shí)的意義(1)在確定的過去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。時(shí)間狀語有:yesterday,anhourago,theotherday,lastweek,in1982等。如:Wheredidyougojustnow?HewenttoFrancelastyear.(2)表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。如:WhenIwasachild,Ioftenplayedbasketballwithmyfriends.WhenevertheGreenscamehere,theyweregivenawarmwelcome.(3)用于常見句型。Itistimesb.didsth.“時(shí)間已遲了,早該……了”。如:Itistimeyouwenttobed.你早該睡覺了。would(had)rathersb.didsth.“寧愿某人做某事”。如:I'dratheryoucametomorrow.(4)表示先后一連串的動(dòng)作。如:Theoldladywenttothemarket,boughtsomevegetablesandwenthome.(5)用于虛擬語氣。如:Itistimewewenthome.Ifthevisitorsarrivedtomorrow,Iwouldgotomeetthemattheairport.三、一般將來時(shí)表示將來要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),常與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語thisafternoon,thisyear,tomorrow,nextyear等連用。1.will/shall+do。(1)表示預(yù)見、意圖,或者用在疑問句中征詢聽話人的意見。如:Hewillbebacksoon.Ishall/willsendMr.ZhanganE-mailtomorrow.Willyougotothecinemawithme?【典例】It__________longbeforewefinishtheresultoftheexperiment.[解析]willnotbe。此題考查一般將來時(shí)在固定句型中的運(yùn)用,即“Itwillbe+時(shí)間段+before+動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)”。(2)表示現(xiàn)在的習(xí)慣、需要,預(yù)測現(xiàn)在某事可能會(huì)發(fā)生,或者現(xiàn)在對(duì)將來的事情作出決定。如:Fishwilldiewithoutwater.ShallIhelpyou?Itisteno'clock.Marywillbeinbedbynow.—Whichdressdoyouwant?—I'lltaketheredone.2.begoingto+不定式,表示將來。(1)表示按計(jì)劃、安排要發(fā)生的事。如:TheyaregoingtostudyEnglishnextmonth.(2)表示主語的意圖,即將做某事。如:Whatareyougoingtodothedayaftertomorrow?(3)表示有跡象要發(fā)生的事。如:Lookatthedarkclouds,thereisgoingtobeastorm.3.be+todo,表將來,指按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事,或者表示命令、禁止,或者表示可能性等。如:WearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday.Wearetofinishtheworkbeforefivethisafternoon.4.be+doing,表示按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如:IamleavingforLondontomorrow.5.beabouttodosth.即將做某事。如:HeisabouttoleaveforShanghai.提示beaboutto不能與tomorrow,nextweek等表示明確將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語連用。四、過去將來時(shí)1.過去將來時(shí)的意義表示相對(duì)于過去某一時(shí)間將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如:Hewarnedusthatthejourneywouldbeverydangerous.2.過去將來時(shí)的形式(1)would/shoulddo表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間的想法或打算,常用于賓語從句中和虛擬語氣中。如:Hesaidhewouldspendhisweekendhelpinghisparentswiththeirwork.IfIwereyou,Iwouldnotdothat.(2)was/weregoingtodo與was/weretodo表示過去已經(jīng)計(jì)劃、安排要做的或者跡象表明要發(fā)生的事情;如:Hetoldmethathewasgoingtohaveameetingthatevening.(3)was/wereabouttodo表示過去即將要進(jìn)行的事情,常與when時(shí)間狀語從句連用,如:Iwasabouttoleavewhenhecametoseeme.五、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)1.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的形式:bedoing2.現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成=1\*GB3①一般在動(dòng)詞后面加-ing,如:playing,learning,walking=2\*GB3②“輔音字母+e”的動(dòng)詞,去e,再加-ing,如:loving,liking,hating=3\*GB3③在以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾,并且最后只有一個(gè)輔音字母的動(dòng)詞后,雙寫最后輔音字母,然后再加-ing,如:stopping,beginning=4\*GB3④以-ie結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,改-ie為-y,再加-ing,如:lying,dying,tying=5\*GB3⑤在以-c結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞后加-king,如:panicking,picnicking3.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的意義和用法(1)表示現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的事情。如:Wearewaitingforyou.(2)表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或發(fā)生的情況(說話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行)。如:Mr.Browniswritinganothernovel.(說話時(shí)未必在寫,指處于寫作的狀態(tài))Selectingamobilephoneforpersonaluseisnoeasytaskbecausetechnologyischangingsorapidly.(3)表示漸變的動(dòng)詞有:become,turn,get,go,grow,run,begin等。如:Theleavesareturningred.It'sgettingwarmerandwarmer.(4)與always,constantly,forever等詞連用,表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài),往往帶有說
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