拖拉機(jī)的分類-中英文翻譯

拖拉機(jī)的分類拖拉機(jī)是一種輪式或履帶式的自走式車輛工具，它能被用來做移植農(nóng)作物，鋪路和其他裝備特殊工具的機(jī)械的動(dòng)力裝置。也能用做牽引掛車的動(dòng)力，拖拉機(jī)的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)也能被用來做自動(dòng)工具，固定式農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械的有原動(dòng)力，通過用力輸出軸和皮帶輪做中間媒介。拖拉機(jī)在農(nóng)業(yè)中的應(yīng)用是非常的廣泛的，并且不同類型的拖拉機(jī)做不同的農(nóng)業(yè)作業(yè)。農(nóng)業(yè)拖拉機(jī)被分為以下幾類。就功能來說，現(xiàn)代的農(nóng)用拖拉機(jī)可以分為三類，普通功能的拖拉機(jī)，中耕拖拉機(jī)和專用拖拉機(jī)。普通用途的拖拉機(jī)主要的農(nóng)業(yè)作業(yè)是大部分農(nóng)作物的栽培，比如耕地，犁地，耕種，耙地，播種和收割。這種拖拉機(jī)的典型特征就是有一個(gè)比較小的離地間隙，增加了發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的扭矩和有比較好的牽引力，由于它們有較寬的輪胎或履帶，使他們能夠產(chǎn)生比較大的牽引力。中耕拖拉機(jī)主要用來中耕作業(yè)，也可以進(jìn)行許多其它的田間作業(yè)，為了達(dá)到這個(gè)目的，一些中耕拖拉機(jī)被裝備了不同胎面寬度的可替換的驅(qū)動(dòng)輪。用來進(jìn)行一般的田間作業(yè)和耙地，為了不損壞農(nóng)作物，這種拖拉機(jī)有一個(gè)比較大的離地間隙和比較寬的輪胎，能適應(yīng)特殊的農(nóng)作物間距。專用拖拉機(jī)不同于普通的拖拉機(jī)和中耕式拖拉機(jī)，它被用于特定的作業(yè)，或者在特定的條件下用于不同的作業(yè)。因此被用來棉花中耕機(jī)械化的專用拖拉機(jī)常常有一個(gè)前輪，在沼澤地里工作的拖拉機(jī)一般裝備有很寬的履帶，這樣能夠使它們?cè)诔睗竦耐寥郎瞎ぷ?。山地拖拉機(jī)一般被設(shè)計(jì)能在16度的斜坡上工作。按驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置的設(shè)計(jì)，拖拉機(jī)有可分為輪式和履帶式。履帶式拖拉機(jī)因它較大的接地面積而著稱，所以它有一個(gè)很好的牽引附著性，它們能碾壓土壤并能緊緊的抓住土壤。因此這種拖拉機(jī)有很好的越野性并且能夠提供很好的牽引力。輪式拖拉機(jī)的應(yīng)用也很廣泛，能被用來在田間作業(yè)并且能夠用來進(jìn)行交通運(yùn)輸，但是它們的牽引能力比履帶式拖拉機(jī)要小。拖拉機(jī)的主要組成部分拖拉機(jī)是復(fù)雜的自走式機(jī)械，它由相互獨(dú)立相互作用的機(jī)構(gòu)和單元組合而成。如果不考慮特殊的設(shè)計(jì)，所有的拖拉機(jī)都有發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，傳動(dòng)系，行駛系，轉(zhuǎn)向系，作業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)和輔助裝置組成。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)把燃料的化學(xué)能轉(zhuǎn)化成機(jī)械能。傳動(dòng)系包括一系列的機(jī)械裝置，它們能傳遞發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)產(chǎn)生的扭矩給驅(qū)動(dòng)輪或履帶。并且能把驅(qū)動(dòng)扭矩變成有大小和方向的力，傳動(dòng)系包括，離合器，連軸器，變速器和后橋。離合器的主要用途就是當(dāng)駕駛員正在掛擋時(shí)，暫時(shí)的把發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)輸出軸與變速器分離一段時(shí)間。當(dāng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)從停機(jī)啟動(dòng)時(shí)，它也能使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)傳遞到驅(qū)動(dòng)輪上的較低的動(dòng)力連接平衡。連軸器包括很多的彈性元件，這些彈性元件能夠把不在同一條直線上的離合器軸和變速器軸連接在一起。變速器通過不同的嚙合齒輪，使改變驅(qū)動(dòng)扭矩和發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速成為可能。在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)曲軸旋轉(zhuǎn)方向不變的情況下，變速器能夠是拖拉機(jī)倒駛。后橋機(jī)構(gòu)增加了驅(qū)動(dòng)扭矩，且把它傳遞到驅(qū)動(dòng)輪上或履帶上在適當(dāng)?shù)慕嵌葌鹘o驅(qū)動(dòng)軸。在大部分的拖拉機(jī)上，后橋上也包含剎車。在輪式拖拉機(jī)上，不同于履帶式的地方。