2023年考研外語考前密押卷11

考研外語考前密押卷11

一、UseofEnglish

1、Airis(1)_____,andlikeallmatter,ithasweight.Weightisthemeasureofthe(2)_____ofgravity(3)_____matter.Ifascaleregisters10kilogramswhenastoneisplacedonit,thismeansthatgravitypullsthestonewiththat(4)_____force.(5)_____,earth'sgravitypullsoneach(6)_____ofgasanddustontheatmosphere.Becauseouratmosphereisa.vast(7)_____ofair,ithas(8)_____.Ifitcould(9)_____becompressedandputona(10)_____ofscales,itwouldweighabout5,700,000,000,000,000(quadrillion)metrictons.

Theairpresseddownonusandagainstus(11)_____allsides.Something(12)_____atonofairispressingagainstyouatthismoment.Youarenot(13)_____ofthisbecauseairpressurewithinyourbody(14)_____thepressureoftheairoutside.

Airpressureis1.036kilogramspersquarecentimeter(14.7poundspersquareinch)atsea(15)_____.Itisgreatesttherebecausethatisthe(16)_____oftheatmosphere.(17)_____higheraltitudesthepressureis(18)_____.Thatiswhythe(19)_____ofhighflyingplanesarepressurized.Theyaredesignedto(20)_____theairpressureourbodiesmusthave.

A.thing

B.material

C.atmosphere

D.matter

2、(2)

A.pull

B.size

C.gravity

D.number

3、(3)

A.at

B.to

C.on

D.by

4、(4)

A.many

B.much

C.heavy

D.weighted

5、(5)

A.Usually

B.Frequently

C.Naturally

D.Similarly

6、(6)

A.kilogram

B.group

C.matter

D.particle

7、(7)

A.ocean

B.plain

C.container

D.vessel

8、(8)

A.some

B.definite

C.countless

D.considerable

9、(9)

A.surely

B.somehow

C.constantly

D.carefully

10、(10)

A.set

B.series

C.variety

D.kind

11、(11)

A.from

B.in

C.by

D.on

12、(12)

A.as

B.of

C.like

D.about

13、(13)

A.knowing

B.sure

C.feeling

D.aware

14、(14)

A.supports

B.balances

C.comesfrom

D.actsas

15、(15)

A.altitude

B.height

C.level

D.degree

16、(16)

A.line

B.layer

C.bottom

D.point

17、(17)

A.On

B.At

C.For

D.Through

18、(18)

A.more

B.none

C.various

D.less

19、(19)

A.seats

B.cabins

C.bodies

D.engines

20、(20)

A.produce

B.provide

C.maintain

D.improve

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

MillionsoffamiliessatdownintheirlivingroomsoneeveninglastAugusttowatchaliveMadonnaConcertfromFrance,telecastonthecablenetworkHomeBoxOffice.BecauseMadonnaissuchahugeinternationalstar—andbecausethetelecastwasheavilypromotedandairedinprimetimeonaweekend—millionsofchildrencertainlywatchedwiththeirparents.

WhathappenedonallthosescreenswasthatMadonnarepeatedlyusedtheoneobscenewordthathasbeenroutinelybarredfromthepublicairwaves.

Weliveinananything-goesage,sotheshow'switlessandpurposelyvulgarcontentwasnotsurprising.Thelanguageitselfwasnothingthathasnotbeenheardinmoviesoroncable-TVcomedyspecials.ThesurprisingthingwasthatsofewparentscalledHBOtoobject.Aspokespersonforthenetworksaidthecomplaints"werenotbyanystretchoftheimaginationoverwhelming"—andthattheMadonnaconcertwasthehighest-ratedoriginalentertainmentprograminthenetwork'shistory.Apparently,America'sparentshavetotallygivenuphopethattheycancontrolwhattheirchildrenareexposedtoonTV.

Mypointisn't,really,aboutMadonna.ThoughIdon'thappentofindhercalculatedoutrageparticularlyinterestingsheisfreetomakehermoneyanywayshechooses.Marginallytalentedsingershavebeenpackagingrebellionfordecades,anditalwaysseemstosell,especiallytoyoungpeople.Madonnahasdoneaverygoodjobmarketingherproduct.

WhatismosttroublingisthatherproductappearedinAmerica'shomesduringprimetimeonaSunday,andpeopleseemedtothinkitwasnobigdeal.Television,inawaythatnowseemsquaint,wasonceconsideredalmostsacredgroundwhenitcametocertainmaterial-preciselybecausechildrenwerewatching.Butthecountryhasbeensobeatendownbyalesseningofpublicstandardsthatobscenitiescanbetelecasttomillionsoffamilieswithoutcausingevenarippleofprotest.

