FAO：確定亞洲及太平洋區(qū)域“同一個健康”優(yōu)先重點

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December2021

E

FAOREGIONALCONFERENCEFOR

ASIAANDTHEPACIFIC

Thirty-sixthSession

Dhaka,Bangladesh,8-11March2022

IdentifyingOneHealthprioritiesinAsiaandthePacificregion

ExecutiveSummary

Human,animal,plantandenvironmentalhealthareintimatelyconnectedthroughtheecologicalrealitiesgoverninglife.Ourhealthdependsonthehealthoftheenvironment,whichprovidesus,ataminimum,withthefoodweeat,theairwebreatheandthewaterwedrink.Withrapidpopulationgrowth,aswellasglobalizationandenvironmentaldegradation,healththreatshavebecomemorecomplex.Solutionscannotbefoundbyonesectoralone.Theproblemsaffectinghumanhealth,terrestrialandaquaticanimals,plants,andtheenvironmentcanbeeffectivelyresolvedonlythroughimprovedcoordination,communicationandcollaborativeactionsacrossdisciplinesandsectors,andthatthesearesustainablesolutions.ThishascometobecalledtheOneHealthapproach.

Itiswellestablishedthatanimaldiseasescanhavesignificantimpactsonlivestockproduction,trade,livelihoods,foodsecurityandnationaleconomiesaswellasonhumanhealthifspillovertakesplace.Furthermore,animaldiseasescanseverelyaffectendangeredorthreatenedwildlifepopulationsandbiodiversityconservationefforts.Preventingdiseaseemergenceandspreadandmeetingtheglobaldemandforfoodwhileensuringthehealthandfunctionofagro-ecologicalsystemsandecosystemsisamajorpartofthisbroaderchallengeandatthecentreoftheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations’(FAO)mandate.AchievingsuccesswillrequireOneHealthcross-sectoralandtransdisciplinarycollaborationsatregional,national,andsubnationallevels.

Todate,OneHealthhasprimarilyengagedthepublichealthsectorandveterinaryservicesandlargelyfocusedonaddressingzoonoticdiseases,AntimicrobialResistance,foodsafety,andanoccasionalfocusonemerginginfectiousdiseases.OneHealthhasyettoproperlyengagetheMinistriesresponsibleforwildlife,biodiversity,ecosystems,naturalresourcemanagementandtheenvironment.OneHealthprogramminghasyettobeappliedtoprotectingorrestoringbiodiversityandecosystemsfromanthropogenicdriversofdegradationknowntocontributetotheemergenceofzoonoticpathogens,andtransmissionofdiseasesamongwildlifeandlivestock.Itistheseupstreaminterventionsthatarealsoneededtopreventspillovereventsandmitigatehealththreats.

ThispaperprovidesanoverviewonOneHealth,technicalareaswhereOneHealthisbeingapplied,andcurrentgapsinOneHealthprogramming.FAOhaslong-standingexperienceinsupportingMinistriesofAgricultureandLivestockandnationalveterinaryservicesintheregion.However,we

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seekguidancefromtheFAORegionalConferenceforAsiaandthePacific(APRC)oncapacitydevelopmentandtrainingneeds,andpriorityareasthatFAOshouldconsideraddressingthroughtheexpandedregionalOneHealthInitiative,andaspartoftheOneHealthFAOcorporateProgrammePriorityAreas.

SuggestedinterventionsfromAPRCMembersacrosstheregionwillcontributetogreaterglobalhealthsecurity,theprudentandresponsibleuseofantimicrobials,sustainableproductionofsafeandnutritiousfood,andbetternaturalresourcemanagementtosafeguardbiodiversity,ecosystemsand,ultimately,humanhealthandwell-being.

SuggestedactionbytheRegionalConference

TheAPRCisinvitedtotakenoteoftheimportanceofOneHealthasanapproachforaddressingcomplexmultisectoralissuesthatarerelevanttohealth,theenvironmentandfood/nutritionsecurity;andtorecognizetheimportanceofOneHealthasaglobalinitiativethathasresultedintherecentestablishmentofaOneHealthHigh-LevelExpertPanel.