就是傳動(dòng)系還包括差速器，當(dāng)拖拉機(jī)在轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)或行駛在不平整的路面上時(shí)，它能是驅(qū)動(dòng)輪以不同的速度旋轉(zhuǎn)，它的左右輪在相同的時(shí)間內(nèi)行駛過不同的距離。行駛系能夠使拖拉機(jī)移動(dòng)，驅(qū)動(dòng)輪或者履帶和地面接觸的旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)被轉(zhuǎn)化成拖拉機(jī)的直線運(yùn)動(dòng)。轉(zhuǎn)向系主要用來改變拖拉機(jī)的行駛方向，在輪式拖拉機(jī)上是靠旋轉(zhuǎn)它的前輪，在履帶式拖拉機(jī)上，是靠改變一個(gè)履帶的速度。作業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)被用來耕作。充分應(yīng)用拖拉機(jī)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的動(dòng)力去實(shí)現(xiàn)各種農(nóng)作業(yè)。它包括動(dòng)力輸出軸，懸掛機(jī)構(gòu)，農(nóng)具掛接機(jī)構(gòu)，皮帶輪。輔助裝置包括裝有彈簧坐椅及加熱、通風(fēng)裝置的駕駛室，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)罩，照明設(shè)備，指示器，喇叭等。離合器在傳動(dòng)系中離合器位于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)與變速器之間，作用就是使駕駛員可以把發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)與變速器結(jié)合和脫離?，F(xiàn)代拖拉機(jī)上廣泛應(yīng)用摩擦片式離合器。這種離合器利用摩擦力來傳遞動(dòng)力，這種離合器的摩擦面由壓盤提供，它的數(shù)量取決于傳遞扭矩的大小。大部分拖拉機(jī)上廣泛應(yīng)用的是單片和雙片式離合奧年器。單片離合器的壓盤和發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)飛輪連接在一起，但是從動(dòng)盤安裝在變速器離合器輸入軸上。從動(dòng)盤上有花鍵轂與輸入軸上的花鍵相配合。從動(dòng)盤被一組螺旋彈簧緊緊地壓在壓盤與飛輪之間，這一組壓力彈簧被支撐在離合器和壓盤之間，由于在飛輪，從動(dòng)盤與壓盤之間產(chǎn)生了摩擦力，所以扭矩能夠被從發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)傳遞到變速器輸入軸，在這個(gè)位置時(shí)離合器開始工作。離合器通過離合器轉(zhuǎn)向傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)來操作，離合器轉(zhuǎn)向傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)包括一個(gè)操作桿和一個(gè)分離撥叉。它能夠傳遞離合器踏板的運(yùn)動(dòng)給離合器分離軸承。當(dāng)駕駛員踏離合器踏板時(shí)，離合器轉(zhuǎn)向傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)迫使分離軸承向內(nèi)（向左）移動(dòng)。隨著分離軸承向左移動(dòng)，它就向左推三個(gè)分離桿的內(nèi)端。當(dāng)三個(gè)分離桿的內(nèi)端被分離軸承向左推時(shí)，分離桿的外端就使壓盤向右移動(dòng)，壓縮螺旋彈簧。隨著彈簧壓力從從動(dòng)盤上消失，在從動(dòng)盤，飛輪和壓盤之間出現(xiàn)空隙，這時(shí)離合器被分離。但飛輪繼續(xù)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，但不通過從動(dòng)盤傳遞動(dòng)力。當(dāng)離合器踏板被松開，螺旋彈簧通過使壓盤向左移動(dòng)，從動(dòng)盤再次被緊緊的壓在飛輪與壓盤之間，從動(dòng)盤再次隨著飛輪一起旋轉(zhuǎn)。在這個(gè)位置，離合器開始工作，剛開始從動(dòng)盤進(jìn)行滑動(dòng)，直到它被完全壓緊在飛輪與從動(dòng)盤之間，使工作趨于平滑。上邊所描述的是干式摩擦彈簧離合器。傳動(dòng)軸和萬向節(jié)傳動(dòng)軸將動(dòng)力從變速器傳送到后橋的驅(qū)動(dòng)軸上。傳動(dòng)軸將變速器的主軸或是輸出軸，連接到后橋上的差速器。變速器主軸的旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)通過傳動(dòng)軸傳遞到差速器上，使后車輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。設(shè)計(jì)傳動(dòng)軸時(shí)必須考慮兩個(gè)因素。第一，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和變速器是剛性地安裝在車架上。第二，后橋殼（連同車輪和差速器）是通過彈性元件與車架相連。當(dāng)后車輪在高低不平的路面上滾動(dòng)時(shí)，彈簧上下伸縮，使變速器和差速器之間的傳動(dòng)角度和距離發(fā)生變化。