2023年考研外語(yǔ)命題預(yù)測(cè)試卷8

考研外語(yǔ)命題預(yù)測(cè)試卷8

一、UseofEnglish

1、Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotographer'sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineart(1)_____distinctivefrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcentury,thedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththe(2)_____toestablishitasafineart.(3)_____thechargethatphotographerswasasoullessmechanicalduplicationof(4)_____,photographers(5)_____thatitwasinsteadaprivileged(6)_____ofseeing,arevoltagainstcommonplacevision,and(7)_____worthyanartthanpainting.

Ironically,(8)_____photographyissecurelyestablishedasafineart,manyphotographersfinditpretentiousor(9)_____tolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersarenolongerwillingto(10)_____whetherphotographyisnotinvolvedwithart,(11)_____toproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithit.Thisshowstheextent(12)_____whichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythe(13)_____ofModernism.thebettertheart,themoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart.

Photographers'disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreaboutthetroubledstatusofthecontemporary(14)_____ofart(15)_____aboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Photography,(16)_____Poppainting,reassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart.

Photography,(17)_____,hasdevelopedallthe(18)_____andself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthe(19)_____ofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity—(20)_____,anart.

A.for

B.apart

C.as

D.beside

2、(2)

A.intend

B.wish

C.plea

D.struggle

3、(3)

A.Against

B.Above

C.With

D.Upon

4、(4)

A.idea

B.reality

C.illusion

D.truth

5、(5)

A.consented

B.asserted

C.complained

D.assumed

6、(6)

A.means

B.style

C.medium

D.way

7、(7)

A.noless

B.muchmore

C.nomore

D.anymore

8、(8)

A.ifonly

B.eventhough

C.nowthat

D.onlyif

9、(9)

A.illogical

B.improbable

C.improper

D.irrelevant

10、(10)

A.rally

B.debate

C.estimate

D.revision

11、(11)

A.but

B.except

C.only

D.besides

12、(12)

A.with

B.at

C.to

D.from

13、(13)

A.preach

B.defeat

C.return

D.triumph

14、(14)

A.fashion

B.swing

C.motion

D.image

15、(15)

A.than

B.that

C.which

D.as

16、(16)

A.like

B.suchas

C.excluding

D.asidefrom

17、(17)

A.hence

B.however

C.therefore

D.somewhat

18、(18)

A.agonies

B.grievances

C.passions

D.anxieties

19、(19)

A.popularity

B.assignment

C.promotion

D.transfer

20、(20)

A.inshort

B.forexample

C.ineffect,

D.inasense

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Itisthestaffofdreamsandnightmares.WhereTonyBlair'sattemptstomakeBritainlovetheeurohavefallenondeafears,itsincarnationasnotesandcoinswillsucceed.ThesewillbeusednotjustintheeuroareabutinBritain.AstheBritishbecomeaccustomedtotheeuroasacashcurrency,theywillwarmtoit—pavingthewayforayesnoteinareferendum.

Theideaofeurocreepappealstobothsidesoftheeuroargument.Accordingtothepros,asBritonsbecomefamiliarwiththeeuro,membershipwillstarttolookinevitable,sothoseinfavorareboundtowin.Accordingtotheantis,asBritonsbecomefamiliarwiththeeuro,membershipwillstarttolookinevitable,sothoseopposedmustmobilizeforthefight.

Dreamornightmare,eurocreepenvisagesthesinglecurrencywormingitswayfirstintotheBritisheconomyandthenintotheaffectionsofvoters.BritishtouristswillcomebackfromtheirEuropeanholidaysladenwitheuros,whichtheywillspendnotjustatairportsbutinhighstreetshops.So,too,willforeignvisitors.Astheeurobecomesaparallelcurrency,thosewhomakeupthecurrenttwo-to-onemajoritywillchangetheirminds.Fromthere,itwillbeashortsteptodecidetodispensewiththepound.

NeilKinnock,aEuropeancommissionerandformerleaderoftheLaborParty,predictsthattheeurowillsoonbecomeBritain'ssecondcurrency.HansEichel,theGermanfinanceminister,alsosaysthatitwillbecomeaparallelcurrencyincountrieslikeSwitzerlandandBritain.PeterHain,theEuropeanministerwhoisactingasacheerleaderformembership,saystheeurowillbecome"apracticalday-to-dayrealityandthatwillenablepeopletomakeasensibledecisionaboutit".AsmanyasathirdofBritain'sbiggestretailers,suchasMarksandSpencer,havesaidtheywilltakeeurosinsomeoftheirshops.BPhasalsoannouncedthatitwillaccepteurosatsomeofitsgarages.