TheAPRCisinvitedtorecognizeandacknowledgetheimportanceofOneHealthinAsiaandthePacificregionandatnationalleveltopreparefor,prevent,respondtoandcontrolhealththreatsatthehuman-animal-environmentinterface;toprotectandrestorebiodiversity;andtopreventdegradationofnaturalresourcesandthewiderenvironmenttopromotethehealthofanimals,peopleandecosystemsunderpinningsustainabledevelopment.

TheAPRCisinvitedtoprovideguidanceandendorsementonprioritiesfortechnicalassistancetoenhanceandexpandOneHealthbeyondthedomainsofzoonoticdiseasepreventionandcontrol,AntimicrobialResistance(AMR),andfoodsafety.Inparticular,theAPRCisinvitedto:

a.recognizeFAO’sstrategicroleinfacilitatingOneHealthpolicyinterventionsthatreflectprioritiesoftheMinistriesofenvironment(forestry,wildlife,andnaturalresourcemanagement),agriculture,andhealth,andadviseonmodalitiestosupportthisrole;

b.recognizetheimportanceofFAO’sworktoleadeffortstoengagetheMinistriesofenvironmentandrelevantpartners,giventheprioritytechnicalinitiativessuchastheDecadeonEcosystemRestoration,biodiversitymainstreaming,greenandclimateresilientagriculture,andlinkagestoprioritiesoftheAsiaPacificForestryCommissionandAnimalHealthandProductionCommission;

c.endorseFAO’sworktoundertakeaOneHealthenvironmentsectorneedsassessmentforcountriesinAsiaandthePacificregiontoidentifyindividualandinstitutionalcountrycapacityneedsintheareasofbiodiversity,ecosystems,wildlife,andOneHealth;

d.recognizetheimportanceofFAO-ledOneHealthtrainingandenhancedsupportfocusedon:

i.enablingMinistriesofEnvironmenttoengageinOneHealthpolicydevelopmentandprogrammeswithhealthandveterinarycounterpartsatregional,nationalandsubnationallevels;

tectingtheenvironmentfromanthropogenicdriversofdegradation;

iii.improvingupstreaminterventionstopreventspilloverandfood-borneemergenceofinfectiouszoonoticpathogens,antimicrobial-resistantpathogens,andspreadoftransboundaryanimaldiseases;and

iv.enablingMinistriesofHealthandagriculture/veterinaryservicestoappreciateandunderstandtheimportanceoftheenvironmentandlinkagestohealth.

e.takenoteofFAO’sroleinexpeditingtheestablishmentofnationalOneHealthmultisectoralcoordinationmechanisms,developingnationalOneHealthactionplans,and/orOneHealthprogrammesinclusiveoftheenvironment,veterinaryandpublichealthsectors;

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f.confirmtheneedforFAOtoincreaseadvocacyandawarenesscampaignstoimprovecountryandregionalsupportforOneHealthpolicy,programmes,multisectoralcoordinationandcollaboration;and

g.recommendthatOneHealthprioritiesbeincludedinFAOtechnicalcooperationassistancetoacceleratetheengagementofrelevantministriesonOneHealthimplementationatnational,subnational,andregionallevels.

Queriesonthecontentofthisdocumentmaybeaddressedto:

APRCSecretariat

APRC@

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Introduction

1.OneofthegreatestchallengeswefaceinAsiaandthePacificregionisbalancingtheneedsofpeople,domesticanimals,wildlife,biodiversity,andecosystemsinthefaceoflimitednaturalresourcesandincreasingglobalpopulationandconsumption.Morethan4.5billionpeopleliveinAsia

(2021),representingapproximately60percentoftheworld'scurrentpopulation.Furthermore,alargeportionofthehumanpopulationisdirectlydependentonterrestrialandaquaticnaturalresourcesforlivelihoods,andmanyofthemostvulnerablepeopledependdirectlyonbiodiversitytofulfiltheirneedsforfoodandnutritionsecurityandforshelter.

