英語專四閱讀真題講義及答案解析(2015年-2018年)

專四閱讀課程講義一、2015年考題TextAInundatedbymoreinformationthanwecanpossiblyholdinourheads,we'reincreasinglyhandingoffthejobofrememberingtosearchenginesandsmartphones.41）Googleisevenreportedlyworkingoneyeglassesthatcouldonedayrecognizefacesandsupplydetailsaboutwhoeveryou'relookingat.Butnewresearchshowsthatoutsourcingourmemory—andexpectingthatinformationwillbecontinuallyandinstantaneouslyavailable—ischangingour51）cognitivehabits.42）ResearchconductedbyBetsySparrow,anassistantprofessorofpsychologyatColumbiaUniversity,hasidentifiedthreenewrealitiesabouthowweprocessinformationintheInternetage.First,herexperimentsshowedthatwhenwedon'tknowtheanswertoaquestion,wenowthinkaboutwherewecanfindthenearestWebconnectioninsteadofthesubjectofthequestionitself.Asecondrevelationisthatwhenweexpecttobeabletofindinformationagainlateron,wedon'trememberitaswellaswhenwethinkitmightbecomeunavailable.Andthenthereistheresearchers'finalobservation:theexpectationthatwe'llbeabletolocateinformationdownthelineleadsustoformamemorynotofthefactitselfbutofwherewe'llbeabletofindit.Butthishandoffcomeswithadownside.Skillslikecriticalthinkingandanalysismustdevelopinthecontextoffacts:weneedsomethingtothinkandreasonabout,afterall.Andthesefactscan'tbeGoogledaswego;theyneedtobestoredintheoriginalharddrive,ourlong-termmemory.Especiallyinthecaseofchildren,"factualknowledgemustprecedeskill,"saysDanielWillingham,aprofessorofpsychology,attheUniversityofVirginia—meaningthatthedaysofdrillingthemultiplicationtableandmemorizingthenamesofthePresidentsaren'toverquiteyet.Adults,too,needtorecruitasupplyofstoredknowledgeinordertosituateandevaluatenewinformationtheyencounter.Youcan'tGooglecontext.Last,there'sthepossibility,increasinglyterrifyingtocontemplate,thatourmachineswillfailus.AsSparrowputsit,"TheexperienceoflosingourInternetconnectionbecomesmoreandmorelikelosingafriend."Ifyou'regoingtokeepyourmemoryonyoursmartphone,bettermakesureit'sfullycharged.41.Google’seyeglassesaresupposedto___.[A]improveourmemory[B]functionlikememory[C]helpusseefacesbetter[D]worklikesmartphones42.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutSparrow’sresearchisCORRECT?[A]Werememberpeopleandthingsasmuchasbefore.[B]WeremembermoreInternetconnectionsthanbefore.[C]Wepayequalattentiontolocationandcontentofinformation.[D]Wetendtorememberlocationratherthanthecoreoffacts.43.Whatistheimpliedmessageoftheauthor?[A]Webconnectionsaidourmemory.[B]Peopledifferinwhattoremember.1[C]Peoplekeepmemoryonsmartphones.[D]Peopleneedtoexercisetheirmemory.41~43答案:BDDTextBIwasasecond-yearmedicalstudentattheuniversity,andwasonmyseconddayofroundsatanearbyhospital.Myuniversity'sphilosophywastogetstudentsseeingpatientsearlyintheireducation.Niceidea,butitoverlookedonedetail:second-yearstudentsknownexttonothingaboutmedicine.44)Assignedtomyteamthatdaywasanattending—aseniorfacultymemberwhowastheremostlytomakepatientsfeeltheyweren'tinthehandsofamateurs.Manyattendingswereresearcherswhodidn'thavemuchrecenthospitalexperience.Minewasactuallyanarthritisspecialist.Alsoalongwasaresident(therealboss,withastaggeringmasteryofmedicine,atleasttoarookielikemyself).Inadditionthereweretwointerns(實習醫(