四川大學(xué)博士研究生入學(xué)英語考試英語試題2017年

四川大學(xué)2017年博士研究生入學(xué)英語考試題Passage1Asthehorizonsofsciencehaveexpanded,twomaingroupsofscientistshaveemerged.Oneisthepurescientist;theother,theappliedscientist.Thepureortheoreticalscientistdoesoriginalresearchinordertounderstandthebasiclawsofnaturethatgovernourworld.Theappliedscientistadaptsthisknowledgetopracticalproblems.Neitherismoreimportantthantheother,however,forthetwogroupsareverymuchrelated.Sometimes,however,theappliedscientistfindsthe"problem"forthetheoreticalscientisttoworkon.Let'stakeaparticularproblemoftheaircraftindustry:heat-resistantmetals.Manyofthemetalsandalloyswhichperformsatisfactorilyinacarcannotbeusedinajet-propelledplane.Newalloysmustbeused,becausethejetengineoperatesatamuchhighertemperaturethananautomobileengine.Theturbinewheelinaturbojetmustwithstandtemperaturesashighas1,600degreesFahrenheit,soaircraftdesignershadtoturntotheresearchmetallurgistforthedevelopmentofmetalsandalloysthatwoulddothejobinjet-propelledplanes.Dividingscientistsintotwogroupsisonlyonebroadwayofclassifyingthem,however.Whenscientificknowledgewasverylimited,therewasnoneedformentospecialize.Today,withthegreatbodyofscientificknowledge,scientistsspecializeinmanydifferentfields.Withineachfield,thereisevenfurthersubdivision.And,withfinerandfinersubdivisions,thevariousscienceshavebecomemoreandmoreinterrelateduntilnoonebranchisentirelyindependentofthe'others.Manynewspecialties--geophysicsandbiochemistry,forexample--haveresultedfromcombiningtheknowledgeoftwoormoresciences.1.Theappliedscientist______.A.isnotalwaysinterestedinpracticalproblemsbasicknowledgeforpracticeB.providestheD.doesoriginalC.appliestheresultsofresearchtopracticeresearchtounderstandthebasiclawsofnature2.Theexamplegiveninthepassageillustrateshow___.A.purescienceoperatesindependentlyofappliedsciencescientistdiscoversthebasiclawsofnatureB.theappliedC.appliedsciencedefinesalltheareasinwhichbasicresearchisdoneD.appliedsciencesuggestsproblemsforthebasicscientist3.Theproblemdiscussedinthesecondparagraphcalledfor____.A.selectingthebesthear-resistantmetalfromexistingmetalsB.developingaturbinewheelcapableofgeneratingheatupto1,600degreesFahrenheitC.developingmetalsandalloysthatwouldwithstandterrifictemperaturesD.causingthejetenginetooperateathighertemperatures4.Finermadfinersubdivisioninthefieldofsciencehasresultedin_____.A.greaterindependenceofeachscienceB.greaterinterdependenceofallthevarioussciencesC.theeradicationoftheneedforspecialistsD.theneedforonlyonclassificationofscientists5."Thehorizonsofsciencehaveexpanded"meansthat____.A.thehorizonchangesitssizefromyeartoyeardevelopedmorefieldsofendeavorB.sciencehasC.scientistshavemadegreatprogressinstudyingthehorizonD.scientistscanseefurtheroutintospacechowPassage2InTheDisunitingofAmerica:ReflectionsonaMulticulturalSociety,RevisedandEnlargedEdition(W.W.Norton)SchlesingerprovidesdeepinsightsintothecrisesofnationhoodinAmerica.AnewchapterassessestheimpactbothofradicalmulticulturalismandradicalmonoculturalismontheBillofrights.Writtenwithhisusualclarityandforce,thebookbringsanotedhistorian'swisdomandperspectivetobearonAmerica's"culturewars".Schlesingeraddressesthequestions:Whatholdsanationtogether?AndwhatdoesitmeantobeanAmerican?Describingtheemergingcultofethnicity,Schlesingerpraisesitshealthyeffectonanationlongshamedbyahistoryofprejudiceandnarrow-mindedness.Buthewarnsagainstthecampaignofmulticulturaladvocatestodividethenationintoseparateethnicandracialcommunities.Fromthestart,heobserves,theUnitedStateshasbeenamulticulturalnation,richinitsdiversitybutheldtogetherbyasharedcommitmenttothedemocraticprocessandbythefreedomofintermarriage.ItwasthisnationaltalentforassimilationthatimpressedforeignvisitorslikeAlexisdeTocquevilleandJamesBryce,anditisthishistoricgoalthatSchlesingerchampionsasthebesthopeforthefuture.Schlesingeranalyzeswhatheseesasgrimconsequencesofidentitypolitics:thewideningofdifferences.AttacksontheFirstAmendment,heargues,threatenintellectualfreedomand,ultimately,thefutureoftheethnicgroups.Hiscriticismsarenotlimitedtotheleft.AsaformertargetofMcCarthyism,heunderstandsthattheradicalrightisevenmorewillingthantheradicallefttorestrictandweakentheBillofRights.Theauthordoesnotminimizetheinjusticesconcealedbythe"meltingpot"dream.TheDisunitingofAmericaisbothacademicandpersonal,forcefulinargument,balancedinjudgment.Itisabookthatwillnodoubtangersomereaders,butitwillsurelymakeallofthemthinkagain.ThewinnerofPulitzerPrizesforhistoryandforbiography,anauthoritativevoiceofAmericanliberalism,Schlesingerisuniquelypositionedtobringboldanswersandhealingwisdomtothispassionatedebateoverwhoweareandwhatweshouldbecome.6.AccordingtoSchlesinger,theUnitedStatesis_____.A.ameltingpotB.anationwithdiverseculturesheldtogetherbythedemocraticprocessC.afederationofethnicandracialcommunitiesD.anationwithvariousethnicandracialgroups7.WecaninferfromthepassagethatSchlesinger______.A.advocatestheassimilationofdifferentculturesintoonenationhoodB.prefersmulticulturalismtomonoculturalismC.givesfullsupporttotheemergingcultofethnicityD.holdsthateachracialgroupshouldkeepitsdistinctidentity8.TheauthorwantstotellusthatAmerica_____.A.isexperiencingacrisisofnationhoodRightB.istryingtorestricttheBillofC.hasendeditshistoryofracialprejudicefreedomD.hastriedtoobstructintellectual9.Accordingtotheauthor,Schlesinger'sbookwill____.A.causeangeramongtheradicalrightC.putanendtotheculturewarsinAmericareadersB.causeangeramongtheradicalleftD.provokethinkingamongthe10.Thispassageismostprobablytakenfrom__.A.ahistorybookB.abookintroductionC.abookreviewliterarycriticismD.ajournalofchowPassage3TheElNino("littleboy"inSpanish)thatpoundedtheglobebetweenthesummersof1997and1998wasinsomemeasurethemostdestructiveinthiscentury.Worldwidedamageestimatesexceed~20billion--nottomentionthehumandeathtollcausedbyresultingdroughts,floodsandbushfires.ElNinoandLaNina("littlegirl")arepartofaseesawingofwindsandcurrentsintheequatorialPacificcalledENSO(ElNinoSouthernOscillation)thatappearseverytwotoeightyears.Normally,westward-blowingtradewindscausedbytherotationoftheearthandconditionsintheTropicspushsurfacewateracrossthePacifictowardsAsia.ThewarmwaterpilesupalongthecoastsofIndonesia,AustraliaandthePhilippines,raisingsealevelsmorethanafootabovethoseontheSouthAmericansideofthePacific.AsElNinobuildsthenormaleast-to-westtradewindswane.Likewatersplashinginagiantbathtub,theelevatedpoolofwarmwaterwashesfromAsianshoresbacktowardsSouthAmerica.Inlastseason'scycle,surfacetemperaturesoffthewestcoastofSouthAmericasoaredfromanormalhighof23°Cdegreesto28°Cdegrees.Thisareaofwarmwater,twicethesizeofthecontinentalUS,interactedwiththeatmosphere,creatingstormsanddisplacinghigh-altitudewinds.ElNinobroughtrainthatfloodednormallydrycoastalareasofEcuador,ChileandPeru,whiledroughtsstruckAustraliaandIndonesia.FiresdestroyedsomefivemillionacresofIndonesianforest.Thedrought,alongwiththeeconomiccrisis,leftaboutfivemillionpeopledesperateforfoodandwater.TheseconditionshelpedsetthestageforriotsthatledtothedownfallofPresidentSuharto.ElNinoalsotooktheblameforextremetemperaturesinTexaslastsummeroverdegreesforarecord30daysinarow.InFlorida,lushvegetationturnedtotinderandbushfiresraged.EvenBritainhasbeenswelteringwithourhottestyearonrecordin1997.11.AsElSinobuilds,_____.A.thenormalwestwardtradewindsweakenweakenC.thenormalwestwardtradewindsstrengthenstrengthenB.thenormaleastwardtradewindsD.thenormaleastwardtradewinds12.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A.ElNinoresultsfromdroughts,floodsandbushfires.B.ElNinobroughtraintomostareasthatwereaffected,C.WhenElNinoappeared,someoftheworld'srainforestswereattackedbydroughts.D.MostareasthatwereaffectedbyElNinogotdroughts.13.OnceElNinoevenplayedaroleinthepoliticalworld.Whatwasit?A.PresidentSuhartowasoverthrownbythedroughtcausedbyElNino.B.ElNinocausedriotsthatledtothedownfallofPresidentSuharto.C.PresidentSuhartoresignedbecauseofthedroughtcausedbyElNino.D.ThedroughtcausedbyElNinotogetherwiththeeconomiccrisisprevailinginIndonesiahelpedtooverthrowPresidentSuharto.14.Thephrase"inarow"inthelastparagraphmeans____.A.continuouslythen15.Thewriterofthispassageismostlikelytobe____.B.inalineC.awfullyD.nowandA.anAustraliaobserverB.aBritishnationalC.anAmericangeographerD.anIndonesiajournalistchowPassage4InpatientswithHuntington'sdisease,it'sthepartofthebraincalledthebasalgangliathat'sdestroyed.Whilethesevictimshaveperfectlyintactexplicitmemorysystems,theycan'tlearnnewmotorskills.AnAlzheimer'spatientcanlearntodrawinamirrorbutcan'trememberdoingit:aHuntington'spatientcan'tdoitbutcanremembertryingtolearn.Yetanotherregionofthebrain,analmond-sizeknotofneuraltissueseemstobecrucialinformingandtriggeringtherecallofaspecialsubclassofmemoriesthatistiedtostrongemotion,especiallyfear.Thesearejustsomeofthemajordivisions.Withinthecategoryimplicitmemory,forexample,liethesubcategoriesofassociativememory–thephenomenonthatfamouslyledParlov'sdogstosalivateatthesoundofabellwhichtheyhadlearnedtoassociatewithfoodandofhabituation,inwhichweunconsciouslyfileawayunchangingfeaturesoftheenvironmentsowecanpaycloserattentiontowhat'snewanddifferentuponencounteringanewexperience.Withinexplicit,ordeclarativememory,ontheotherhand,therearespecificsubsystemsthathandleshapes,texturessuchasfaces,names--evendistinctsystemstoremembernounsvs.verbs.Allofthesedifferenttypesofmemoryareultimatelystoredinthebrain'scortex,withinitsdeeplyfurrowedouterlayer--acomponentofthebraindauntinglymorecomplexthancomparablepartsinotherspecies.Expertsinbrainimagingareonlybeginningtounderstandwhatgoeswhere,andhowthepartsarereassembledintoacoherentwholethatseemstobeasinglememoryisactuallyacomplexconstruction.Thinkofahammer,andyourbrainhurriedlyretrievesthetool'sname,itsappearance