基樁低應(yīng)變完整性測(cè)試方法標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中英文

PAGEPAGE11Designation:D5882–00定名：D5882-00StandardTestMethodforLowStrainIntegrityTestingofPiles1基樁低應(yīng)變完整性測(cè)試方法標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Thisstandardisissuedunderthe?xeddesignationD5882;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginaladoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon(e)indicatesaneditorialchangesincethelastrevisionorreapproval.本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)出版的固定名稱為D5882;緊接其后的數(shù)字代表了最初采用的年份，或修訂的年份，或最后修訂的年份。圓括號(hào)內(nèi)的數(shù)字代表了最后被再次正式批準(zhǔn)的年份。上角標(biāo)（ε）表明從最近的修訂或再次批準(zhǔn)之后有一個(gè)編輯上的改變。1.Scope適用范圍1.1Thistestmethod2coverstheprocedurefordeterminingtheintegrityofindividualverticalorinclinedpilesbymeasuringandanalyzingthevelocity(required)andforce(optional)responseofthepileinducedbyan(handheldhammerorothersimilartype)impactdeviceappliedaxiallytothepilenormallyatthepilehead.Thistestmethodisapplicabletolongstructuralelementsthatfunctioninamannersimilartofoundationpiles,regardlessoftheirmethodofinstallationprovidedthattheyarereceptivetolowstrainimpacttesting.該規(guī)程適用于檢測(cè)垂直或傾斜基樁的完整性。采用的方法是通過手錘或類似物，通常軸向敲擊樁頂，在樁頂測(cè)量并記錄速度（必須地）及力（可選擇地）的時(shí)程信號(hào)，對(duì)此進(jìn)行分析。該測(cè)試方法也適用于檢測(cè)類似基礎(chǔ)樁的長(zhǎng)狀體結(jié)構(gòu)，無論其如何施工，只要低應(yīng)變激發(fā)測(cè)試可以利用即可。1.2Thisstandardmayinvolvehazardousmaterials,opera-tions,andequipment.Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstandardtoestablishappropriatesafetyandhealthpracticesanddeter-minetheapplicabilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.Fig.該規(guī)程可能要求接觸有害的材料、操作及設(shè)備。若該規(guī)程中未說明的安全提示，請(qǐng)參照相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)執(zhí)行。在本規(guī)范的執(zhí)行中，保證安全及健康，在測(cè)試前判定操作行為局限性及適用性是操作者的責(zé)任。2.ReferencedDocuments參考文獻(xiàn)2.1ASTMStandards:ASTM標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：C469TestsMethodforStaticModulusofElasticityandPoisson’sRatioofConcreteinCompression3C469受壓狀態(tài)下混凝土靜彈性模量及泊松比的測(cè)試方法D198MethodsofStaticTestsofTimbersinStructuralSizes4D198木樁的原位靜力測(cè)試方法4D653TerminologyRelatingtoSoil,Rock,andContainedFluids5D653土壤、巖石及包裝流體的相關(guān)技術(shù)術(shù)語5D1143MethodofTestingPilesunderStaticAxialCompressiveLoad5D1143基樁靜力軸向抗壓測(cè)試方法5D4945TestMethodforHighStrainDynamicTestingofPiles6D4945基樁高應(yīng)變動(dòng)力測(cè)試方法63.Terminology術(shù)語3.1Exceptasde?nedin3.2,theterminologyusedinthistestmethodconformswithTerminologyD653.除3.2以外，本規(guī)程中的術(shù)語均服從D653規(guī)程3.2De?nitionsofTermsSpeci?ctoThisStandard:本規(guī)程術(shù)語：————————————————————1ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoilandRockandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD18.11onDeepFoundations.CurrenteditionapprovedNovember10,2000.PublishedNovember2000.OriginallypublishedasD5882–95.LastpreviouseditionD5882–95.2Low-straindynamictestingisanondestructivemethodusinglightweightequipmenttoassessonlytheintegrityofthepileshaft.3AnnualBookofASTMStandards,Vol04.02.4AnnualBookofASTMStandards,Vol04.10.5AnnualBookofASTMStandards,Vol04.08.6AnnualBookofASTMStandards,Vol04.0pileintegrity,n—thequalitativeevaluationofthephysicaldimensions,continuityofapile,andconsistencyofthepilematerial.樁身完整性-對(duì)基樁就樁身3.2.2pileimpedance,n—thedynamicYoung’smodulusofthepilematerialmultipliedbytheapplicablecrosssectionalareaofthepileanddividedbythestrainwavespeed.樁身阻抗-FIG.1TypicalVelocityTracesGeneratedbytheApparatusforObtainingDynamicMeasurements圖1由動(dòng)態(tài)測(cè)試儀獲得的典型的速度曲線圖3.2.3pulseechomethod,n—testinwhichmeasurementsofthepileheadvelocityandforce(forcemeasurementoptional)areevaluatedasafunctionoftime.聲波脈沖反射法-測(cè)量樁頂?shù)乃俣燃傲Γ?.2.4transientresponsemethod,n—testinwhichtheratioofvelocitytransformtoforcetransform(forcemeasurementrequired)areevaluatedasafunctionoffrequency.瞬態(tài)響應(yīng)法-將速度變換與力的變換（力必測(cè)）的比值，作為頻率的函數(shù)被進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)的測(cè)試。4.SignificanceandUse意義及運(yùn)用4.1Lowstrainintegritytestingprovidesvelocityandforce(optional)dataonstructuralelements(thatis,structuralcolumns,drivenconcretepiles,castinplaceconcretepiles,concretefilledsteelpipepiles,timberpiles,etc.).Thisdataassistsevaluationofpileintegrityandpilephysicaldimensions(thatis,cross-sectionalarea,length),continuity,andconsistencyofthepilematerial.Thistestmethodwillnotgiveinformationregardingthepilebearingcapacity.低應(yīng)變測(cè)試提供測(cè)試建筑結(jié)構(gòu)單元的速度及力（非必測(cè)）的數(shù)據(jù)（例如結(jié)構(gòu)柱子、打入式混凝土樁、混凝土灌注樁、內(nèi)澆筑混凝土鋼管樁、木樁等等）。這些數(shù)據(jù)有助于我們?cè)u(píng)價(jià)樁身的完整性、樁身尺寸（截面積及長(zhǎng)度）、樁身的連續(xù)性及樁身材質(zhì)的堅(jiān)固性。該方法將無法得到樁承載能力的相關(guān)信息。4.1.1MethodsofTesting測(cè)試方法PulseEchoMethod(PEM)—Thepileheadmotionismeasuredasafunctionoftime.Thetimedomainrecordisthenevaluatedforpileintegrity.聲波脈沖反射法（PEM）-將樁頂?shù)倪\(yùn)動(dòng)以時(shí)間函數(shù)進(jìn)行測(cè)量，得到的時(shí)間域記錄用于評(píng)價(jià)樁身完整性。TransientResponseMethod(TRM)—Thepileheadmotionandforce(measuredwithaninstrumentedhammer)aremeasuredasafunctionoftime.Thedataareevaluatedusuallyinthefrequencydomain.瞬態(tài)響應(yīng)法（TRM）-將樁頂?shù)倪\(yùn)動(dòng)及力（由專用手錘測(cè)量）以時(shí)間函數(shù)進(jìn)行測(cè)量，得到的數(shù)據(jù)通常在頻率域內(nèi)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)的方法。5.Apparatus儀器設(shè)備5.1ApparatusforApplyingImpact實(shí)現(xiàn)激振的設(shè)備5.1.1ImpactForceApplication—Theimpactmaybedeliveredbyanydevice(forexample,ahandheldhammer)thatwillproduceaninputforcepulseofgenerallylessthan1msdurationandshouldnotcauseanylocalpiledamageduetotheimpact.Ahammerwithaveryhardplastictipcaninduceashortinputforcepulsewithoutcausinglocalpiledamage.Theimpactshouldbeappliedaxiallytothepile(normallyonthepilehead).激振力的得到-激振力可以用任何材料的到，如手錘，要求產(chǎn)生的激振力脈沖持續(xù)時(shí)間通常少于1毫秒，而且敲擊時(shí)不應(yīng)損傷樁頂?shù)幕炷?。如果使用尖端鑲嵌了?jiān)硬塑料的手錘敲擊樁頂，將會(huì)產(chǎn)生窄短的脈沖力而不傷害樁頂。敲擊方向應(yīng)確保與樁軸線一致（正常狀態(tài)下在樁頂敲擊）。5.2ApparatusforObtainingMeasurements完成測(cè)量的設(shè)備5.2.1VelocityMeasurement—Obtainvelocitydatawith(oneormore)accelerometers,providedtheaccelerationsignal(s)canbeintegratedtovelocityintheapparatusforreducingdata.Theaccelerometer(s)shouldbeplacedat(ornear)thepileheadandshallhavetheirsensitiveaxisparallelwiththepileaxis.Accelerometersshallbelineartoatleast50g.EitherA/CorD/Caccelerometerscanbeused.IfA/Cdevicesareused,thetimeconstantshallbegreaterthan0.5sandtheresonantfrequencyshallbeatleast30000Hz.IfD/Cdevicesareused,theyshallhavefrequencyresponseupto5000Hzwithlessthan?3dBreductionofcontent.Alternatively,velocityordisplacementtransducersmaybeusedtoobtainvelocitydata,providedtheyareequivalentinperformancetothespecifiedaccelerometers.Calibratethetransducertoanaccuracyof5%throughouttheapplicablemeasurementrange.Ifdamageissuspectedduringuse,recalibrateorreplacetheaccelerometer.速度測(cè)量-速度數(shù)據(jù)是由加速度計(jì)（1個(gè)或2個(gè)）獲得的，倘若加速度信號(hào)可以在儀器中被還原，經(jīng)過積分處理便得到速度。加速度計(jì)應(yīng)安裝在樁頂或其附近，且其測(cè)試方向應(yīng)與樁軸線一致。加速度計(jì)的線性范圍應(yīng)能達(dá)到50個(gè)重力加速度。