yī)生).TheseguyswerejustasgreenasIwas,butinascarierway:theyhadrecentlygraduatedfromthemedicalschool,sotheyweretechnicallyMDs.Ibeganthedayat6:30am.AninternandIdidaquickcheckofoureightpatients;later,weweretopresentourfindingstotheresidentandthentotheattending.Ihadthreepatientsandtheinternhadtheotherfive—pieceofcake.ButwhenIarrivedintheroomof71-year-oldMr.Adams,hewassittingupinbed,sweatingheavilyandpanting(喘氣).He'djusthadahipoperationandlookedterrible.Ilistenedtohislungswithmystethoscope,buttheysoundedclear.NextIcheckedthelogofhisvitalsignsandsawthathisrespirationandheartratehadbeenclimbing,buthistemperaturewassteady.Itdidn'tseemlikeheartfailure,nordiditappeartobepneumonia.SoIaskedMr.Adamswhathethoughtwasgoingon."It'sreallyhotinhere,Doc,"hereplied.SoIattributedhisconditiontothestuffyroomandtoldhimtherestoftheteamwouldreturninafewhours.Hesmiledandfeeblywavedgoodbye.At8:40am.,duringourteammeeting,"CodeBlueRoom307!"blaredfromtheloudspeaker.Ifroze.ThatwasMr.Adams'sroom.Whenwearrived,hewasmotionless.Theautopsy(尸體解剖)laterfoundMr.Adamshadsufferedamassivepulmonaryembolism(肺部栓塞).Abloodclothadformedinhisleg,workeditswaytohislungs,andcuthisbreathingcapacityinhalf.45)Hissymptomshadbeentextbook:heavyperspirationandshortnessofbreathdespiteclearlungs.Theonlythingwas:Ihadn'treadthatchapterinthetextbookyet.AndIwastooscared,insecure,andproudtoaskarealdoctorforhelp.Thismistakehashauntedmefornearly30years,butwhat'sparticularlyfrustratingisthatthesamemedicaleducationsystempersists.46)WhoknowshowmanypeoplehavediedorsufferedharmatthehandsofstudentsasnaiveasI,andhowmanymorewill?44.Welearnthattheauthor’steammembershad__.[A]muchpracticalexperience2[B]adequateknowledge[C]longbeenworkingthere[D]someprofessionaldeficiency45.“Hissymptomshadbeentextbook”meansthathissymptomswere____.[A]partofthetextbook[B]nolongerinthetextbook[C]recentlyincludedinthetextbook[D]explainedinthetextbook46.Attheendofthepassage,theauthorexpresses____aboutthemedicaleducationsystem.[A]optimism[B]hesitation[C]concern[D]support44~46答案：DDCTextCThewaronsmoking,nowfivedecadesoldandcounting,isoneofthenation'sgreatestpublichealthsuccessstories—butnotforeveryone.Asawhole,thecountryhasmadeamazingprogress.In1964,fourintenadultsintheUSsmoked;todayfewerthantwointendo.Butsomestates—Kentucky,SouthDakotaandAlabama,tonamejustafew—seemtohavemissedthemessagethatsmokingisdeadly.47)TheirfailureisthegreatestdisappointmentinanefforttosavelivesthatwasstartedonJan.11,1964,bythefirstSurgeonGeneral'sReportonSmokingandHealth.Itsfindingthatsmokingisacauseoflungcancerandotherdiseaseswasmajornewsthen.Thehazardsofsmokingwerejuststartingtoemerge.Thereportledtocigarettewarninglabels,abanonTVadsandeventuallyananti-smokingmovementthatshiftedthenation'sattitudeonsmoking.Then,smokerswerecool.Today,manyareoutcasts,rejectedbyrestaurants,bars,publicbuildingsandeventheirownworkplaces.Millionsofliveshavebeensaved.Theformulaforsuccessisnolongerguesswork:Adopttoughwarninglabels,airpublicserviceads,fundsmokingcessationprogramsandimposesmoke-freelaws.Butthesurestwaytopreventsmoking,particularlyamongprice-sensitiveteens,istoraisetaxes.Ifyoucanstopthemfromsmoking,you'vewonthewar.Fewpeoplestartsmokingafterturning19.Thereal-lifeevidenceoftaxingpowerispowerful.The10stateswiththelowestadultsmokingratesslapanaveragetaxof$2.42oneverypack—threetimestheaveragetaxinthestateswiththehighestsmokingrates.NewYorkhasthehighestcigarettetaxinthecountry,at$4.35perpack,andjust12percentofteenssmoke—farbelowthenationalaverageof18percent.ComparethatwithKentucky,wheretaxesarelow(60cents),smokingrestrictionsareweakandtheteensmokingrateisdoubleNewYork's.Otherlow-taxstateshavesimilarlydismalrecords.Enemiesofhightobaccotaxesclingtothetiredargumentthattheyfalldisproportionatelyonthepoor.True,butsodothedeadlyeffectsofsmoking—farworsethanatax.Theeffectofthetaxesisamplifiedfurtherwhentherevenueisusedtofundinitiativesthathelpsmokersquitorpersuadeteensnottostart.Anti-smokingforceshaveplentytocelebratethisweek,havinghelpedavoid8millionprematuredeathsinthepast50years.Butaslongas3,000adolescentsandteenstaketheirfirst3puffeachday,thewarisnotwon.47.Accordingtocontext,“theirfailure”refersto___.A.thoseadultswhocontinuetosmokeB.thosestatesthatmissedthemessageC.findingsofthereportD.hazardsofsmoking48.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?[A]Howtostageanti-smokingcampaigns.[B]Theeffectsofthereportonsmokingandhealth.[C]Taxasthesurestpathtocutsmoking.[D]Theeffortstocutdownonteenagesmoking.47~48答案：BDTextDAttachmentParentingisnotIndulgentParenting.Attachmentparentsdonot"spoil"theirchildren.Spoilingisdonewhenachildisgiveneverythingthattheywantregardlessofwhattheyneedandregardlessofwhatispractical.Indulgentparentsgivetoysfortantrums(發(fā)脾氣),icecreamforbreakfast.Attachmentparentsdon'tgivetheirchildreneverythingthattheywant,theygivetheirchildreneverythingthattheyneed.Attachmentparentsbelievethatloveandcomfortarefreeandnecessary.Notsweetsortoys.AttachmentParentingisnot"afraidoftears"parenting.49）Ourkidscry.Thedifferenceisthatweunderstandthattantrumsandtearscomefromemotionsandnotmanipulation.Andourchildrenunderstandthistoo.Theycryandhavetantrumssometimes,ofcourse.Buttheydothisbecausetheiremotionsaresooverwhelmingthattheyneedtogetitout.Theydonotexpecttobe"rewarded"fortheirstrongnegativeemotions;theysimplyexpectthatwewilllisten.Wepickupourbabieswhentheycry,andwerespondtothetearsofourolderchildrenbecausewebelievefirmlythatcomfortisfree,loveisfree,andthatwhenachildhasneedforcomfortandlove,itisourjobtoprovidethosethings.Wearenotafraidoftears.Wedon'tavoidthem.Weholdourchildrenthroughthemandteachthemthatwhentheyarehurtorfrustratedweareheretocomfortthemandhelpthemworkthroughtheiremotions.50）AttachmentParentingisnotClingyParenting.Idonotclingtomychildren,Infact,I'mprettyfree-range.Assoonastheycanmovetheyusuallymoveawayfrommeandletmesetupachaseastheycrawl,run,skipandhopontheirmerrywaytoexploretheworld,Sure,Icarrythemandhugthemandchasethemandkissthemandrockthemandsleepwiththem.Butthisisnotmefollowingthemeverywhereandpullingthembacktome.Thisismebeingahomebase.The"attachment"comesfromtheirbeingallowedtoattachtous,notfromusattachingtothemlikeparentalleeches.AttachmentParentingisnotSelfishParenting.Itisalsonotselflessparenting.Wearenotdoingitforus,andwearenotdoingittotormentourselves.AttachmentParentingisnotHelicopterParenting.Idon’thover,Isupervise.Ifollow,Iteach,Idemonstrate,Iexplain.Idon’tslapcurioushandsaway.Ishowhowtodothingssafely.Iletmychilddothethingsthatmychildwishestodo,firstwithhelpandthenwithsupervisionandfinally4withtrust.Idon’tinsistthatmy23montholdholdmyhandwhenwewalkonthesidewalkbecauseIknowthatIcanrecallhimwithmyvoicebecausehetrustsmetoallowhimtoexploreandhetrustsmetoexplainwhensomethingisdangerousandtohelphimsatisfyhiscuriositiessafely.MostofthenegativethingsthatIhearabout“attachmentparents”arecompletelyoff-baseanddescribesomethingthatisentirelyunlikeAttachmentParenting.AttachmentParentingischild-centricandfocusesontheneedsofthechild.Childrenneedstructure,rules,andboundaries.AttachmentParentssimplybelievethatthechildandtheparentareallies,notadversaries.Andthatchildrenaretaught,nottrained.49.Accordingtotheauthor,whatshouldparentsdowhentheirkidscry?A.Providingcomfortandlove.B.Tryingtostopkidscrying.C.Holdingthemtilltheystop.D.Rewardingkidswithtoys.50.Whatdoes“free-range”meanaccordingtothepassage?A.Fondofprovidingahomebase.B.Readytoplaygameswithmykids.C.Curioustowatchwhatgamestheyplay.D.Willingtogivekidsfreedomofmovement.49~50答案：ADSectionB.Shortanswerquestions.InthissectiontherearefiveshortanswerquestionsbasedonthepassagesinSectionA.AnswerthequestionswithNOMORETHANTENWORDSinthespaceprovidedonANSWERSHEETTWO.PassageOne51.Accordingtotheauthor,whatdoes“cognitivehabits”referto?答案：tothehabitstodealwithinformation原文：Inundatedbymoreinformationthanwecanpossiblyholdinourheads,we'reincreasinglyhandingoffthejobofrememberingtosearchenginesandsmartphones.Googleisevenreportedlyworkingoneyeglassesthatcouldonedayrecognizefacesandsupplydetailsaboutwhoeveryou'relookingat.Butnewresearchshowsthatoutsourcingourmemory–andexpectingthatinformationwillbecontinuallyandinstantaneouslyavailable--ischangingour51）cognitivehabits.PassageTwo52.Whydoestheauthordoingroundsinhospital?答案：Itisapartofmedicaleducation.原文：Iwasasecond-yearmedicalstudentattheuniversity,and52）wasonmyseconddayofroundsatanearbyhospital.Myuniversity'sphilosophywastogetstudentsseeingpatientsearlyintheireducation.Niceidea,butitoverlookedonedetail:second-yearstudentsknownexttonothingaboutmedicine.PassageThree53.Whatdoestheword“counting”meaninthecontext?5答案：Itmeanscontinuing.原文：Thewaronsmoking,53）nowfivedecadesoldandcounting,isoneofthenation'sgreatestpublichealthsuccessstories-butnotforeveryone.PassageThree54.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofraisingtaxoncigarettes?答案：Itiseffective./Itisthesurestway.原文：Theformulaforsuccessisnolongerguesswork:Adopttoughwarninglabels,airpublicserviceads,fundsmokingcessationprogramsandimposesmoke-freelaws.54）Butthesurestwaytopreventsmoking,particularlyamongprice-sensitiveteens,istoraisetaxes.Ifyoucanstopthemfromsmoking,you'vewonthewar.Fewpeoplestartsmokingafterturning19.PassageFour55.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?