Butthereislesstothisthanmeettheeye.BritishtouristscannowwithdrawmoneyfromcashpointfromEuropeanholidaydestinations,sotheyarelesslikelythaninthepasttoendupwithexcessforeignmoney.Eveniftheydo,theygenerallygetridofitattheendoftheirholidays,saysDavidSouthwell,aspokesmanfortheBritishRetailConsortium(BRC).

Thewriterseems

A.tobeover-enthusiasticaboutthesuccessoftheeuro.

B.tolaunchavigorouscampaignagainsttheeurocreep.

C.totakeamatter-of-factattitudetowardstheissue.

D.toholdahostileattitudetowardseuroexpansions.

2、

Towardseuro'screepintoBritisheconomy,theviewsofNeilKinnockandDavidSouthwellare

A.homogeneous.

B.similar.

C.overlapping.

D.opposite.

3、

WhatdoesthewriterintendtoillustratewithMarksandSpencer?

A.Britishaffectionsforeuro.

B.ThesuccessofeuroinBritain.

C.Europe'ssupportforeuro.

D.Thegreatinfluenceofretailers.

4、

Theword"cheerleader"(Paragraph4)canbestbereplacedby

A．voter.

B．a(chǎn)dvocator.

C．critic.

D．prophet.

5、

ItcanbeinferredfromthetextthatinBritaineurohasbeenaccepted

A.graduallyandsubstantially.

B.noticeablyandspiritually.

C.inevitablyandsensibly.

D.verballyandmomentarily.

6、ScienceFictioncanprovidestudentsinterestedinthefuturewithabasicintroductiontotheconceptofthinkingaboutpossiblefuturesinaseriousway,asenseoftheemotionalforcesintheirownculturethatareaffectingtheshapethefuturemaytake,andamultitudeofpredictionsregardingtheresultsofpresenttrends.

AlthoughSFseemstotakeasitsfuturesocialsettingsnothingmoreambiguousthanthecurrentstatusquooritstotallyevilvariant,SFisactuallyamoreimportantvehicleforspeculativevisionsaboutmacroscopicsocialchange.Atthislevel,itishardtodealwithanyprecisionastowhengeneralvaluechangesorevolvingsocialinstitutionsmightappear,butitismostimportanttothinkaboutthekindsofsocietiesthatcouldresultfromtheriseofnewformsofinteraction,evenifonecannotpredictexactlywhentheymightoccur.

Inperformingthis"whatif…"function,SFcanactasasociallaboratoryasauthorsruminateupontheformssocialrelationshipscouldtakeifkeyvariablesintheirownsocietiesweredifferent,anduponwhatnewbeliefsystemsormythologiescouldariseinthefuturetoprovidethebasicrationalizationsforhumanactivities.Ifitistruethatmostpeoplefinditdifficulttoconceiveofthewaysinwhichtheirsociety,orhumannatureitself,couldundergofundamentalchanges,thenSFofthistypemayprovokeone'simagination—toconsiderthediversityofpathspotentiallyopentosociety.

Moreover,ifSFisthelaboratoryoftheimagination,itsexperimentsareoftenofthekindthatmaysignificantlyalterthesubjectmatterevenastheyarebeingcarriedout.Thatis,SFhasalwayshadacertaincyberneticeffectonsociety,asitsvisionsemotionallyengagethefuture—consciousnessofthemasspublicregardingespeciallydesirableandundesirablepossibilities.Theshapeasocietytakesinthepresentisinpartinfluencedbyitsimageofthefuture;inthiswayparticularlypowerfulSFimagesmaybecomeself-fulfillingorself-avoidingpropheciesforsociety.Forthatmatter,someindividualsinrecentyearshaveevenshapedtheirownlifestylesafterappealingmodelsprovidedbySFstories.ThereincarnationanddiffusionofSFfuturisticimagesofalternativesocietiesthroughthemediaofmoviesandtelevisionmayhavespeededupandaugmentedSF'ssocialfeedbackeffects.ThusSFisnotonlychangespeculatorbutchangeagent,sendanechofromthefuturethatisbecomingintothepresentthatissculptingit.Thisfactalonemakesimperativeinanyeducationsystemthestudyofthekindsofworksdiscussedinthissection.

IndiscussingthesubjectmatterofSF,theauthorfocuseson

A.itsmainfunctions.

B.itsgreatdiversity.

C.itsboldassumptions.

D.itssocialimpact.

7、

FromParagraph2,wecaninferthat

A.SFisonlytoopowerfultospeedupsocialchanges.

B.SF'smodelsaffectthelifestylesofsomeindividuals.

C.SFservesasasociallaboratoryforvividimagination.

D.SF'spredictionsmaynotsoaccurateasanticipated.

8、

Accordingtothelastparagraph,"self-fulfilling"isto"self-avoiding"as

A.artisticto"functional".

B.materialto"imaginary".

C.desirableto"undesirable".

D.rationalto"emotional".

9、

Thistextismostlikelytobe

A.anexcerptofabook.

B.abookreview.

C.apartofanaddress.

D.amagazinefeature.

10、

Theoveralltoneofthepieceofwritingcanbestbedescribedas

A.sarcastic.

B.persuasive.

C.humorous.

D.informative.

11、EINinoisthetermusedfortheperiodwhenseasurfacetemperaturesareabovenormalofftheSouthAmericancoastalongtheequatorialPacific,sometimescalledtheEarth'sheartbeat,andisadramaticbutmysteriousclimatesystemthatperiodicallyragesacrossthePacific.

EINinomeans"thelittleboy"or"theChristchild"inSpanish,andissocalledbecauseitswarmcurrentisfeltalongcoastalPeruandEcuadoraroundChristmas.ButthelocalwarmingisjustpartofanintricatesetofchangesintheoceanandatmosphereacrossthetropicalPacific,whichcoversathirdoftheEarth'scircumference.Itsintensityissuchthatitaffectstemperatures,stormtracksandrainfallaroundtheworld.

DroughtsinAfricaandAustralia,tropicalstormsinthePacific,torrentialrainsalongtheCaliforniancoastandlushgreeningofPeruviandesertshaveallbeenascribedtothewhimofEINino.Untilrecentlyithasbeenreturningabouteverythreetofiveyears.Butrecentlyithasbecomemorefrequent—forthefirsttimeonrecordithasreturnedforafourthconsecutiveyear—andatthesametimeagiantpoolofunusuallywarmwaterhassettledclowninthemiddleofthePacificandisshowingnosignsofmoving.

Climatologistsdon'tyetknowwhy,thoughsomearesayingtheseaberrationsmaysignalaworldwidechangeinclimate.TheproblemisthatnobodyreallyseemssurewhatcausestheEINinotostartup,andwhatmakessomestrongerthanothers.Andthismakesitparticularlyhardtoexplainwhyithassuddenlystartedbehavingsodifferently.

IntheabsenceofEINinoanditscoldcounterpart,LaNina,conditionsinthetropicaleasternPacificaretheoppositeofthoseinthewest:theeastiscoolanddry,whilethewestishotandwet.Intheeast,it'sthewindsandcurrentsthatkeepthingscool.Itworkslikethis.Strong,steadywinds,calledtradewinds,blowingwestacrossthePacificdragthesurfacewateralongwiththem.ThevaryinginfluenceoftheEarth'srotationatdifferentlatitudes,knownastheCorioliseffect,causesthesesurfacewindsandwatertoveertowardsthepoles,northinthenorthernhemisphereandsouthinthesouthernhemisphere.Thesurfacewaterisreplacedbycolderwaterfromdeeperintheoceaninaprocessknownasupwelling.

Thecoldsurfacewaterinturnchillstheairaboveit.Thiscolddenseaircannotrisehighenoughforwatervaportocondenseintoclouds.ThedenseaircreatesanareaofhighpressuresothattheatmosphereovertheequatorialeasternPacificisessentiallydevoidofrainfall.

Thewriterbeginsthetextwith

A.adescriptionofascene.

B.arootcauseofEINino.

C.anarrativeofanevent.

D.adefinitionofEINino.

12、

Paragraphs2and3arewrittento

A.discussthecausesofclimaticirregularities.

B.exemplifytheabnormaleffectsofEINino.

C.explainthewayinwhichEINinodevelops.

D.showtherecentobservationsofscientists.

13、

Theword"aberrations"(Paragraph4)canbestbereplacedby

A．irregularities.

B．destructions.

C．frequencies.

D．intensities.

14、

Itcanbeinferredthat?henEINinoandLaNinaoccurssimultaneously,

A.theCorioliseffectmaybringtradewindstothepoles.

B.theatmosphereinthePacificwillbecoolanddry.

C.theconditionsintheeasternPacificwouldbehotandwet.

D.thecoldvaporwillrisehighenoughtomakeforrainfall.

15、

InexploringtheeffectofElNino,theauthormainlyfocuseson

A.itsviolence.

B.itsconditions.

C.itsregularity

D.itsfeatures.

16、TheU.S.SupremeCourt'sdecisionMondaytoletstandarulinginanonlinedefamationcasewillmakeitmoredifficulttodeterminecorrectlegaljurisdictionsinotherInterneteases,legalexpertssaid.

Byoptingnottotakethecase,thehighcourteffectivelyendorsedalowercourt'sdecisionthataColoradocompanythatpostsratingsofhealthplansontheInternetcouldbesuedfordefamationinaWashingtoncourt.ThelowercourtrulingisoneofseveralthatmakesiteasierforplaintiffstosueWebsiteoperatorsintheirownjurisdictions,ratherthanwheretheoperatorsmaintainaphysicalpresence.

ThecaseinvolvedadefamationsuitfiledbyChehalis,Wash-basedNorthwestHealthcareAllianceagainstLakewood,Colo-basedH.TheAlliancesuedinWashingtonfederalcourtafterHpostedanegativerankingofNorthwestHealthcare'shomehealthservicesontheInternet.HarguedthatitshouldnotbesubjecttothejurisdictionofacourtinWashingtonbecauseitspublishingoperationisinColorado.

ObserverssaidthefactthattheSupremeCourtoptednottohearthecaseonlycloudsthelegalsituationforWebsiteoperators.

GeoffStewart,apartneratJonesDayinWashington,D.C.,saidthattheSupremeCourteventuallymustactontheissue,asInternetsitesthatrateeverythingfromautomobiledealershipstocreditofferscouldscalebacktheirofferingstoavoidlawsuitsoriginatingnumerousjurisdictions.

Onlinepublishersalsomighthavetoworryaboutbeingdraggedintolawsuitsinforeigncourts,saidDowLohnes＆AlbertsonattorneyJonHart,whohasrepresentedtheOnlineNewsAssociation.

"ThemuchmoredifficultproblemsforU.S.mediacompaniesarisewhenclaimsarebroughtinforeigncountriesovercontentpublishedintheUnitedStates",Hartsaid.HartcitedarecentcaseinwhichanAustraliancourtruledthatDowJonesmustappearinaVictoria,AustraliacourttodefenditspublicationofanarticleontheU.S.-basedWattStreetJournalWebsite.

AccordingtoHart,thepotentialchillingeffectofthosesortsofjurisdictionaldecisionsissubstantial."Ihavenotyetseenpublishersholdingbackonwhattheyotherwisepublishbecausethey'reafraidthey'regoingtogetsuedinanothercountry,butthatdoesn'tmeanitWon'thappenifweseearashofU.S.libelcasesagainstU.S.mediacompaniesbeingbroughtinforeigncountries",hesaid.

Untilthehighcourtdecidestoweighindirectlyonthisissue,Websiteoperatorsthatofferinformationandservicestouserslocatedoutsideoftheirhomestatesmustdealwithathornylegallandscape,saidJohnMorgan,apartneratPerkinsCoieLLPandanexpertinInternetlaw.

TheauthorseemstobelievethattheSupremeCourt'sdecision

A.cancauseoperatorstoissuebalancedhealthplanratings.

B.renderscorrectlegaldecisionsinothercasesimpossible.

C.mightputWebsiteoperatorsatalegaldisadvantage.

D.bringsaboutaseriesofdebatesonInternetoperations.

17、

WhatdoesthecaseHartcitedinanAustraliacourtillustrate?

A.TheSupremeCourtwillweighimmediatelyontheissue.

B.Americanonlinepublishersareconfrontedwithmorelegaldifficulties.

C.Internetdefamationhasbeencondemnedandmadeillegal.

D.Americancompaniesarerelievedoftheirliabilityinothercountries.

18、

Whichofthefollowingbestdefinestheword"libel"(Paragraph8)?

A.Slander.

B.Publicity.

C.Option.

D.Generosity.

19、

GeoffStewardmaintainsthattheSupremeCourt'sdecisionwillmakeInternetcompanies

A.moreliabletomakenegativeratings.

B.moredubiousaboutjurisdictions.