,itsfunction,itsheftandthesoundofitsclang,eachextractedfromadifferentregionofthebrain.Failtoconnectperson'snamewithhisorherface,andyouexperiencethebreakdownofthatassemblyprocessthatmanyofusbegintoexperienceinour20sandthatbecomesdownrightworrisomewhenwereachour50s.ItwasthisweakeningofmemoryandtheparallellossofabilitytolearnnewthingseasilythatledbiologistJoeTsientotheexperimentsreportedlastweek."Thisage-dependentlossoffunction,"hesays,"appearsinmanyanimals,anditbeginswiththeonsetofsexualmaturity."What'shappeningwhenthebrainformsmemories--andwhatfailswithaging,injuryanddisease--involvesaphenomenonknownas"plasticity".It'sobviousthatsomethinginthebrainchangesaswelearnandremembernewthings,butit'sequallyobviousthattheorgandoesn'tchangeitsoverallstructureorgrownewnervecellswholesale.Instead,it'stheconnectionsbetweennewcells--andparticularlythestrengthoftheseconnectionsthatarealteredbyexperience.Hearawordoverandover,andtherepeatedfiringofcertaincellsinacertainordermakesiteasiertorepeatthefiringpatternlateron.Itisthepatternthatrepresentseachspecificmemory.16.WhichofthefollowingsymptomscanbeobservedinapersonwhosuffersfromtheHuntington'sdisease?A.Hecannotrememberwhathehasdonebutcanremembertryingtolearn.B.Hecannotdosomethingnewbuthecanrememberdoingit.C.Hesuffersfromabadmemoryandlackofmotorskills.D.Hesuffersfromapoorbasalgangliaandhasintactexplicitmemory.17.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingmemorieshasnothingtodowithimplicitmemory?A.Associatingasignalwithanaction.B.Recognizingofnewfeatures.C.Focusingonnewenvironment.D.Rememberingafamiliarfaceofafriend.18.Whichofthefollowingmayhappentoapatientwhosufferedfromdamagestohisexplicitmemory?A.Whenheisinanewenvironment,heisalwaysfrightened.B.Whenheplaysfootball,hecannotlearnnewtricks.C.Whenheseesafriend,it'shardforhimtorememberhisname.D.Whenhefindsahammer,hecannottellanythingaboutit.19.Theword"extract"inthesecondparagraphmeans_____.A.obtainB.removeC.pullD.derive20.Wecandrawaconclusionfromthepassagethat_____.A.ScientistshavefoundthemechanismunderlyingthememorizingactivitiesB.Moreresearchmustbedonetodeterminethebrainstructure.C.Someresearchersarenotcontentwiththefindings.D.Itisobviousthatsomethinginthebrainchangesaswelearnandremember.chowPassage5Mobilityofindividualmembersandfamilygroupstendstosplitupfamilyrelationships.Occasionallythemovementofafamilyawayfromasituationwhichhasbeenthesourceoffrictionresultsingreaterfamilyorganization,butonthewholemobilityisdisorganizing.Individualsandfamiliesareinvolvedinthreetypesofmobility:movementinspace,movementupordowninsocialstatus,andthemovementofideas.Thesearetermedrespectivelyspatial,verticalandideationalmobility.Agreatincreaseinspatialmobilityhasgonealongwithimprovementsinrailandwatertransportation,theinventionanduseoftheautomobile,andtheavailabilityofairplanepassengerservice.Spatialmobilityresultsinadeclineintheimportanceofthetraditionalhomewithitsemphasisonfamilycontinuityandstability.Italsomeansthatwhenindividualfamilymembersorthefamilyasawholemoveawayfromacommunity,thepersonorthefamilyisremovedfromthepressuresofrelatives,friends,andcommunityinstitutionsforconventionalityandstability.Evenmoreimportantisthefactthatspatialmobilitypermitssomemembersofafamilytocomeincontactwithandpossiblyadoptattitudes,values,andwaysofthinkingdifferentfromthoseheldbyotherfamilymembers.Thepresenceofdifferentattitudesvalues,andwaysofthinkingwithinafamilymay,andoftendoes,resultinconflictandfamilydisorganization.Potentialdisorganizationispresentinthosefamiliesinwhichthehusband,wifeandchildrenarespatiallyseparatedoveralongperiod,orarelivingschedules.togetherbutseeeachotheronlybrieflybecauseofdifferentworkOneindexoftheincreaseinverticalmobilityisthegreatincreaseintheproportionofsons,andtosomeextentdaughterswhoengageinoccupationsotherthanthoseoftheparents.Anotherindexofverticalmobilityisthedegreeofintermarriagebetweensocialclasses.Thisoccursalmostexclusivelybetweenclasseswhichareadjacenttoeachother.Engaginginadifferentoccupation,orintermarriage,likespatialmobility,allowsonetocomeincontactwithwaysofbehaviordifferentfromthoseoftheparentalhome,andtendstoseparateparentsandtheirchildren.Theincreaseinideationalmobilityismeasuredbytheincreaseinpublications,suchasnewspapers,periodicalsandbooks,theincreaseinthepercentageofthepopulationowningradios,andtheincreaseintelevisionsets.Allthesetendtointroducenewideasintothehome.Whenindividualfamilymembersareexposedtoandadoptthenewideas,thetendencyisforconflicttoariseandforthoseinconflicttobecomepsychologicallyseparatedfromeachother.21.Whatthepassagetellsuscanbesummarizedbythestatement___.A.potentialdisorganizationispresentintheAmericanfamilyB.socialdevelopmentresultsinadeclineintheimportanceoftraditionalfamiliesC.themovementofafamilyisoneofthefactorsinraisingitssocialstatusD.familydisorganizationismoreorlesstheresultofmobility22.Accordingtothepassage,thosewholiveinatraditionalfamily___A.cangetmorehelpfromtheirfamilymembersiftheareintroubleB.willhavemorefreedomofactionandthoughtiftheymoveawayfromitC.arelesslikelytoquarrelwithothersbecauseofconventionalityandstabilityD.havetodependontheirrelativesandfriendsiftheydonotmoveawayfromit23.Potentialdisorganizationexistsinthosefamiliesinwhich____A.thefamilymembersaresubjecttosocialpressuresB.bothparentshavetoworkfulltimeC.thehusband,wifeandchildren,andchildrenseldomgettogetherD.thehusband,wifeandchildrenworktoohard24.Intermarriageanddifferentoccupationsplayanimportantroleinfamilydisorganizationbecause____.A.theyenablethechildrentotravelaroundwithouttheirparentsB.theyenablethechildrentobetterunderstandthewaysofbehavioroftheirparentsC.theyallowonetofindagoodjobandimproveone'ssocialstatusD.theypermitonetocomeintocontactwithdifferentwaysofbehaviorandthinking25.Thispassagesuggeststhatawell-organizedfamilyisafamilywhosemembers__A.arenotpsychologicallywithdrawnfromoneanotherB.seldomquarrelwitheachotherevenwhentheydisagreeC.oftenhelpeachotherwithtrueloveandaffectionD.areexposedtothesamenewideasintroducedbybooks,radiosandTVsetschowPassage6Adesignforaremotely-controlledfireenginecouldmakelongroadorrailtunnelssafer.ItisthebrainchildofanItalianfiresafetyengineer,whoclaimsthathisinvention--dubbedRobogat--couldhavecutthedeathtollinthedisastrousMontBlanctunnelfireinMarch1999whichkilled41people.Mostofthepeoplewhoperisheddieswithin15minutesofsmokefirstbeingdetected.Quickactionisneededwhenfirebreaksoutinatunnel.Robogatcantravelatabout50kilometersperhour.TheMontBlancfirewas5kilometersfromthetunnel,soamachinecouldhavegotthereinaboutsixminutes.FrenchendoftheTheRobogathasbeendesignedandpatentedbyDomenicoPiattioftheNaplesfiredepartment.Itrunsonamonorailsuspendedfromtheroofofthetunnel.WhentheRobogatreachesafire,itplugsintoamodifiedwatermainrunningalongthetunnelanddirectsitshosesatthebaseofthefire.Itiscapableofpumping3,000litersofhigh-pressurewaterperminute--aboutthesamerateasthatfromanairportfiretender.Normalfireenginesdeliver500litersperminute.Themachine'sheat-resistantskinisdesignedtowithstandtemperaturesofupto1,000°C.Designedtofightfiresintunnelsupto12kilometerslong,theRobogatwillbeoperatedfromacontrolcentreoutsidethetunnel.Ideally,tunnelsshouldhaveaRobogatstationedateachend,allowingfirestobetackledfrombothsides.PiattisaysthatitwouldberelativelycheaptoinstalltheRobogatinnewtunnels,witheachmachinecostingaround￡250,000."That'snotexpensive,"saysStuartJagger,aBritishfire-fightingspecialist,whoadds,"Fire-fightersnormallyhavetoapproachtheblazefromupwind.Peoplehavediesiftheventilationisoverwhelmedorsomeonechangestheventilation.Iftherobotworkedremotelyitwouldbeanadvantage."Butthisintroducesextraproblems:theRobogatwouldhavetofeedinformationaboutthestateofthefirebacktoitscontroller,andthesensors,liketherestofthemachine,wouldhavetobefire-resistant.Piattiisnowlookingforfinancialbackingtobuildaprototype.26.TheRobogatcanquicklygetthroughtothesceneofafirebecause___.A.itisinpositioninthemiddleofthetunnelB.itcanmoveonamonorailsuspendedfromtheroofofthetunnelC.itrunsonamonorailandcantakequickactionD.itsmodifiedwatermaincanrunalongthetunnelquickly27.Whenfirebreaksoutinatunnel,themostimportantthingisto__A.installaRogogatquicklyB.detectthesmokequicklyC.changetheventilationD.takequickactions28.TheRobogatisdesignedtopumpwater____.A.ataspeedof500litersaminuteC.sixtimesfasterthananordinaryfire-engineB.almostasfastasanairporttenderD.atarateofanairportfiretender29.Accordingtothepassage,becausetemperaturesinatunnelcanbeveryhigh,____.A.theRobogathastohaveaheat-resistantskinB,theRobogatisoperatedinacontrolcentreoutsidethetunnelC.theRobogatcanonlyworkatthesceneofafireforalimitedperiodD.aRobogatisstationedateachend30.Oneproblemthathasnotyetbeensolved,itseems,isthat____A.aprototypehasnotyetbeenacceptedB.financialbackingisnotavailableC.themachinewillneedfire-resistantsensorsD.themachinewouldnotworkiftheventilationwasoverwhelmedChowII.Vocabulary(10%,0.5markeach)31.Thisuniversityoffersawidevarietyofhigh-qualitycoursesforbothgraduateandundergraduatestudents.A.select32.____yourrequestforarefund,wehavereferredthatmattertoourmainoffice.A.OnthepointofB.WithrelationshiptoC.IntheeventofD.WithregardtoB.choiceC.alternativeD.optional33.AIDsactivistspermanentlychangedandshortenedAmerica's__processfortestingandapprovingnewdragsofallkinds,foralldiseases.A.stagnantB.intricateC.appropriateD.efficient34.Exercisecanaffectouroutlookonlife,anditcanalsohelpusgetridoftension,anxietyandfrustration.Soweshouldtakeexercise__.A.regularlyB.normallyC.usuallyD.constantly35.Manyartistsbelievethatsuccessfulimitation,farfrombeingsymptomaticofalackoforiginality,isthestepinlearningtobe__.A.elegantB.confidentC.creativeD.imaginary36.Thereisscientificevidencetosupportour___thatbeingsurroundedbyplantsisgoodforhealth.A.instinctB.implicationC.perceptionD.conception37.Tomplungedintothepondimmediatelywhenhesawaboatwassinkingandalittlegirlinitwas___.A.inneedB.onthedeclineC.indisorderD.atstake38.Anobviouschangeofattitudeatthetoptowardswomen'sstatusinsocietywill___throughthecurrentlawsysteminthatcountry.A.permeateB.violateC.probeD.grope39.Allthefinishedproductsarestoredina___ofthedeliveryportandshippingisavailableatanytime.A.warehouse40.Ashewalkedoutthecourt,hewas____withfrustrationandrage.A.applaudingB,quiveringC.paralyzingD.limpingB.capsuleC.garageD.cabinet41.TheBoardofDirectorsdecidedthatmoreyoungmenwhowerequalifiedwouldbe_____importantpositions.A.attributedtoB.furnishedwithC.installedinD.insertedinto42.Therearestillsome____forstudentsofscienceandengineering,butthoseinartsandhumanitieshavebeenfilled.A.positionsB.vacanciesC.applicationsD.categories43.Wirelesswastefromcellphones,pocketPCs,andmusicplayers__specialproblemsbecausetheyhavetoxicchemicalsinbatteriesandothercomponents.A.poseB.commitC.transportD.expose44.AlthoughKerryhashadnoformaleducation,heisoneofthe___businessmeninthecompany.A.alertest45.Theseniorcitizenexpressedasentimentwhich___profoundlytoeveryChineseheart.A.drewB.attractC.appealedD.impressedB.sternestC.nastiestD.shrewdest46.___studentsshouldbemotivatedbyakeeninterestintheatreandshouldhavesomefamiliaritywithplaysinproduction.A.realisticB.responsibleC.ethnicD.prospective47.Theaccuracyofscientificobservationsandcalculationsisalways___thescientist'stime-keepingmethods.A.atthemercyofB.inaccordancewithC.undertheguidanceofD.bymeansof48.Recentlyanumberofcaseshavebeenreportedofyoungchildren___aviolentactpreviouslyseenontelevision.A.stimulatingB.duplicatingC.modifyingD.accelerating49.ThedestructionoftheTwinTowersinNewYorkCity_shockandangernotonlythroughoutAmericabutalsothroughoutthewholeworld.A.envelopedB.summoned50.Thesecretarywentoverthetableagainverycarefullyforfearof___anyimportantdata.A.overlookingB.slippingC.ignoringD.skimmingchowIII.ClozeTest(10%,0.5markeach)C.temptedD.provokedResearcherswhorefusetosharedatawithothersmay51otherstowithholdresultsfromthem,52astudybyhealth-policyanalystsatHarvardMedicalSchool.Thestudyfoundthatyoungresearchers,thosewhopublish53,andinvestigatorsseekingpatentsaremostlikelytobe_54_accesstobiomedicaldata.Italsofoundthatresearcherswhowithholddatagaina_55forthis,andhavemoredifficultyin56datafromothers.Thestudywas57byaresearchteamledbysociologistEricCampbell.Theteamsurveyed2,36658selectedscientistsat117USmedicalschools.Overall,12.5percentsaidthattheyhadbeendenied59tootheracademicinvestigators'data,60articlereprints,duringthepastthreeyears.This61withfindingsbytheteamandothergroups.Butbyexaminingthe62ofdatawithholding,theteamidentifiedthoseexperiencingthemost63.Forjuniorstaff.64,theteamfoundthat13.5percentweredeniedaccess,655.1percentofseniorresearchers.The66betweendatawithholdingandresearchers'publishing67duringthe68threeyearswas69:7.7percentofthosewhohadpublished1-5articleshadhaddatawithheldfromthem,butthisroseto28.9percentforresearcherswhohadpublishedmorethan20.Campbellwarns,"Selectivelyholdingbackoninformationfromthemost70researcherscouldslowdownprogressinresearchintothecausesandcuresofhumandisease."51.A.suggest52.A.becauseofB