無論在瞬態(tài)還是穩(wěn)態(tài)條件下均可以滿足使用。如果是瞬態(tài)裝置，時(shí)間常數(shù)應(yīng)大于0.5秒，共振頻率應(yīng)不小于30000赫茲。如果在穩(wěn)態(tài)裝置中，在達(dá)到5000赫茲時(shí)，頻響誤差應(yīng)小于-3分貝。同樣，速度計(jì)或位移計(jì)均可以獲得速度信號(hào)，只要它們的性能滿足要求即可。5.2.2ForceMeasurement(optional)—Theimpactdeviceshallbecapableofmeasuringtheimpactforceasafunctionoftime.Thehammermayhaveaforceloadcellbetweenthetipandhammerbody.Alternatively,thehammermayhaveanaccelerometerattachedandthemeasuredaccelerationmaybeconvertedtoforceusingthehammermass.Theforcecalibrationshallbewithin5%.Thehammermustbetunedsuchthatthefourriertransformofthemeasuredforceshallhaveasmoothspectrum,withoutanylocalpeaks.力的測(cè)量（非必測(cè)）-敲擊設(shè)備應(yīng)該具備以時(shí)間函數(shù)測(cè)試力。手錘必須擁有一個(gè)測(cè)力傳感器，安裝在尖端與錘體之間。同樣地，也可以在手錘上安裝加速度計(jì)，以錘體的質(zhì)量來獲得力。力傳感器的校準(zhǔn)精度應(yīng)在5%以內(nèi)。手錘應(yīng)設(shè)計(jì)合理，實(shí)測(cè)力在進(jìn)行傅里葉變換后頻域曲線應(yīng)光滑，避免出現(xiàn)局部的峰值。5.2.3PlacementofTransducers—Themotionsensorshouldbeplacedatornearthepileheadusingasuitable,ortemporary,bondingmaterial(thatis,wax,vaseline,etc.)sothatitisassuredthatitcorrectlymeasurestheaxialpilemotion(transduceraxisofsensitivityalignedwiththepileaxis).Themotionsensorisplacedgenerallynearthecenterofthepile.Additionallocationsshouldbeconsideredforpileswithdiametersgreaterthan500mm.Thelowstrainimpactshouldbeappliedtothepileheadwithinadistanceof300mmfromthemotionsensor.Ifthepileheadisnotaccessible,aswhenalreadyintegralwiththestructure,thesensor(s)maybeattachedtothesideofthepileshaft.傳感器的安裝-傳感器應(yīng)使用一種合適的，臨時(shí)性的，粘合材料（例如蠟、凡士林等）安裝在樁頂，確保其可以準(zhǔn)確測(cè)量樁身軸向運(yùn)動(dòng)（測(cè)試方向應(yīng)與樁軸線一致）。加速度傳感器通常安裝在樁中心附近。當(dāng)樁徑大于500mm的樁，需要根據(jù)樁徑不同,考慮增加不同位置的測(cè)試。激振點(diǎn)的位置一般距離傳感器300mm5.3SignalTransmission—Thesignalsfromthesensorsshallbeconveyedtotheapparatusforrecording,reducing,anddisplayingthedata,see5.4,byalownoiseshieldedcableorequivalent.信號(hào)傳輸—來自傳感器的信號(hào)，必須由低噪聲屏蔽傳輸線或者等效物，傳輸至儀器，并以數(shù)據(jù)的形式記錄、還原及顯示，參見5.4。5.4ApparatusforRecording,ReducingandDisplayingData:儀器中數(shù)據(jù)的記錄、還原及顯示5.4.1General—Thesignalsfromthemotionandforce(optional)sensors,see5.2,shallbeconveyedtoanapparatusforrecording,reducing,anddisplayingdataasafunctionoftime.Theapparatusshallincludeagraphicdisplayofvelocityandforce(optional),andadatastoragecapabilityforretrievingrecordsforfurtheranalysis.Theapparatusshouldbecapableofaveragingdataofseveralblowstoreinforcetherepetitiveinformationfromsoilandpileeffectswhilereducingrandomnoiseeffects.Theapparatusshallbeabletoapplyincreasingintensityamplificationofthemotionsignalwithtimeaftertheimpacttoenhancetheinterpretationofthemeasuredmotionsthatarereducedbysoilandpilematerialdamping.Theapparatusmusthavefilteringcapabilitywithvariablefrequencylimitsforeliminatinghighfrequency,orlowfrequencysignalcomponents,orboth.Theapparatusshallbecapableoftransferringalldatatoapermanentstoragemedium.Theapparatusshallallowforapermanentgraphicaloutputoftherecords.AtypicalschematicarrangementforthisapparatusisillustratedinFig.2.概要—傳感器獲得的速度及力信號(hào)傳輸?shù)絻x器后（見5.2），應(yīng)該以時(shí)間函數(shù)的數(shù)據(jù)形式被記錄、還原并顯示。儀器應(yīng)具有一個(gè)顯示器，以顯示速度及力曲線，數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)后應(yīng)可以隨時(shí)調(diào)出以供將來分析使用。儀器應(yīng)具有將數(shù)錘信號(hào)疊加平均的功能，以提高信噪比，突出來自樁身及樁周土的有用信息，壓制隨機(jī)的噪聲干擾。儀器應(yīng)具有對(duì)時(shí)間信號(hào)進(jìn)行指數(shù)放大的功能，補(bǔ)充因樁身及樁周土對(duì)樁身質(zhì)點(diǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)的阻尼衰減。儀器應(yīng)具有限制各種頻率的濾波功能，可以截止高頻或低頻波，或兩者皆有。