Whatoftheargument(thatparentsshouldjustturnofftheTViftheydon'tliketheprogramming)?It'svalid—buttherewasnowarningbeforeMadonnalaunchedintoherfirstrapid-fireroundofobscenities.Althoughthetelecastwaspromotedasbeinglive,itactuallywastapedhoursbefore.Thenetworkknewwhatitwassendingout.Yetitdidsowithoutdeletionsoranadvisorynoticeatthebeginningoftheshow.Thiswas"acreativedecision,"HBOsays.

Thosechildrenwillhearworseintheirlifetimes—theyprobablyalreadyhave.TotelecastaconcertlikeMadonna'sisnolongerconsideredparticularlycontroversial.Buttowonderpubliclyaboutthewisdomofit—tosaythatdeliveringsuchaperformancetothenation'schildreniswrong—thatisconsideredcontroversial.Tosayitiswrongistoseemoutofstepwiththerestoftheworld.Butitiswrong.Itisdeadwrong.

AccordingtothepassagethecablenetworkHomeBoxOffice______.

A.isaFrenchcompany

B.hadtelecasttheconcertwithoutfurtherpromoting

C.isfavorednotonlybychildrenbutbyparents

D.telecasttheconcertinprimetimeonaweekend

2、

What'sthereactionofpeopletotheprogram?

A.QuiteafewparentscalledHBOtoobject.

B.Theyregardeditasthehighestratedoriginalentertainmentprograminthenetwork'shistory.

C.Theywereoutraged.

D.Theydidn'tcaremuchaboutit.

3、

Thewriterseemstothinkthat______.

A.Madonnaisarespectableinternationalstar

B.Madonnaisnotpopularamongadults

C.publicstandardsonTVhasdropped

D.televisionisasacredgroundinUSA

4、

Whatsthewriter'sviewaboutMadonna?

A.Sheisanuntalentedsinger.

B.Sheisalreadyout-dated.

C.Sheisasymbolofrebellioninthemusicworld.

D.Sheisequallypopularamongchildrenandadults.

5、

Thebesttitleforthispassagemaybe______.

A.Itisananything-goesage

B.IsMadonnaahugeinternationalstar?

C.Thechildrenarewatching

D.Programesonthecablenetworkareout-dated

6、Galileo,perhapsmorethananyothersingleperson,wasresponsibleforthebirthofmodernscience.HisrenownedconflictwiththeCatholicChurchwascentraltohisphilosophy,forGalileowasoneofthefirsttoarguethatmancouldhopetounderstandhowtheworldworks,andmoreover,thatwecoulddothisbyobservingtherealworld.

GalileohadbelievedCopernicantheory(thattheplanetsorbitedthesun)sinceearlyon,butitwasonlywhenhefoundtheevidenceneededtosupporttheideathathestartedtopubliclysupportit.HewroteaboutCopernicus'stheoryinItalian(nottheusualacademicLatin),andsoonhisviewsbecamewidelysupportedoutsidetheuniversities.ThisannoyedtheAristotelianprofessors,whounitedagainsthimseekingtopersuadetheCatholicChurchtobanCopernicanism.

Galileo,worriedbythis,traveledtoRometospeaktotheecclesiasticalauthorities.HearguedthattheBiblewasnotintendedtotellusanythingaboutscientifictheories,andthatitwasusualtoassumethat,wheretheBibleconflictedwithcommonsense,itwasbeingallegorical.ButtheChurchwasafraidofascandalthatmightundermineitsfightagainstProtestantism,andsotookrepressivemeasures.ItdeclaredCopernicanism"falseanderroneous"in1616,andcommandedGalileoneveragainto"defend"or"hold"thedoctrine.Galileoacquiesced.

In1623,alongtimefriendofGalileo'sbecamethePope.ImmediatelyGalileotriedtogetthe1616decreerevoked.Hefailed,buthedidmanagetogetpermissiontowriteabookdiscussingbothAristotelianandCopernicantheories,ontwoconditions:hewouldnottakesidesandwouldcometotheconclusionthat,mancouldinanycasenotdeterminehowtheworldworkedbecauseGodcouldbringaboutthesameeffectsinwaysunimaginedbyman,whocouldnotplacerestrictionsonGod'somnipotence.

