《跨文化交際教程》課件chapter 1

ChapterOne

CulturalAwarenessandInterculturalcommunicationKeypointsWhatisculture?Whatiscommunication?Whatisinterculturalcommunication?Cultivatingculturalawarenessbetweendifferentcultures,especiallybetweenChinesecultureandwesternculture.1.Whatisculture?Onthesurface:customsandbehavior

Moredeeply:whatthebehaviorandcustomsmeantothepeoplewhoarefollowingthemInaword:Cultureisallaboutmeanings.Cultureiseverythingandeverywhere.

UnderstandingCulture1.Differencesandsimilaritiesbetweencultures3.Ethnocentrism,Stereotypes,Prejudice,Discrimination,Racism4.whatwecanseeaboutculturesisjustthetipoftheiceberg

2.Cultureshock

WhatisCultureShock?Definition

Troublesomefeelingssuchasdepression,loneliness,confusion,inadequacy,hostility,frustration,andtension,causedbythelossoffamiliarcuesfromthehomeculture.(LinellDavis)Whatisethnocentrism?Definition“theviewofthingsinwhichone’sowngroupisthecenterofeverything,andallothersarescaledandratedwithreferencetoit”(WilliamG.Sumner)ReasonsAllcultureshavethetendencytousethecategoriesofone’sownculturetoevaluatetheactionsofothers.NegativeImpactofEthnocentrism

Ifpeoplebelievethattheircultureistheonlytrueculture,theywilldiscriminateagainstpeoplewhomanifestculturalnormsthatfailtocorrespondtotheirvaluesandbehaviors.

StereotypesDefinition

Stereotypesareaformofgeneralizationaboutsomegroupofpeople,orameansoforganizingimagesintofixedandsimple

categoriesthatareusedtostandfortheentirecollectionofpeople.(WalterLippmann)Reasons

Humanbeingshaveapsychologicalneed

tocategorizeandclassify.

PrejudiceDefinitionItreferstonegativeattitudestowardsotherpeoplethatarebasedonfaultyandinflexiblestereotypes.

Itisanunfair,biased,

or

intolerant

attitudetowardsanothergroupofpeople.(Lusting&Koester)Examples

Example1:

“ThoseGermansdiditonce,soIcannevertrustanyofthemeveragain.”

Example2:

“Don’tpaytheMexicansverymuch.Theydon’thaveanyeducationandwillworkforalmostnothing.”

DiscriminationDefinition

Itreferstothebehavioralmanifestationsof

theprejudice,itcanbethoughtofasprejudice“inaction”.(Lusting&Koester)

RacismDefinitionThebeliefthatraceaccountsfordifferencesinhumancharacterorabilityandthataparticularraceissuperiortoothers.Whatwecanseeaboutculturesisjustthetipoftheiceberg.2.WhatisCommunication?ItcomesfromtheLatinword“communicare”,itmeanstogiveortoexchange.Now,themostcommonmeaningof“communication”istogiveorexchangeinformationorideas.Communicationisourabilitytoshareourideasandfeelings.(thebasisofallhumancontact)Communicationisadynamic,systematicprocessinwhichmeaningsarecreatedandreflectedinhumaninteractionwithsymbols.(J.T.Wood)Q:Awifehassaidtoherhusband:"Yes,George.Iknowyoucantalk,butIwantyoutocommunicate".Whatdoesshemean?Whatisthedifferenceinmeaningbetween"talk"and"communicate"?TheAmericansociolinguistD.Hymespointedoutthatpeoplewithcommunicativecompetenceshouldknowwhen,whereandwhattospeaktowhomandhow.Culturegivesmeaningandprovidesthecontextforcommunication,andtheabilitytocommunicateallowsustoactoutourculturalvaluesandtoshareourlanguagesandourculture.ElementsofcommunicationContext(location,time,light,temperature,seatingarrangements)Participants(relationship,gender,culture)Messages(meanings,symbols,encodinganddecoding)Channels(sound,sight,smell,taste,touch)Noise(externalnoise,internalnoise,semanticnoise)feedbackLinearModelofCommunicationSenderReceiverChannel(message)encodingdecodingnoiseIsthisaneffectivemodelofcommunication?ModeofCommunicationInteractiveModelofCommunicationSenderReceiverSenderReceiverencodingdecodingnoiseFeedbackisessentialtogoodcommunicationdecodingencodingmessage/channelmessage/channelCharacteristicsofcommunication1)Communicationisdynamic2)Communicationisinteractive3)Communicationisirreversible4)Communicationtakesplaceinbothaphysicalandsocialcontext.3.InterculturalCommunicationSamovar&PorterIerculturalcommunicationreferstoanycommunicationbetweentwomembersofanyculturalcommunities.Cross-culturalCommunication