儀器應(yīng)具有永久存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)的功能。儀器應(yīng)可以將記錄以圖形方式輸出。典型樁的完整性檢測(cè)設(shè)備組成，詳見圖2。FIG.2SchematicDiagramofApparatusforIntegrityTesting圖2完整性檢測(cè)儀器示意圖5.4.2RecordingApparatus—Analogsignalsfromthemotionsensormustbedirectlydigitizedusingananalogtodigitalconvertorwithatleast12bitresolutionsuchthatsignalcomponentshavingalowpasscut-offfrequencyof15000Hz(?3dB)areretained.Whendigitizing,thesamplefrequency,therefore,shallbeatleast30000Hzeachforthemotionsensorandtheoptionalinstrumentedhammer,ifused.Theuniformityandaccuracyofthedigitalsamplingfrequencyiscritical;theclockjitter(samplingfrequencyaccuracy)mustbewithin0.01%.Analogdataacquisitionsystemsarespecificallyprohibited.Attachedtoeverydigitizedeventshouldbeidentifyinginformationnamesanddescriptions,signalprocessingenhancementparameters,anddateandtimestamps.記錄儀—傳感器產(chǎn)生的模擬信號(hào)必須直接被數(shù)字化，要求數(shù)-模轉(zhuǎn)換精度至少大于16位，保留低通截止頻率為15000Hz（-3dB）。在數(shù)字化時(shí)，采樣頻率，針對(duì)傳感器或者選擇使用的手錘，應(yīng)該大于30000Hz。數(shù)字化采樣頻率的一致性及精度應(yīng)嚴(yán)格保證。時(shí)鐘偏差（采樣頻率的精度）應(yīng)保證在0.01%以內(nèi)。模擬數(shù)據(jù)獲得系統(tǒng)是明確被禁止的。每個(gè)數(shù)字化后的數(shù)據(jù)都應(yīng)附加上識(shí)別信息，如命名、描述、信號(hào)處理放大參數(shù)、日期及時(shí)間。5.4.3ApparatusforReducingData—Theapparatusforreducingsignalsfromthetransducersshallbeadigitalcomputerormicroprocessorcapableofatleastthefollowingfunctions:數(shù)據(jù)還原—儀器VelocityData—Ifaccelerometersareused(see5.2.2),theapparatusshallprovidesignalconditioningandcalibrationandintegrateaccelerationtoobtainvelocity.Theapparatusshallbalancethevelocitysignaltozerobetweenimpactevents.速度數(shù)據(jù)—如果采用加速度傳感器（詳見5.2.2），儀器應(yīng)提供信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)，校準(zhǔn)及積分的功能，以得到速度。儀器應(yīng)在多次激振的間隙，保持速度信號(hào)歸零。ForceMeasurements—Theapparatusshallprovidesignalconditioning,amplification,andcalibrationfortheforcemeasurements.Theforceoutputshallbebalancedtozerobetweenimpactevents.力的測(cè)量—儀器應(yīng)提供力信號(hào)的調(diào)節(jié)、放大及校準(zhǔn)功能。力的輸出，應(yīng)在多次激振間隙保持信號(hào)歸零。SignalConditioning—Thesignalconditioningforforceandvelocityshallhaveequalfrequencyresponsecurvestoavoidrelativephaseshiftsandamplitudedifferences.信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)—儀器對(duì)速度及力信號(hào)的調(diào)節(jié)，應(yīng)具有與原曲線相等的響應(yīng)頻率，應(yīng)避免相關(guān)的相位偏移及振幅的失真。5.4.4DisplayApparatus—Ensurethatthesignalsfromthetransducersspecifiedin5.2.1and5.2.2aredisplayedbymeansofanapparatus,suchasanLCDgraphicdisplay,suchthatthevelocityandforce(optional)canbeobservedasafunctionoftimeforeachhammerblow.Thisapparatusmayreceivethesignalsaftertheyhavebeenprocessedbytheapparatusforreducingthedata.Theapparatusshalldisplaythedigitizeddataoftheimpacteventoruponrecallbytheuserofthedigitallystoredevent.Adjusttheapparatustoreproduceasignalhavingarangeofdurationbetween2msand30ms.Ensurethattheapparatusiscapableofdisplayingthesignalfromeachselectedblowforaminimumperiodof30s.顯示設(shè)備—是指確保從傳感器傳輸來的信號(hào)（如5.2.1及5.2.2所指）能被及時(shí)顯示的設(shè)備，如液晶顯示器，如此便能及時(shí)觀察到每次激振下以時(shí)間為函數(shù)的速度及力曲線。儀器應(yīng)能接受經(jīng)還原及后處理完的數(shù)據(jù)。儀器應(yīng)能顯示每次激振后的數(shù)字信號(hào)，也能顯示使用者從存儲(chǔ)器中回放的數(shù)字信號(hào)。顯示器應(yīng)在持續(xù)2~30ms的時(shí)間范圍內(nèi)，可重新顯示信號(hào)。確保在最短30s內(nèi)，顯示器應(yīng)具有顯示被選中的任意激振中每一錘信號(hào)的功能。6.Procedure測(cè)試過程6.1General—Recordapplicableprojectinformationintotheapparatuswhenappropriate(Section7).Attachtheappropriatemotionsensor(see5.2)tothepilehead,andrecordthemeasurementsfromseveralimpacts.Averagethesuitablerecordsofseveralimpactsandapplynecessaryamplificationtotheaveragedrecord.Therecordsfromtheindividualimpactsortheaveragedrecord,orboth,shouldthenbestored(see5.4.2).Theaveraged,amplifiedrecordthencanbeevaluatedforintegrity.