答案：Differenttypesofparenting.6二、2016年考題PassageOne（1）WhenIwastwenty-sevenyearsold,Iwasamining-broker'sclerkinSanFrancisco,andanexpertinallthedetailsofstocktraffic.41）Iwasaloneintheworld,andhadnothingtodependuponbutmywitsandacleanreputation;buttheseweresettingmyfeetintheroadtoeventualfortune,andIwascontentwiththeprospect.Mytimewasmyownaftertheafternoonboard,Saturdays,andIwasaccustomedtoputtingitinonalittlesail-boatonthebay.OnedayIventuredtoofar,andwascarriedouttosea.Justatnightfall,whenhopewasaboutgone,IwaspickedupbyasmallshipwhichwasboundforLondon.Itwasalongandstormyvoyage,andtheymademeworkmypassagewithoutpay,asacommonsailor.WhenIsteppedashoreinLondonmyclotheswereraggedandshabby,andIhadonlyadollarinmypocket.Thismoneyfedandshelteredmetwenty-fourhours.Duringthenesttwenty-fourIwentwithoutfoodandshelter.（2）42）Aboutteno'clockonthefollowingmorning,dirtyandhungry,IwasdraggingmyselfalongPortlandPlace,whenachildthatwaspassing,towedbyanurse-maid,tossedabigpear—minusonebite—intothegutter.Istopped,ofcourse,andfastenedmydesiringeyeonthatmuddytreasure.Mymouthwateredforit,mystomachcravedit,mywholebeingbeggedforit.ButeverytimeImadeamovetogetitsomepassingeyedetectedmypurpose,andofcourseIstraightenedupthen,andlookedindifferentandpretendedthatIhadn'tbeenthinkingaboutthepearatall.Thissamethingkepthappeningandhappening,andIcouldn'tgetthepear.（3）Iwasjustgettingdesperateenoughtobravealltheshame,andtoseizeit,whenawindowbehindmewasraised,andagentlemanspokeoutofit,saying:"Stepinhere,please."（4）Iwasadmittedbyamanservant,andshownintoasumptuousroomwhereacoupleofelderlygentlemenweresitting.Theysentawaytheservant,andmademesitdown.Theyhadjustfinishedtheirbreakfast,andthesightoftheremainsofitalmostoverpoweredme.Icouldhardlykeepmywitstogetherinthepresenceofthatfood,butasIwasnotaskedtosampleit,IhadtobearmytroubleasbestasIcould.（5）Now,somethinghadbeenhappeningtherealittlebefore,whichIdidnotknowanythingaboutuntilagoodmanydaysafterwards,butIwilltellyouaboutitnow.Thosetwooldbrothershadbeenhavingaprettyhotargumentacoupleofdaysbefore,andhadendedbyagreeingtodecideitbyabet,whichistheEnglishwayofsettlingeverything.（6）YouwillrememberthattheBankofEnglandonceissuedtwonotesofamillionpoundseach,tobeusedforaspecialpurposeconnectedwithsomepublictransactionwithaforeigncountry.Forsomereasonorotheronlyoneofthesehadbeenusedandcanceled;theotherstilllayinthevaultsoftheBank.Well,thebrothers,chattingalong,happenedtogettowonderingwhatmightbethefateofaperfectlyhonestandintelligentstrangerwhoshouldbeturnedadriftinLondonwithoutafriend,andwithnomoneybutthatmillion-poundbank-note,andnowaytoaccountforhisbeinginpossessionofit.BrotherAsaidhewouldstarvetodeath;BrotherBsaidhewouldn't.BrotherAsaidhecouldn'tofferitatabankoranywhereelse,becausehewouldbearrestedonthespot.SotheywentondisputingtillBrotherBsaidhewouldbettwentythousandpoundsthatthemanwouldlivethirtydays,anyway,onthatmillion,andkeepoutofjail,too.BrotherAtookhimup.BrotherBwentdowntotheBankandboughtthatnote.Thenhedictatedaletter,whichoneofhisclerkswroteoutinabeautifulroundhand,andthenthetwobrotherssatatthewindowawholedaywatchingfortherightmantogiveitto.