傳動(dòng)軸要能適應(yīng)這些變化，也就是說，當(dāng)后橋殼隨差速器車輪一起上下運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)，與變速器輸出軸之間的角度變大的原因是后橋和差速器運(yùn)動(dòng)的弧度小于傳動(dòng)軸運(yùn)動(dòng)的弧度。后橋殼弧線擺動(dòng)的中心點(diǎn)是固定在車架的后彈簧或控制臂上。為了使傳動(dòng)軸適應(yīng)這兩種變化，就筆削裝有兩套獨(dú)立的裝置。一個(gè)或幾個(gè)萬向節(jié)來適應(yīng)傳動(dòng)角度的變化，一套伸縮花鍵，能夠改變傳動(dòng)軸的現(xiàn)有長度。傳動(dòng)軸可以是實(shí)心的也可以是空心的，有套管加以保護(hù)或裸露在外。有些傳動(dòng)軸在中心或在中心附近裝有支撐軸承。兩段傳動(dòng)軸之間各有中間支撐軸承，并由萬向節(jié)傳動(dòng)連接。萬向節(jié)基本是個(gè)雙鉸鏈節(jié)，有兩個(gè)Y型萬向叉，一個(gè)在主動(dòng)軸上，另一個(gè)在從動(dòng)軸上，還有一個(gè)叫萬向節(jié)十字軸的十字形零件。萬向節(jié)十字軸的四個(gè)軸頸叫做萬向節(jié)十字頭，分別裝在兩個(gè)萬向節(jié)叉頂端的軸承中。主動(dòng)軸使萬向節(jié)十字軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，另外兩個(gè)萬向節(jié)十字頭使從動(dòng)軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。當(dāng)兩軸相互處在同一角度上，主動(dòng)軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)萬向叉上的軸承使萬向節(jié)叉繞萬向節(jié)十字軸擺動(dòng)。汽車上使用的萬向節(jié)有多種形式，但是使用最普遍的是雙十字軸萬向節(jié)、等速萬向節(jié)和球叉萬向節(jié)。伸縮花鍵由在傳動(dòng)軸上的外花鍵和與之相連的空心軸中對(duì)應(yīng)的內(nèi)花鍵組成。伸縮花鍵使兩軸一起轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，也能使兩軸相對(duì)移動(dòng)。當(dāng)

后橋在車架上向前或向上運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)足以調(diào)整轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸長度的任何變化。ClassificationofTractors-propelledvehicleusedasaroadbuilding,andothersofortowingtrailers.TheThetractorisawheeledortrackedselfpowermeansformovingagricultural,machinesequippedwithspecialtools,andal-propelledvehicleusedasaroadbuilding,andothersofortowingtrailers.TheTheusesofthetractorinagriculturearemany,andsodifferenttypesoftractorsareneededtododifferenttypesoffarmwork.Farmtractorsareclassifiedasfollows.ASTOPURPOSE,modernfarmtractorsareclassedinthreegroups:general-purposetractors(landutility),universal-row-crop(row-croputility)tractors,andspecial-purposetractors.Landutilitytractorsareusedformajorfarmoperationscommontothecultivationofmostcrops, such astillage, digging,generalcultivations,harrowing, sowing, andharvesting. Thetractorsarecharacterizedbyalowgroundclearance,increasedenginepower,andgoodtraction.Thankingtotheirwidetiresortracksenablingthemtodevelopahighpull.Universal-row-croptractorsareintendedforrow-cropwork,aswellasformanyotherfieldtasks.Forthispurpose,somerow-croputilitytractorsareprovidedwithreplaceabledrivingwheelsofdifferenttreadwidths-wideforgeneralfarmworkandnarrowforrow-dropwork,inordernottodamageplants,thetractorshaveahighgroundclearanceandawidewheeltrackthatcanbeadjustedtosuittheparticularinter-towdistance.