2.Populationdynamicslargelyinfluenceagricultureandfoodproduction.Meetingtheregionalandglobaldemandforfoodwhileensuringthehealthandfunctionofagro-ecologicalsystemsisamajorchallenge(seeFigure1).Expandingandintensifyinglivestock,aquaculture,andcropproductionoftenleadstodetrimentaloutcomes,including:habitatconversiontoagricultureresultinginencroachmentandlossofforests,wetlands,grasslands,biodiversity,andecosystemservices;reductionoffreshwateravailableinrivers,streams,lakes,wetlands,andground-watersupplies;increaseduseofantimicrobialsandpesticides,andenvironmentalcontamination;andincreasedrunoff,erosion,andpathogenredistribution.Atthismoment,humandemandsontheplanetareoutstrippingitsabilitytoprovidegoodsandservices.

3.Finally,foodprocessing,trade,anddistribution(foodchains)areglobalinnature,oftencreatingalargecarbonfootprintandassociatedpollutiondrivenbythehigh-incomemarketeconomies’demandforfoodsproducedallovertheworldallyeararound.Thiscarbonfootprintislargelydrivenbyconsumerpreferencesratherthannutritionalneedsandrequirementsandmakesthetransformationofourglobalfoodsystems(production,distribution,andconsumption)moreimportantthanever.TheessentialOneHealthtransformationalignswithoneoftheaimsoftheUNFoodSystemsSummit2021andhasbeenidentifiedasakeypriorityofBuildingBackBetteraftertheCOVID-19pandemic.

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Figure1.Environmentalimpactsoffoodproduction.AdaptedfromtheConventiononBiologicalDiversity(2014)1,GlobalSustainableDevelopmentReport(2019)2andEconomicsofLandDegradationInitiative(2015)3.

4.Since1970,theEarthhaslostmorethanhalfitswildlife.Biodiversity(plantsandanimals)isbeinglostatanalarmingrateinterrestrial,fresh-waterandmarineecosystems.Between1970and2012,thepercentageofspecies(mammals,birds,fish,reptiles,andamphibians)thathaveundergonepopulationdeclinesinthesesystemswas-39percent(terrestrial),-76percent(freshwater),and-39percent(marine).InAsiaandthePacific,between1970and2016,theabundanceofvertebratebiodiversitydeclinedby45percent(seeFigure2).4

Figure2.DeclineinbiodiversityinAsia.AdaptedfromWorldWildlifeFundLivingPlanetReport(2020).5

5.Human,animal,andenvironmentalhealthareinextricablyconnectedthroughtheecologicalrealitiesgoverninglife.Anecosystemisthebiologicalcommunityofinteractingorganisms(includinghumans)andtheirphysicalenvironment.Ecosystemsprovidepeoplewithmanybenefitsweoftentakeforgranted,includingfreshair,cleanwater,cropandfruitpollination,andfoodandnaturalmedicineproduction.Ecosystemservicesalsoprovideoutdoorrecreational,spiritual,andreligiousopportunitiesandenablenutrientrecyclingandsoilformation.Werelyonnaturetosafeguardourphysical,mental,

1SecretariatoftheConventiononBiologicalDiversity.2014.GlobalBiodiversityOutlook4.(alsoavailableat

/gbo/gbo4/publication/gbo4-en-hr.pdf

).

2GlobalSustainableDevelopmentReport.2019.Thefutureisnow:Scienceforachievingsustainabledevelopment.(alsoavailableat/content/documents/24797GSDR_report_2019.pdf).

3EconomicsofLandDegradationInitiative.2015.Reportforpolicyanddecisionmakers:Reapingeconomicandenvironmentalbenefitsforsustainablelandmanagement.(alsoavailableat/fileadmin/pdf/ELD-pm-report_05_web_300dpi.pdf).

4WorldWildlifeFund.2014.LivingPlanetReport.(alsoavailableat/stories/2014-10-01/global-wildlife-populations-have-fallen-half-stat-says-it-all).

5WorldWildlifeFund.2020.LivingPlanetReport2020:Bendingthecurveofbiodiversityloss.(alsoavailableat

/hubfs/4783129/LPR/PDFs/ENGLISH-FULL.pdf

).

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andemotionalhealthandwell-being.Whenecosystemsaredegradedordestroyed,wecompromiseourhealthandthatoftheorganismsintheecosystem.