（7）Ifinallybecamethepickofthem.741.InPara.1,thephrase"setmyfeet"probablymeans___________.A.putmeasideB.preparemeC.letmewalkD.startmyjourney42.ItcanbeconcludedfromPara.2that____.A.themanwantedtomaintaindignitythoughstarvedB.themancouldnotgetaproperchancetoeatthepearC.themandidnotreallywantthepearsinceitwasdirtyD.itwasverydifficultforthemantogetthepear43.ComparedwithBrotherA,BrotherBwasmore_____towardstheeffectoftheone-million-poundbank-noteonatotalstranger.A.neutralB.negativeC.reservedD.positive41~43答案：BADPassageTwo（1）44)Theconceptofpeaceisaveryimportantoneinculturesallovertheworld.Thinkabouthowwegreetpeople.Insomelanguages,thephrasesforgreetingscontainthewordforpeace.Insomecultureswegreetpeoplebyshakinghandsorwithanothergesturetoshowthatwearenotcarryingweapons—thatwecomeinpeace.Andtherearecertainsymbolswhichpeopleinverydifferentculturesrecognizeasrepresentingpeace.Let'slookatafewofthem.Thedove（2）Thedovehasbeenasymbolofpeaceandinnocenceforthousandsofyearsinmanydifferentcultures.InancientGreekmythologyitwasasymbolofloveandtherenewaloflife.InancientJapanadovecarryingaswordsymbolizedtheendofwar.（3）TherewasatraditioninEuropethatifadoveflewaroundahousewheresomeonewasdyingthentheirsoulwouldbeatpeace.Andtherearelegendswhichsaythatthedevilcanturnhimselfintoanybirdexceptforadove.InChristianart,thedovewasusedtosymbolizetheHolyGhostandwasoftenpaintedaboveChrist'shead.（4）ButitwasPabloPicassowhomadethedoveamodernsymbolofpeacewhenheuseditonaposterfortheWorldPeaceCongressin1949.Therainbow（5）Therainbowisanotherancientanduniversalsymbol,oftenrepresentingtheconnectionbetweenhumanbeingsandtheirgods.45)InGreekmythologyitwasassociatedwithIris,thegoddesswhobroughtmessagesfromthegodsonMountOlympus.InScandinavianmythologytherainbowwasabridgebetweenthegodsandtheearth.IntheBiblearainbowshowedNoahthattheBiblicalfloodwasfinallyover,andthatGodhadforgivenhispeople.IntheChinesetradition,therainbowisacommonsymbolformarriagebecausethecoloursrepresenttheunionofyinandyang.Nowadaystherainbowisusedbymanypopularmovementsforpeaceandtheenvironment,8representingthepossibilityofabetterworldinthefutureandpromisingsunshineaftertherain.Mistletoe（6）Thisplantwassacredinmanycultures,generallyrepresentingpeaceandlove.MostpeopleknowofthetraditionofkissingunderthemistletoeatChristmastime,whichprobablycomesfromScandinavianmythology.ThegoddessFreya'ssonwaskilledbyanarrowmadeofmistletoe,so,inhonourofhim,shedeclaredthatitwouldalwaysbeasymbolofpeace.46)Itwasoftenhungindoorwaysasasignoffriendship.（7）TheancientDruidsbelievedthathangingmistletoeinyourdoorwayprotectedyoufromevilspirits.Tribeswouldstopfightingforaperiodoftimeiftheyfoundatreewithmistletoe.ButyouwillneverseemistletoeinaChristianchurch—itisbannedbecauseofitsassociationswithpaganreligionandsuperstition.Theolivebranch（8）Theolivetreehasalwaysbeenavaluablesourceoffoodandoil.InGreekmythology,thegoddessAthenagavetheolivetreetothepeopleofAthens,whoshowedtheirgratitudebynamingthecityafterher.Butnooneknowsforsurewhenorwhyitbegantosymbolizepeace.ThereisprobablyaconnectionwithancientGreece.WarsbetweenstatesweresuspendedduringtheOlympicGames,andthewinnersweregivencrownsofolivebranches.Thesymbolismmaycomefromthefactthattheolivetreetakesalongtimetoproducefruit,soolivescouldonlybecultivatedsuccessfullyinlongperiodsofpeace.Whateverthehistory,theolivebranchisapartofmanymodernflagssymbolizingpeaceandunity.Onewell-knownexampleistheUnitedNationssymbol.Theankh（9）Theankhisanancientsymbolwhichwasadoptedbythehippiemovementinthe1960storepresentpeaceandlove.47)ItwasfoundinmanyAsiancultures,butisgenerallyassociatedwithancientEgypt.Itrepresentedlifeandimmortality.Egyptianswereburiedwithanankh,sothattheycouldcontinuetoliveinthe"afterworld".ThesymbolwasalsofoundalongthesidesoftheNile,whichgavelifetothepeople.Theybelievedthattheankhcouldcontroltheflowoftheriverandmakesurethattherewasalwaysenoughwater.44.