概述—在適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)間，將工程的有效信息記錄在儀器中（參見第7部分）。將測(cè)振傳感器安裝在樁頂適當(dāng)?shù)奈恢茫缓笥涗涍B續(xù)幾次激振的測(cè)量結(jié)果。將幾次有效激振測(cè)量結(jié)果平均，然后對(duì)平均后的曲線進(jìn)行必要的放大處理。要求對(duì)每次激振的信號(hào)及平均后的信號(hào)，均應(yīng)被儀器記錄（詳見5.4.2）。使用放大后的平均曲線對(duì)完整性進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。6.2Preparation—Forcast-in-placeconcretepilesorconcretefilledpipepiles,performtheintegritytestingnosoonerthan7daysaftercastingorafterconcretestrengthachievesatleast75%ofitsdesignstrength,whicheveroccursearlier.Ensurethatthepileheadsurfaceisaccessible,abovewater,andcleanoflooseconcrete,soilorotherforeignmaterialsresultingfromconstruction.Ifthepileheadiscontaminated,removeasufficientpilesectiontoreachsoundconcrete.Ifnecessary,preparesmallareasbyahandgrindertoprovideasmoothsurfaceformotionsensorattachmentandimpact.Attachthemotionsensorfirmlywithappropriatematerialatselectedlocationsawayfromtheedgeofthepilehead.Forpileswithdiameterslargerthan500mm,attachtheaccelerometerataminimumofthreelocationssothatanintegrityevaluationnearthepileheadmaybemadeforeachlocalizedsectionofpile.Positiontheapparatusforapplyingtheimpactforcesothattheimpactisappliedaxiallywiththepileandatadistancenolargerthan300mmfromtheaccelerometer.Setuptheapparatusforrecording,reducing,anddisplayingdatasothatitisoperationalandtheforceandvelocitysignalsarezeroed.準(zhǔn)備工作—鉆孔灌注樁或混凝土填充鋼管樁的完整性檢測(cè)，應(yīng)在澆筑7天后或者達(dá)到設(shè)計(jì)強(qiáng)度的75%后進(jìn)行，兩者以先達(dá)到者為準(zhǔn)。確保被測(cè)樁頂面適合測(cè)試，并位于水位以上，將松動(dòng)混凝土、浮土及其他物質(zhì)清理干凈。如果樁頂混凝土質(zhì)量低，應(yīng)剔除直至堅(jiān)實(shí)的樁身混凝土。如果必要，可以在樁頂用手砂輪打磨出一小片平整區(qū)域，用于粘貼傳感器及激振。傳感器應(yīng)使用合適的材料牢固粘貼在遠(yuǎn)離樁頂邊緣的區(qū)域。對(duì)于直徑大于500mm基樁，至少應(yīng)在樁頂3個(gè)不同的位置安裝傳感器分別進(jìn)行檢測(cè)，這樣其完整評(píng)價(jià)也許就可能由每個(gè)局部檢測(cè)結(jié)果組成。測(cè)力錘激振方向應(yīng)與樁軸方向一致，作用點(diǎn)距離加速度傳感器不大于300mm。設(shè)置好儀器的記錄、還原及顯示參數(shù)，使其處于操作狀態(tài)，所有力及速度信號(hào)均歸零。6.3FieldNotes—Includethefollowinginformationindetailedrecords,asavailable,foreachpiletested.現(xiàn)場(chǎng)注意事項(xiàng)—對(duì)于每根被測(cè)樁，下面列出了各項(xiàng)可能有用的需要記錄的信息。6.3.1Pileidentification,nominalandactualpileheaddiameterandlength;樁型，正常的及實(shí)際的樁徑和樁長(zhǎng)；6.3.2Dateandmethodofconcreteplacement;混凝土澆筑的方式及時(shí)間；6.3.3As-builtgeometrythatis,totalconcretevolume,nominaloractualdiameterversuslength,permanentortemporarycasing,steelreinforcement,etc.;樁身的幾何尺寸，如總體積，正?；?qū)嶋H的徑長(zhǎng)比，永久的或臨時(shí)的護(hù)筒，鋼筋，等等。6.3.4Soilstratigraphy;地層6.3.5Anyspecificobservationrelatedtoeachpiletestedthataffectsthepileconstruction,excavation,integrity,etc.;任何有可能影響基樁施工、開挖，完整性等等的特殊現(xiàn)象6.3.6Locationoftransducersatpileheadandcorrespondingmeasurements;and,傳感器在樁頂安裝的位置及相應(yīng)的測(cè)量，以及6.3.7Datepileistested.已經(jīng)測(cè)試的樁數(shù)量。6.4TakingMeasurements—Applyseveralimpactsandrecordeachindividualimpactortheaverage,ifrequired,orboth.Ifonlytheindividualimpactsarerecorded,ensurethattheapparatusforrecording,reducing,anddisplayingdataiscapableofaveragingupto10individualrecords.Recordthenumberofimpactsforaspecificaveragedrecord.Take,record,anddisplayaseriesofvelocityandforce(optional)measurements.測(cè)試—實(shí)施多次激振，記錄每次激振信號(hào)，如果有必要，則應(yīng)記錄它們的平均信號(hào)。如果是單激振記錄，確保儀器具有記錄、還原及顯示平均10個(gè)單激振數(shù)據(jù)的能力。儀器還應(yīng)具有記錄特殊數(shù)量激振的平均信號(hào)的功能?？