Thebook,DialogueConcerningtheTwoChiefWorldSystems,wascompletedandpublishedin1632,withthefullbackingofthecensors-andwasimmediatelygreetedthroughoutEuropeasaliteraryandphilosophicalmasterpiece.SoonthePope,realizingthatpeoplewereseeingthebookasaconvincingargumentinfavorofCopernicanism,regrettedhavingalloweditspublication.ThePopearguedthatalthoughthebookhadtheofficialblessingofthe,censors,Galileohadneverthelesscontravenedthe1616decree.HebroughtGalileobeforetheInquisition,whosentencedhimtohousearrestforlifeandcommandedhimtopubliclyrenounceCopernicanism.Forasecondtime,Galileoacquiesced.

GalileoremainedafaithfulCatholic,buthisbeliefintheindependenceofsciencehadnotbeencrushed.Fouryearsbeforehisdeathin1642,whilehewasstillunderhousearrest,themanuscript.ofhissecondmajorbookwassmuggledtoapublisherinHolland.Itwasthiswork,referredtoasTwoNewSciences,evenmorethanhissupportforCopernicus,thatwastobethegenesisofmodernphysics.

WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthepassage?

A.Galileoisthefounderofmodernscience.

B.Galileowasthefirsttoarguethatmancouldhopetounderstandhowtheworldworks.

C.ThechurchdeclaredCopernicanism"falseanderroneous"in1616.

D.Thecensorspermittedthepublicationsofthebook"DialogueConcerningtheTwoChiefWorldSystems".

7、

GalileostartedtopubliclysupportCopernicus'stheory______.

A.fromearlyon

B.afterhefoundtheevidencetosupporttheidea

C.afterthechurchdeclaredCopernicanism"falseanderroneous"

D.whenitwasfirstpublished

8、

Theword"acquiesce"probablymean______.

A.decline

B.nottogiveadamn

C.acceptsilently

D.resisttheidea

9、

Thebook,DialogueConcerningtheTwoChiefWorldSystems______.

A.waspublishedsecrectly

B.didnotgetthepermissionfromthepope

C.supportedCopernicanismpublicly

D.wasimmediatelyacceptedthroughoutEurope

10、

AccordingtothepassagewhatdoweknowaboutGalileo?

A.GalileostoodstronglyagainstCatholicbelief.

B.Galileodiedbecauseofthegreatstressunderhousearrest.

C.GalileohadbelievedCopernicantheorysinceearlyon.

D.Galileofoundedmodernphysicshimself.

11、Islanguage,likefood,abasichumanneedwithoutwhichachildatacriticalperiodoflifecanbestarvedanddamaged?JudgingfromthedrasticexperimentofFrederickIIinthethirteenthcentury,itmaybe.Hopingtodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakifheheardnomothertongue,hetoldthenursestokeepsilent.

Alltheinfantsdiedbeforethefirstyear.Butclearlytherewasmorethanlackoflanguagehere.Whatwasmissingwasgoodmothering.Withoutgoodmothering,inthefirstyearoflifeespecially,thecapacitytosurviveisseriouslyaffected.

TodaynosuchseverelackexistsasthatorderedbyFrederick.Nevertheless,somechildrenarestillbackwardinspeaking.Mostoftenthereasonforthisisthatthemotherisinsensitiveto,thesignalsoftheinfant,whosebrainisprogrammedtolearnlanguagerapidly.Ifthesesensitiveperiodsareneglected,theidealtimeforacquiringskillspassesandtheymightneverbelearnedsoeasilyagain.Abirdlearnstosingandtoflyrapidlyattherighttime,buttheprocessisslowandhardoncethecriticalstagehaspassed.

Expertssuggestthatspeechstagesarereachedinafixedsequenceandataconstantage,buttherearecaseswherespeechhasstartedlateinachildwhoeventuallyturnsouttobeofhighIQ.Attwelveweeksababysmilesandmakesvowel-likesounds;attwelvemonthshecanspeaksimplewordsandunderstandsimplecommands;ateighteenmonthshehasavocabularyofthreetofiftywords.Atthreeheknowsabout1,000wordswhichhecanputintosentences,andatfourheknowshislanguagediffersfromthatofhisparentsinstyle.ratherthangrammar.

Recentevidencesuggeststhataninfantisbornwiththecapacityofspeaking.Whatisspecialaboutman'sbrain,comparedwiththatofthemonkey,istheComplexsystemwhichenablesachildtoconnectthesightandfeelof,say,atoy-bearwiththesoundpattern"toy-bear".Andevenmoreincredibleisyoungbrain'sabilitytopickoutanorderinlanguagefromthemixtureofsoundaroundhim,toanalyze,tocombineandrecombinethepartsofalanguageinnewways.