C.moreencouragedtolaunchdefamations.

D.morecautiousintheirofferings.

20、

Theauthorwritesthispassagemainlytoshowthat

A.uncertaintiesexistaboutvalidityofWebsites.

B.solutionstolegalproblemsarefarfromclear.

C.theSupremeCourt'sdecisionisambiguous.

D.Internetlegalbordersarestillleftunmarked.

21、PartB(10points)

Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextabouthappiness.Choosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistforeachnumberedparagraph.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.

A.Extensiveapplicationsofhaptictechnology.

B.Possibilitiesrenderedbyhapticmechanisms.

C.Thefeasibilityofextendingoursensesandexploringabstractuniverses.

D.Anexampleoftheprogressinscienceofhaptics.

E.Bringingthepotentialofoursensesintofullplay.

F.Willhapticsstepintoabrightfuture?

"OOOF!"Usingyourmouse,youheaveadatafileacrossthescreen—acoupleofgigabytesofdataweighalot.Itsroughsurfacetellsyouthatitisagraphicsfile.Havingtippedthishugepileofdataintoahopperthatsendsittotherightprogram,youexamineascreenimageoftheforesttrailyou'llbehikingonyourVacation.Then,usingaglovedhand,youmasteritsdetailsbyrunningyourfingersoveritsforksandbends,itssharprisesandfalls.LateryousendanE-mailtoyourbeloved,bendingtothedeskpadtoattachakiss.

(41)______.

Thescienceofhaptics(fromtheGreekhaptesthai,"totouch")ismakingthesefantasiesreal.Afewprimitivedevicesareextendinghuman-machinecommunicationbeyondvisionandsound.Hapticjoysticksandsteeringwheelsforcomputergamesarealreadygivinghappyplayerssomeofthesensationsofpilotingaspaceship,drivingaracingcarorfiringweapons.Intime,hapticinterfacesmayallowustomanipulatesinglemolecules,feelcloudsandgalaxies,evenreachintohigherdimensionstograspthesubtlestructuresofmathematics.

(42)______.

Mostofoursensesarepassive.Inhearingandvision,forexample,thesoundorlightissimplyreceivedandanalyzed.Buttouchisdifferent:weactivelyexploreandalterrealitywithourhands,sothesameactionthatgathersinformationcanalsochangetheworld—tomodelapieceofclayorpressabutton,forexample.Inprovidingdirectcontactbetweenpeople,touchcarriesemotionalimpact.Andinprovidingdirectcontactwiththeworld,itisthesuresignofreality,asin"pinchme—amIdreaming?"

(43)______.

Somesmallstepshaveevenbeentakentowardswhole-bodyhaptics.TouchTechnologyofNovaScotia,Canada,hasbuiltahapticchair.Itlookslikeafulllengthloungechairinafamilyden,butitssurfaceisstuddedwith72"tactors"—pneumaticpistonrods,coveredwithroundedbuttons,thatcanextendaboutaninch,andcanbedrivenundercomputercontrolinanydesiredsequenceandpattern.Itcouldbeprogrammedtoimitatearealmassageortofunctionintimetomusic.Accordingtothemanufacturer,thatprovidesapowerfulblendingofsensations—along-termgoalofvirtualreality.

(44)______.

Evenatitspresentcrudelevel,however,hapticscanmaketangiblewhatoncecouldnotbetouchedorevenpictured.Toinvestigatetheworldoftheverysmall,researchersattheUniversityofNorthCarolina,ChapelHill,havedevelopedthenanoManipulator.Thisaddstouchtothetechniqueofscanningprobemicroscopy,whichcanimageasingleatombymonitoringeithertheelectricalcurrentflowingbetweenanextremelyfineprobeandasurfaceortheforcebetweenthem.WiththenanoManipulator,researcherscanseeandmanipulateauniverseamilliontimessmallerthantheirown,tostudyvirusesandtinysemiconductingdevices.Iftheforcefeedbackcanbemadesensitiveenough,itmaybepossibletopushmolecularkeysintospecificmolecularlocks,tocustom-designdrugsorassemblesiliconpartsintointricatenanomachines.Withotherinterfaces,thereisnoreasonweshouldn'talsobeabletotouchtheverylarge-clouds,oceancurrents,mant

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

AllU.S.nuclearweaponsproductionfacilitiesarepresentlycloseddown,andifthevariousagreementsareadheredto,thosefacilitieswillnev