Special-purposetractorsaremodificationsofstandardlandorSpecial-purposetractorsaremodificationsofstandardlandorrow-croputilitytractormodelsandareusedfordefinitejobs,andundercertainconditions.Thus,specialtractorsusedtomechanizethecultivationofcottonhaveasinglefrontwheel,swamptractorsareequippedwithwidetracksenabling themtooperateonmarshysoils,andhillsidetractorsaredesignedtoworkonhillsidesslopingatupto16.ASTOTHEDESIGNOFTHERUNNINGGEAR,tractorsaredividedintocrawler(track-laying)andwheeledtypes.Crawlertractorsaredistinguishedbyalargegroundcontactareaandthereforehaveagoodtrackadhesion;theycrushandcompactthesoilinsignificantly.Suchtractorsshowahighcros s-countrypowerandarecapableofdevelopingahighpull.Wheeledtractorsaremoreversatileandcanbeusedforbothfieldandtransportwork,buttheirtractionislowerthanthatofcrawlertractors.MainComponentPartsoftractorThetractoriscomplexself-propelledmachineconsistingofseparateinteractingmechanismsandunitsthatcanbecombinedintocertaingroups.Irrespectiveofparticulardesignfeatures,alltractorsconsistofengine,driveline,runningfear,steeringmechanism,workingattachments,andauxiliaryequipments.THEENGINEconvertsthermalenergyintomechanicalenergy.THEDRIVELINEcomprisesasetofmechanismswhichtransmitthetorquedevelopedbytheenginetothedrivingwheelsortracksandchangethedrivingtorquebothinmagnitudeanddirection.Thedrivelineincludestheclutch,flexiblecoupling,transmission(gearbox)andrearaxle.Theclutchservestodisconnecttheengineshaftfromthetransmissionforashortperiodoftimewhilethedriverisshiftinggearsandalsotoconnectsmoothlytheflowofpowerfromtheenginetothedrivingwheelsortrackswhenstartingthetractorfromrest.Theflexiblecouplingincorporateselasticelementsallowingtoconnecttheclutchshaftandthetransmissiondriveshaftwithaslightmisalignment.Thetransmissionmakesitpossibletochangethedrivingtorqueandtherunningspeedofthetractorbyengagingdifferentpairsofgears.Withthedirectionofrotationoftheengineshaftremainingthesame,thetransmissionenablesthetractortobeputinreveres.Therear-axlemechanismsincreasethedrivingtorqueandtransmitittothedrivingwheelsortracksatrightanglestothedriveshaft.Inmosttractors,therearaxlealsocomprisesbrakes.Inthewheeledtractor,asdistinctfromitscrawlercounterpartthedrivelineincludesthedifferentialwhichenablesthedrivingwheelstorevolvewithdifferentspeedswhenmakingturnsofrunningoveraraggedterrain,atwhichtimetheleft-andright-handwheelsmusttraveldifferentdistancesduringoneandthesametime.THERUNNINGGEARisneededforthetractortomove.Therotationofthedrivingwheels(orthemovementofthetracks)incontactwiththegroundisconvertedintotranslatorymotionofthetractor.THESTEERINGMECHANISMservestochangethedirectionofmovementofthetractorbyturningitsfrontwheels(inwheeledtractors)orbyvaryingthespeedofoneofthetracks(incrawlertractors).THEWORKINGATTACHMENTSofthetractorareusedtoutilizetheusefulpowerofthetractorengineforvariousfarmtasks.Theyincludethepowertakeoffshaft,drawbar(hitchdevice),implement-attaching(mounting)system,andbeltpulley.THETRACTORAUXILIARIESincludethedriver’scabwithaspring-mountedseatandheatingandventilationequipment,hood,lightingequipment,telltales(indicators),horns,etc.TheClutchTheclutchislocatedinthepowertrainbetweentheengineandthetransmission.Theclutchallowsthedrivertocoupletheengineortouncoupletheenginefromthetransmissionwhileheisshiftinggearsorstartingthetractormovingfromrest.Moderntractorsusefrictionclutches,onesemployingfrictionforcestotransmitpower.Thefrictionsurfacesinsuchclutchesareprovidedbydiscs,whosenumberdependsonthemagnitudeoftorquetosingle-anddouble-discclutches.Clutchdrivingdisc(pressureplate)isconnectedtotheengineflywheel,whiledrivendiscismountedontransmissionclutch(input)shaft.Thedrivendischassplinesinitshubthatmatchsplinesontheinputshaft.Thediscistightlyclampedbetweenthepressureplateandtheflywheelbyaseriesofcoilsprings,calledthepressurespringsheldbetweentheclutchcoverandthepressureplate.Owingtothefrictionforcesarisingbetweenthefrictionsurfacesoftheflywheel,drivendisc,andpressureplate,torquetransmissioninputshaft.Inthisposition,theclutchisengaged.Theclutchisoperatedbytheclutchlinkagewhichpassesonthemovementofclutchpedaltoclutchrelease(throw-out)bearing.Whenthedriverstepsonthepedal,theclutchlinkage,whichincludesanoperatingrodandareleasefork,forcesthereleasebearinginward(totheleft).Asthereleasebearingmovesleft,itpushesagainsttheinnerendsofthreereleaselevers.Whentheinnerendsofthreereleaseleversarepushedinbythereleasebearing,theouterendsoftheleversmovethepressureplatetotheright,compressingpressuresprings.Withthespringpressureoffthedrivendisc,spacesappearbetweenthedisc,theflywheel, andthepressureplate.Nowtheclutch isdisengaged(released), andtheflywheelcanrotatewithoutsendingpowerthroughthedrivendisc.Whentheclutchpedalisreleased,thepressurespringsforcethepressureplatetotheleft.Thedrivendiscisagainclampedtightlybetweentheflywheelandthepressureplate.Thedrivendiscmustagainrotatewiththeflywheel.Inthisposition,theclutchisengaged.Theinitialslippingofthedrivendisc,which occursuntilthediscisfullyclampedbetweentheflywheelandthepressureplate,tendstomaketheengagementsmooth.Theclutchdescribedaboveisknownasthespring-loadeddryfrictiontype.PropellerShaftandUniversalJointThepropellershaftisadriveshafttocarrythepowerfromthetransmissiontotherear-wheelaxels.Itconnectsthetransmissionmain,oroutputshafttothedifferentialattherearaxels.Rotarymotionofthetransmissionmainshaftiscarriedbythepropellershafttothedifferential,causingtherearwheelstorotate.Thepropeller-shaftdesignmusttaketwofactsintoconsideration.First,theengineandtransmissionare moreorless rigidly attached tothecarframe.Second, the rear-axle housing (with wheels anddifferential)isattached tothe frame by springs. Asthe rearwheelsencounterirregularities inthe road, thesprings arecompressed orexpanded.Thesechangetheangleofdriveandthedistancebetweenthetransmissionandthedifferential,andthepropellershaftshouldtakecareofthesetwochanges.Thatistosay,astherearaxlehousing,withdifferentialandwheels,movesupanddown,theanglebetweenthetransmissionoutputshaftandpropellershaftchanges.Thereasonwhytheangleincreasesisthattherearaxleanddifferentialmoveinashorterthanthepropellershaft.Thecenterpointeroftheaxle-housingisrear-springorcontrol-armattachmenttotheframe. Inorderthatthe9propellershaftmaytakecareofthesetwochanges,itmustincorpora tetwouniversaljointstopermitvariationsintheangleofdrive.Theremustbeasetofslipjointtomake