Butspeechhastobeinduced,andthisdependsoninteractionbetweenthemotherandthechild,wherethemotherrecognizesthesignalsinthechild'sbabbling,graspingandsmiling,andrespondstothem.Insensitivityofthemothertothesesignalsdullstheinteractionbecausethechildgetsdiscouragedandsendsoutonlytheobvioussignals.Sensitivitytothechild'snonverbalsignalsisessentialtothegrowthanddevelopmentoflanguage.

Accordingtothepassage,FrederickⅡcarriedontheexperimentsto______.

A.provethatchildrenarebornwiththeabilitytospeak

B.findoutwhatrolecarefulnursingwouldplayinteachingachildtospeak

C.discoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakwithouthearinganyhumanSpeech

D.provethatchildwouldbedamagedwithoutlearninglanguage

12、

Somechildrenarebackwardinspeakingprobablybecause______.

A.theyareincapable,oflearninglanguagerapidly

B.theyareexposedtotoomuchlanguageatonce

C.theirmothersrespondinadequatelytotheirattemptstospeak

D.theirmothersarenotintelligentenoughtohelpthem

13、

Whatisexceptionallyremarkableaboutchildisthat______.

A.heisbornwiththecapacitytospeak

B.hehasabrainmorecomplexthanananimal

C.heoweshisspeechabilitytogoodnursing

D.hecanproducehisownsentences

14、

WhichofthefollowingcanNOTbeinferredfromthepassage?

A.Thefacultyofspeechisinborninman.

B.Encouragementisanythingbutessentialtoachildinlanguagelearning.

C.Thechild'sbrainishighlyselective.

D.Mostchildrenlearntheirlanguageindefinitestages.

15、

Achildwill______inthefutureifhestartstospeaklaterthanothers.

A.haveahighIQ

B.belessintelligent

C.beinsensitivetoverbalsignals

D.notnecessarilybebackward

16、OnthemorningofApril15,38,500worshippersfromallovertheworldwilldescenduponthetinytownofHopkinton,Massachusetts.Inabizarreritetheywillshedmostoftheirclothes,spreadpetroleumjellyoverthemoresensitivepartsoftheirbodiesandaffixlittletime-keeperstotheirshoelaces.Then,astheappointedhourofnoonapproaches,theywilleitherstandinlineatoneofthe750portabletoiletsor,muchtothechagrinofHopkinton's10,000regularresidents,gonatural.Atthereportfromagun,theywilltrytorace26miles,385yards,allthewaytoBoston.Inotherwords,theywill"runBoston".Andnotjustany"Boston".Thiswillbethe100thBostonMarathon.

ThesigninHopkintonGreenthatcommemoratesthemarathonreadsWELCOMETOHOPKINTON.ITALLSTARTSHERE.Actually,itallstarteddowntheroadinAshlandonPatriots'DayApril19,1897,when15menfromtheBostonareaandNewYorkCityenteredthefirstBostonAthleticAssociationMarathon.A22-year-oldlithographerfromNewYorknamedJohnMcDermottwontherace,thoughnoteasily.AfewmilesfromthefinishMcDermotthadtostopbecauseofintenselegcramps.Fortunately,hehadanattendantwhoansweredMcDermott'scommand,"Rub!"andhecrossedthefinishlinein2:55:10—whichwouldhavebeengoodenoughfor683rdplaceinlastyear'sBostonMarathon.

Timeshavechanged,ofcourse.TheroadtoBostonisnowpaved.TheleathershoesthatMcDermottworegavewaytocanvassneakersthatgavewaytoleathershoes.ThestartwasmovedfromAshlandtoHopkintonin1924inordertolengthenthecoursetotheclassicmarathondistance.Andinrecentyears,thetraditionalpost-marathonbeefstewservedbytheBAAhasbeenreplacedbyapre-marathonpastapartysponsoredbyRonzoni.Butfromthebeginning,Bostonhasbeenimmenselypopular:theseventhrunningofthemarathonin1903attracted200,000spectators.Thisyearanestimated1.5millionwillcheertherunnersonastheymovefromHopkintontoAshlandtoFraminghamtoNaticktoWellesleyto..."Itsobviousstrengthis100yearsofthebestrunnersintheworld,"saysBillRodgers,thefolkherowhohaswonBostonfourtimes."Butitisalsothebestcourseanywhere.YourunthroughsmalltownsonyourwaytoBoston.Youreallyhaveasenseofmakingprogress."