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.ConceptofPeace.B.PopularPeaceSymbols.C.OriginofPeaceSymbols.D.CulturalDifferenceofPeace.45.TherainbowrepresentstheconnectionbetweenhumanbeingsandtheirgodsinallthefollowingcountriesEXCEPT_____.A.SwedenB.GreeceC.FinlandD.China46.InNorthEuropemistletoewasoftenhungindoorwaystoindicate_____.A.friendshipB.loveC.kinship9D.honour47.Theoriginoftheankhcandatebackto_____.A.theNileB.the"afterworld"C.thehippiemovementD.ancientEgypt44~47答案：BDADPassageThree（1）Twosidesalmostneverchange:Thatyoucanmanipulatepeopleintoself-sufficiencyandthatyoucanpunishthemintogoodcitizenship.（2）Thefirstmanifestsitselfinourtirelesssearchforthemagicallevelatwhichwelfaregrantsarebigenoughtomeetbasicneedsbutsmallenoughtomakelow-paidworkattractive.Thesecondhasuslookingtothecriminaljusticesystemtocurebehaviorthatisasmuchasanythingtheresultofdespair.（3）48）Thewelfareexampleiswellknown.Wedon'twantpoorpeopletoliveinsqualorortheirchildrentobemalnourished.Butwealsodon'twanttosubsidizetheindolenceofpeoplewhoaretoolazytowork.Thefirstimpulseleadsustoprovidehousing,foodstamps,medicalcareandacashstipendforfamiliesinneed.Thesecondgetsustothinkabout"workforce".（4）We'vebeenthinkingaboutitfortworeasons:the"nanny"problemsoftwohigh-rankinggovernmentofficials(whohiredundocumentedforeignersashouseholdhelpers,presumablybecausetheycouldn'tfindAmericanstodothework)andPresidentClinton'sproposaltoputatwo-yearlimitonwelfare.（5）48）MaybesomethingusefulwillcomeofClinton'sidea,butI'mnotallthathopeful.Itlookstomelikeonemoreexampleoftryingtomanipulatepeopleintotakingcareofthemselves.（6）Onthecriminaljusticeside,wehopetomakepunishmenttoughenoughtodiscouragecrimebutnotsotoughastoclogourprisonswithrelativelyminoroffenders.Tooshortasentence,wefear,willcreatecontemptforthelaw.Toolongasentencewilltakeupcostlyspacebetterusedfortheviolentandunremorseful.（7）Notonlycanweneverfindthe"perfect"punishment,49）oursearchforoptimumpenaltiesiscomplicatedbyourdesireforfairness:toletthepunishmentfitthecrime.Theproblemisthatalmostanypunishment—eventhedisgraceofbeingchargedwithacrime—issufficienttodeterthemiddleclass,whileformembersoftheunderclass,probationmaybetranslatedas"Ibeatit."（8）Sohowcanyouusethesystem—welfareorcriminaljustice—toproducethebehaviorwewant?Theanswer,Isuspectis:Youcan't.（9）Wekeeptryingtousewelfareandprisontochangepeople—tomakethemthinkandbehavethewaywedo—whenthetruthistheincentivesworkonlyforthosewhoalreadythinkthewaywedo:whoviewtoday'sactionwithaneyeonthefuture.（10）Wewilltakelowlywork(ifthatisallthat'savailable)becausewebelievewecanmakebadjobsworkforus.Weavoidcrimenotbecausewearebetterpeoplebutbecauseweseegettingcaughtasafuture-wreckingdisaster.Weareguidedbyabeliefthatgoodthingswillhappenforusinthefutureifwetakepropercareofthepresent.Evenundertheworstofcircumstances,webelieveweareincontrolofou