Vs

InterculturalCommunicationCross-culturalcommunicationthesimilaritiesanddifferencesinvalueorientations,affectivedispositions,relationshipmanagement,communicativestyles(psychologicalprocess)Interculturalcommunicationthepenetrationbyamemberofonecultureintoanotherculture(practicalsignificance)4.CultivatingculturalawarenessbetweendifferentculturesCross-culturalawarenessistheabilitytounderstandculturesbymeansofobjective,non-judgmentalcomparisons.Itisanappreciationforustogetridofourethnocentrictendenciesandtoacceptanothercultureonitsownterms.Manyinter-culturalinteractionsgosourduetolackofsuchawareness.ShowingHospitalityinDifferentWaysChineseWesternersChineseguestsalwaysrefuseofferofdrinksorfoodtodemonstratepolitenessinseemingnottowishtoputtheirhosttoanytrouble.Westernersalwaysacceptorrefuseofferofdrinksorfoodverygenuinely.Sometimesanofferisnotarealofferbutapoliteremark.Afterwesay‘no’,weusuallywaitforthesecondandthirdoffer.Ifthehostjustbringsthefoodordrinkandignores‘no’,weillacceptit.Theirrefusalisacceptedasgenuine.Westernersdon’tpress.Topresspeopletohavefoodordrinkaftertheyhaverefusedisfrowneduponandcancauseembarrassments.ChineseliketopresstheirgueststodrinkoreattoshowtheirhospitalityMealsToshowhospitality:Thequantityandvarietyofthemealfarmorethancanbeeatenatthetimerelatethemealsizemoreaccuratelytothepeople’sappetiteAtthetableconstantlyputthebestpieceoffoodonthevisitor’splateleavethegueststohelpthemselvesanddonotkeepurgingthemtoeatmoreTwodifferentresponsestodifferentwaysofhospitality:

AnEnglishguest

:Eachtimeanewdisharrivedhisparentswouldleanoverandloadmyplatewithtastymorsels.AstheyhadtakenallthetroubletocookitIjusthadtopolishitoff.Assoonasmyplatewasemptytheywouldputmoreon.Ofcourse,Ifeltduty-boundtoearthattoo.

AChineseguest:CanyouimaginehowmanydishesIhad?One–astewwithmeatandvegetables.Themeatwasoverdoneandtoohardtoeat;greenvegetableswerenolongergreen.Theyneverputfoodonyourplatebutjustaskyoutohelpyourself.Ifyou,asaguest,areshyormodest,waitingforthefoodtobeputonyourplate,youwillremainhalf-starved.Individual&CollectivistCulture

IndividualCulture

(liberalism):individualstendtodefinethemselvesbytheextenttowhichtheyaredifferentfrom,ratherthansimilartoother.Peopleareencouragedtodisplayself-confidenceandassertiveness,disclosureofpersonalthoughtsandfeelings.

Collectivistculture(Confucianism):placeslittlevalueonindividualidentityandgreatvalueongroupidentity.Goingone'sownwayisnotvalued;uniformityandconformityarestressed.IndividualismCollectivismIcultureWEcultureopendiscussionofdisagreementarevaluedformsoftalkopenlyspeakingone’smindappearsdistastefulseekthenoticeofothers;affirmtheiruniquenessopenexpressionrisksfaceguardingprivacy;valuingfreedomtodoandthinkwhatevertheychoosetherighttoprivacyinthesenseoffreedomisnotrecognizedlivelifeguidedonlybyprinciplessuchasequalityandnoninterferenceone’sbusinessisalsothebusinessofthegroup;friendsshouldbeconcernedwitheachother’spersonalmattersGiftsDifferentwaysofreceivinggiftsChineseWesternersTendtoopenthegiftsafterthevisitorshaveleft.Ifyouopenthegiftassoonasitisgiven,youmightembarrassthepersonwhogivesyouthegiftandyoumightbethoughtgreedy.Itisregardedaspolitetoopengiftsassoonastheyaregiventoexpressappreciation.Itisimpolitetojustsaythankyouandputthegiftawayinacorner.DifferentwaysofsendinggiftsManypeoplesendgiftswithoutwrappingthem,andiftheywrapthem,theyusuallytellthereceiverwhatisinside.Peopleusuallywrapthegiftsanddonottellthereceiverwhatisinside.Expensivegifts