IfBostonhasapatronsaint,itisJohnA.Kelley,whofirstrantheracein1928whenhewas20andlastrantheracein1992whenhawas84.In1935Kelley,whowasthenafloralassistantoutdueledtoolmakerPatDengis,elicitingthisresponsefromDengis:"Wouldyouimaginethis,afloristruns26milesforalaurelwreath!"ThoughhereceivedapoliceescorthometoArlington,Massachusetts,andatelegramfromtheGovernor,Kelleywasbackatworkthenextday,preparingEasterliliesatAnderson'sFloristShop.Healsowonin1945attheadvancedageof37andtoldareporter,"Lifemerelybeginsat40,andIhavethreeyearstogo."Kelleynolongerrunsinthemarathon,butrunnerscanstillpasshimonHeartbreakHillinNewton,wheretherearetwinstatuesofKelley—asheraninhisfirstvictoryandasheraninhis61stBoston.

Thispassageismainlyabout______.

A.themostimportantrunnersinmarathonhistory

B.thehistoryoftheBostonMarathon

C.abizarreriteheldinthetinytownofHopkinton

D.theprocessofthemarathonevent

17、

Thephrase"gonatural"probablymeans______.

A.dischargeurineinopen

B.changeclothesinpublic

C.dowhatevertheylike

D.behaveinanaturalway

18、

WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaboutJohnMcDermott?

A.JohnMcDermottwasoneof15menthatenteredthefirstBostonAthleticAssociationMarathon.

B.JohnMcDermottwasthefirstwinnerinthehistoryofBostonMarathon.

C.AnattendantrubbedJohnMcDermott'slegsoastogetoverthelegcramps.

D.JohnMcDermottranked683rdinlastyear'sBostonMarathon.

19、

What'sthedifferencebetweenoldandnewBostonMarathons?

A.Theleathershoeshavegivenwaytocanvassneakers.

B.Thecourseofthemarathonhasbeencompletelychanged.

C.Thetraditionalpost-marathonbeefstewisnowservedbyRonzoniinsteadofBAA.

D.ThestartingpointhaschangedfromAshlandtoHopkinton.

20、

Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

A.Kelleywasregardedasasymbolofperseveranceandenergy.

B.JohnA.Kellyfirstranthemarathonattheageof20.

C.KelleylosttothetoolmakerPatDengisinthe1935'sBostonMarathon.

D.KelleylivedinArlingtonMassachusetts.

21、PartB(10points)

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist(A、B、C、D、E、F、G……)tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Thereareseveralextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.(10points)

Earthquakesmayrightlyberankedasoneofthemostdevastatingforcesknowntoman.(41)______.Thegreaterpartofsuchdamageandlossoflifehasbeenduetocollapseofbuildingsandtheeffectsofrockslides,floods,fire,disease,tsunamis(giganticseawaves),andotherphenomenaresultingfromearthquakes,ratherthanfromthequakesthemselves.

(42)______.OnesuchareaencompassesthePacificOceananditscontiguouslandmasses.TheotherextendsfromtheEastIndiestotheAtlasMountains,includingtheHimalayas,Iran,Turkey,andtheAlpineregions.(43)______.

Thiselementoftheunknownhasforcenturiesaddedgreatlytothedreadandhorrorsurroundingearthquakes,butinrecenttimestherehavebeenindicationsthatearthquakepredicationmaybepossible.(44)______.Asaresult,aworldwideearthquakewarningnetworkisalreadyinoperationandhashelpedtopreparefor(andthuslessen)thevastdestructionthatmightotherwisehavebeentotallyunexpected.

Itisdoubtfulthatmanwilleverbeabletocontrolearthquakesandeliminatetheirdestructivenessaltogether.(45)______.

A.Itisinthesetwogreatbeltsorzonesthatninetypercentofallearthquakestakeplace;theymay,however,happenanywhereatanytime.

B.Sincerecordsbegantobewrittendown,ithasbeenestimatedthatearthquake-relatedfatalitieshavenumberedinthemillions,andthatearthquake-relateddestructionhasbeenbeyondcalculation.

C.Byanalyzingchangesinanimalbehavior,patternsofmovementsintheearth'scrust,variationsintheforceofgravityandtheearth'smagneticfield,andthefrequencywithwhichminorearthtremors(震驚)areobserved,scientistshaveshownincreasingsuccessinanticipatingwhenandwhereearthquakeswillstrike.

D.Inthesetwoareas,wecanalsoseeotherkindofdisasterstakingplace.

E.Butashowandwhyearthquakeshappenbecomebetterunderstood,manwillbecomemoreandmoreabletodealwiththeirpotentialdevastationbeforeitoccurs.

F.Thegreatmajorityofallearthquakesoccurintwospecificgeographicareas.

G.Wehaveknownlittleabouthow