梢酝ㄟ^對(duì)信號(hào)的取得、記錄及顯示，來完成對(duì)一系列的速度和力（可選）的測(cè)量。6.5DataQualityChecks—Forconfirmationofdataquality,theoperatorshallmonitorthevelocityandforce(optional)fromseveralimpacteventsforconsistency.Ensurethattheapparatusforrecording,reducing,anddisplayingdataiscapableofdeterminingthemeasurementdeviceoverloadthreshold.Donotusetherecordsofimpactsthatcausethemeasurementdevicetooverload.Consistentrecordsaretheresultofuniformimpactsonsoundconcrete,transducersystemsthatareproperlyfunctioning,motionsensorsthatarefirmlyattached,andtheapparatusforrecording,reducing,anddisplayingdataproperlyfunctioning.Ifrecordsarenotrepeatable,donotusethedata.Ifthecauseofpoordataisnotamotionsensorattachmentproblembutratherisfoundtobeatransducermalfunction,repairorrecalibrateitbeforefurtheruse.數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量的檢查—操作者應(yīng)該通過觀察在相同位置幾次激振下速度和力信號(hào)是否具有一致性，來判定信號(hào)的質(zhì)量。確保記錄、還原及顯示的儀器具有判定測(cè)量設(shè)備是否超負(fù)荷的能力。不允許采用測(cè)量設(shè)備超負(fù)荷工作所采集的信號(hào)。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的信號(hào)應(yīng)該是，在新鮮混凝土樁頂測(cè)試，采用合理的激振，傳感器系統(tǒng)工作正常，并穩(wěn)固地粘貼在合理的位置，儀器的記錄、還原及顯示功能正常，上述情況下所采集的數(shù)據(jù)，應(yīng)具有良好的一致性。不具有一致性的數(shù)據(jù)不得使用。如果發(fā)現(xiàn)在粘貼正常的情況下，傳感器出現(xiàn)，應(yīng)在修復(fù)或標(biāo)定后再使用。NOTE1—Itisgenerallyrecommendedthatallcomponentsoftheapparatusforobtainingdynamicmeasurementsandtheapparatusforrecording,reducing,anddisplayingdatabecalibratedifanysignsofsystemmalfunctionsbecomeapparent.注1—如果信號(hào)出現(xiàn)任何不正?，F(xiàn)象，一般建議對(duì)所有組成動(dòng)力測(cè)試儀器的組成部分，及記錄、還原及顯示部分，均進(jìn)行校準(zhǔn)。6.6AnalysisofMeasurements測(cè)量結(jié)果的分析6.6.1WiththePulseEchoMethod(PEM),measuredpileheadvelocityisanalyzedasafunctionoftime.Often,thismethodgivessufficientinformationforintegrityevaluation.Alternately,thepileheadforcecanbemeasuredaswell.Thecombinationofforceandvelocitymaygiveadditionalinformationregardingthepileintegritynearthepilehead.TheTransientResponseMethod(TRM)requiresmeasurementofboththepileheadvelocityandforce.Forbothmethods,datamaybeevaluatedinbothtimedomainandfrequencydomain.針對(duì)反射波法（PEM），利用樁頂速度的時(shí)程曲線進(jìn)行分析。通常，該方法已經(jīng)包含了充足的樁的完整性信息。另外更好地，可以測(cè)量樁頂?shù)募ふ窳Α⑺俣扰c力歸一化，會(huì)得到樁頂附近有關(guān)樁身完整性額外的信息。瞬態(tài)響應(yīng)法（TRM）要求測(cè)試樁頂?shù)乃俣燃傲Α煞N方法，其數(shù)據(jù)都可以在時(shí)間域與頻率域內(nèi)評(píng)價(jià)。6.6.2Obtainvelocityandforce(optional)fromthereadoutoftheapparatusforreducingdata(see5.4.3)orfromthedisplayapparatus(see5.4.4).Inthetimedomainanalysis(PEM),basethepileintegrityevaluationonrelativeincreasesanddecreasesofvelocityaftertheinitialimpactpulse(Fig.3,Fig.4).Thedisplayeddatashouldincludethevelocityandforce(optional)recordswithtime,anindicationofthepilelengthandassumedmaterialwavespeedandarepresentationoftheshapeandmagnitudeoftheamplificationfunctionwhenused.Themotionduringtheimpacteventisnormalizedusuallyandisassociatedwiththepilehead.Theamplificationisusedgenerallytoscalethepiletoeresponsetoasimilarmagnitude.Apparentreflectionsoccurringpriortothetoeresponsethatareofthesamesignastheinputareduetoarelativedecreaseofimpedance.Reflectionsoftheoppositesignareduetoarelativeincreaseofimpedance.Comparisonofresultsfromseveralpilesfromthesitewithsimilarconstructionisrecommendedtoassessthetypicalresponsewiththesameamplificationfactorbeingappliedtoallpilesofsimilarlengths.Visualinterpretationmaybequalitativeandpossiblyrelativetoothertestedpilesandamatterofproperengineeringjudgment.可以從還原系統(tǒng)內(nèi)讀出速度及力的數(shù)據(jù)（詳見5.4.3），也可以從顯示系統(tǒng)中得到（詳見5.4.4）。在時(shí)間域分析（PEM），是基于分析初始激振后，樁身完整性與速度曲線增大或減小的相關(guān)性來評(píng)價(jià)的（見Fig.3,Fig.4）.被顯示的數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)該包括速度和力的時(shí)程曲線，能反映樁長(zhǎng)及假定的波速，可以顯示樁身的外形，以及可以使用指數(shù)放大功能。傳感器在激振過程中保持正常工作，并與樁頂緊密聯(lián)系在一起。指數(shù)放大通常應(yīng)采用同一倍數(shù)，以測(cè)量樁底的響應(yīng)。顯然，在樁底反射前出現(xiàn)了與入射波相同的反射波，則表明在相關(guān)位置，樁身的波阻抗減小了。若出現(xiàn)與入射波相反的反射波，則表明相關(guān)位置樁身的波阻抗增加了。針對(duì)同一場(chǎng)地，同一設(shè)計(jì)樁型，同一施工方法，推薦對(duì)比多根基樁的測(cè)試結(jié)果，在樁長(zhǎng)相同及指數(shù)放大倍數(shù)相同時(shí)，以得到具有代表性典型的響應(yīng)曲線。形象的解釋也許是定性的，與其他已測(cè)完樁有關(guān)的，也許是正確的工程判斷。

FIG.3TypicalVelocityRecordIndicatingPileofGenerallyUniformNature(GradualImpedanceChangesorSoilFriction)圖3表明樁身完整的典型速度記錄（阻抗?jié)u變或有土阻力）FIG.4TypicalVelocityRecordIndicatingMajorChangesinImpedance(SevereDamageoraCrackedPile)圖4表明樁身有明顯阻抗變化的典型速度記錄（嚴(yán)重的損壞或斷樁）6.6.3Therecordeddatamaybesubjectedtofurtheranalysisinacomputertoquantifybettertheextentofanapparentanomaly.Theresultsoftheanalysismayincludeaquantitativeassessmentofpileintegrity.Suchfurtheruseandinterpretationofthedataisamatterofengineeringjudgmentandexperience.出現(xiàn)顯然異常的情況，數(shù)據(jù)也許應(yīng)該更進(jìn)一步由計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行定量化處理為好。評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果可以包括定量的樁身完整性的分析。如此進(jìn)一步分析的作用及解釋，一般是工程上的判定及經(jīng)驗(yàn)。6.6.4Engineerswithspecializedexperienceinthisfieldaretomakefinalintegrityevaluation.Useintegrityevaluationfromlowstrainteststogetherwithotherinformation,includingpileinstallationproceduresandobservations,soilinformation,loadingrequirements,etc.,toassessthepile’sacceptance.Thelowstrainintegrityevaluationshouldnotbeusedasthesolefactorinestablishingpileacceptanceorrejection.Acontingencyplanshouldbeformedthatallowstheengineertopossiblyperformfurthertestsordictatepilerepairorreplacementpriortotheintegritytesting,incaseaseriousdefectisindicated.在這個(gè)領(lǐng)域具有特殊經(jīng)驗(yàn)的工程師，會(huì)對(duì)完整性做出最終的評(píng)價(jià)。應(yīng)使用其他有效信息，與低應(yīng)變測(cè)試一起進(jìn)行樁身完整性評(píng)價(jià)，包括基樁施工程序及觀測(cè)資料，地層資料，荷載要求等等，以評(píng)定樁身質(zhì)量的可信度。在完整性測(cè)試前需要編制一個(gè)意外事件應(yīng)對(duì)計(jì)劃，當(dāng)基樁出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的缺陷時(shí)，允許工程師可以進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的測(cè)試，或者下令修補(bǔ)基樁或替換。6.6.5Certainlimitationsareinherentinlow-strainintegritytesting.Theselimitationsmustbeunderstoodandtakenintoconsiderationinmakingthefinalintegrityevaluation.Integrityevaluationofapilesectionbelowacrackthatcrossestheentirepilecross-sectionalareaoramanufacturedmechanicaljointisnotnormallypossiblesincetheimpactwavelikelywillreflectcompletelyatthediscontinuity.Pileswithhighlyvariablecrosssectionsormultiplediscontinuitiesmaybedifficulttoevaluate.Insomecases,itmaybedifficulttodistinguishthesoilresponsefromthepileresponse.Themethodisgenerallynotsuitablefortestingsteelsheet,H-sectionorunfilledpipepiles.Ifthereflectionfromthepiletoeisnotevidentintherecords,theintegrityevaluationmaynotbeconclusiveandmaybelimitedtoacertainunknowndepth.Thislimitationmayapplytolongorhighlyvariablepilesorpilesinsoilsthatexhibitrelativelyhighfriction.Pilesthatarerigidlyconnectedtoafootingorsuperstructurearesometimestestedsuccessfullyalthoughtheevaluationoftenmaybemoredifficultandmaybeinconclusive.Somecasesinvolvingintegralsuperstructuresmayrequireuseoftwomotionmeasuringdevicesattachedattwodifferentlocationsalongthepileshaft.低應(yīng)變完整性測(cè)試具有一些不可克服的局限性。這些局限性需要被了解，以及在最終的完整性評(píng)價(jià)中予以考慮。位于樁身全斷裂面以下，或者樁身機(jī)械連接面以下的樁身，由于激振波在此界面很可能將被完全反射回來，因此其完整性不能被正常判定。樁身若具有很多種截面或者許多斷裂面，其完整性將很難被判定。在有些情況下，也很難將土阻力的響應(yīng)從樁身阻抗響應(yīng)中區(qū)分出來。該方法一般不適用于測(cè)試鋼板樁，H型鋼樁，或未填充完全的鋼管樁。如果樁底反射無法判別，完整性評(píng)價(jià)也許將不確切，也許會(huì)受到樁長(zhǎng)未知的限制。這種局限性也許會(huì)體現(xiàn)在長(zhǎng)樁，阻抗變化多的樁，或者樁周土相對(duì)地展示出高摩擦力的樁的測(cè)試上。盡管評(píng)價(jià)經(jīng)常也許會(huì)很困難，也許無法得到結(jié)論，當(dāng)樁被很穩(wěn)固地固定在地層中或結(jié)構(gòu)上，有時(shí)的測(cè)試也會(huì)很成功的。有些情況下，基樁會(huì)位于上部結(jié)構(gòu)中，可以沿著樁軸在樁身不同地方安裝2個(gè)傳感器進(jìn)行測(cè)試。6.6.6Integritytestingmaynotidentifyallimperfections,butitcanbeausefultoolinidentifyingmajordefectswithintheeffectivelength.Also,thetestmayidentifyminorimpedancevariationsthatmaynotaffectthebearingcapacityofthepile.Forpileshavingminorimpedancevariations,theengineershouldusejudgementastotheacceptabilityofthesepilesconsideringotherfactorssuchasloadredistributiontoadjacentpiles,loadtransfertothesoilabovethedefect,appliedsafetyfactors,andstructuralloadrequirements.完整性測(cè)試不可能鑒別出樁身所有的缺陷，但可以在有效的長(zhǎng)度范圍內(nèi)判定出主要的缺陷。同樣，測(cè)試也可判別出對(duì)承載力不會(huì)產(chǎn)生影響的樁身阻抗的細(xì)小變化。對(duì)于樁身存在阻抗細(xì)小變化，工程師應(yīng)該判斷在考慮了其他因素后這些樁的可接受性，如鄰近樁荷載的再分配，荷載轉(zhuǎn)換致缺陷以上的樁周土上，實(shí)用的安全系數(shù)，以及結(jié)構(gòu)荷載的要求。7.Report報(bào)告7.1Backgroundinformationanddescriptionshelpfultopileevaluationmayincludethefollowingwhenavailable,orapplicable,orboth:當(dāng)需要時(shí)，下面所列的背景信息及描述對(duì)于評(píng)價(jià)是十分有幫助的7.1.1General概述Projectidentification/location;and,項(xiàng)目名稱/地點(diǎn)；及Logofnearbyortypicaltestboring(s).原位勘探孔或附近的柱狀圖7.1.2PileInstallationEquipment—Descriptionofpileinstallationequipmentusedforeitherdrivingpilesordrillingpiles,asappropriateifrelatedtotheintegrityinvestigation,includingsize,type,operatingperformancelevelsorpressures,pumpsizes,andanyspecialinstallationequipmentandtheirdescriptionsuchasforpredrillingorjetting.樁施工設(shè)備—如果與完整性調(diào)查有關(guān)，適當(dāng)?shù)財(cái)⑹龀蓸对O(shè)備，無論是用于鉆孔樁，還是打入式樁，包括尺寸，型號(hào)，操作性能水平及壓力，泵的大小，7.1.3TestPiles測(cè)試樁Identification(nameanddesignation)oftestpile(s);測(cè)試樁的標(biāo)識(shí)（名稱及編號(hào)）Typeanddimensionsofpile(s)includingnominaloractuallengthanddiameter,orboth;類型及尺寸，設(shè)計(jì)樁長(zhǎng)樁徑或?qū)嶋H值，或都要；Datetestpilesmade,cast,orinstalledorconcretecylinderstrength,orboth;成樁日期，澆筑日期，或混凝土圓柱體試塊強(qiáng)度，或都要Descriptionofinternalandexternalreinforcementusedintestpile(size,length,numberandarrangementoflongitudinalbars;casingorshellsizeandlength);描述用于測(cè)試樁內(nèi)部或外部的鋼筋（其尺寸，長(zhǎng)度，數(shù)量，縱向筋的分布；保護(hù)層或外殼的尺寸及長(zhǎng)度）Descriptionandlocation,whereapplicable,ofsplices;and,描述及位置，被利用于何處，接合位置，以及Observationsofpilesincludingspalledareas,cracks,andheadsurfacecondition.樁身外觀觀察，包括有碎片的范圍，裂縫，及樁頭表面的狀態(tài)。7.1.4PileInstallationDateofinstallation;成樁日期Fordrilledshafts,includethesizeoftheauger,volumeofconcreteorgroutplacedinpile(volumeversusdepth,ifavailable),groutpressureused,andadescriptionofspecialinstallationproceduresused,suchaspilecasinginstallationorextraction,orboth;鉆孔樁，包括鉆具的尺寸，混凝土體積或者澆筑體積（每米體積，如有用），澆筑的泵壓，以及特殊成樁過程的描述，如護(hù)筒的安置或拔除；Fordrivenpiles(whenthedrivingprocessisthesuspectcauseofdamage),includehammercushionandpilecushioninformation;includedrivingrecords,includingblowcountandhammerstrokeoroperatinglevelforfinalunitpenetration;打入式樁（當(dāng)懷疑打樁過程損壞了樁身），包括錘墊；打樁記錄；最后單位貫入度的錘擊數(shù)或錘的工作水平Causeanddurationofinterruptionsinpileinstallation,ifapplicableandrelatedtotheinvestigation;and,如果與完整性有關(guān)，施工中停錘的原因及持續(xù)時(shí)間，以及Notationofanyunusualoccurrencesduringinstallationorexcavation,orboth,t