6.Recentliteratureshowsthatwithbiodiversitylossindisturbed,fragmented,orhuman-dominatedlandscapes,certainspeciesproliferate,andthesespeciesaremorelikelytobezoonoticdiseasehosts,increasingtheriskofspilloverintopeople.Innaturalorless-disturbedhabitats,thereisagreaterbiodiversegroupofspeciespresentandsuchzoonoticreservoirhostsarelessabundantcomparedtootherspecies,makingzoonoticdiseasetransmissionlesslikely.6

ImplementingOneHealthintheAsiaandPacificRegion–CurrentStatusandFAO’sContribution

TheDiseaseBurden

7.South-East,SouthernandEasternAsiaregionsareknownasglobalhotspotsfortheemergenceofzoonoticinfectiousdiseases7duetoacombinationofhighhumanpopulationdensity,highlivestockdensityandproductionsystems,wildlifeabundance,highlevelsofland-usechange,deforestation,andhabitatfragmentation.Thesedynamicsleadtohighcontactratesamonghumans,wildlifeandlivestockandtheriskfordiseasestospilloverfromonesectorintoanother.

8.Majoranthropogenicdriversofzoonoticdiseaseemergencehavebeenlargelygroupedintothreecategories.8910

a.Modificationstonaturalhabitats.Theseincludeclimateandland-usechanges,development(urbanoragricultural),dams,extractiveindustries,lossofbiodiversity,ecosystemservices,naturalresourcesandhabitat,encroachmentonnaturalhabitats,andenvironmentalcontamination;

b.Changesinagriculturalpractices.Theseincludeagriculturalintensificationandexpansionofcrop,livestockandaquaculturefarming,changesinfoodvaluechains(globaloracrosscountry/regionalborders),wastemanagement(ofwater,feces,antimicrobials,runoffs),unregulateduseofantibiotics,globalizedvaluechains,andmarketing;

c.Humanbehaviourandchoices.Theseincludeincreasedutilization/exploitationofwildlifeforexclusivefoodconsumptioninurbancentres(wildlife,bushmeat),traditionalmedicinesusinganimalbodypartsororgans,andexoticpetownership.

9.Over60percentofhumaninfectiousdiseaseshaveemergedfromanimals.Ofthose,mosthavecomefromwildlife11andeitherspilledoverintopeopledirectlyorweretransmittedtopeoplevialivestockasanintermediatehost.12About70percentofemerginginfectiousdiseasesandalmostallknownpandemicsarezoonoses–aninfectiousdiseasethatcanbetransmittedbetweenanimalsandhumans.Thesemicrobesspilloverduetoincreasedcontactbetweenwildlife,livestockanimalsandpeople.Oftheestimated1.7millioncurrentlyundiscoveredvirusesthatexistinmammalandavian

6Keesing,F.&Ostfeld,R.S.2021.Impactsofbiodiversityandbiodiversitylossonzoonoticdiseases;ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesApr2021,118(17)e2023540118.(alsoavailableatdoi:10.1073/pnas.2023540118

7Lipkin,W.I.2013.Thechangingfaceofpathogendiscoveryandsurveillance.NatureReviewsMicrobiology,11(2):133-141.(alsoavailableatdoi:10.1038/nrmicro2949).

8Chomel,B.B.,BelottoA,&MeslinF.X.2007.Wildlife,exoticpets,andemergingzoonoses.EmergingInfectiousDiseases,13(1):6-11.(alsoavailableatdoi:10.3201/eid1301.060480).

9Perry,B.,Grace,D.&Sones,K.R.2013.Currentdriversandfuturedirectionsofgloballivestockdiseasedynamics.ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,Dec24;110(52):20871-20877.(alsoavailableatdoi:10.1073/pnas.1012953108).

10Hassell,J.M,Begon,M.,Ward,M.J,&Fèvre,E.M.2017.UrbanizationandDiseaseEmergence:DynamicsattheWildlife-Livestock-HumanInterface.TrendsinEcology&Evolution,32(1):55-67;doi:10.1016/j.tree.2016.09.012.

11Keusch,G.T.,Pappaioanou,M.,Gonzalez,M.C.Scott,K.A.&TsaiP.2009.SustainingGlobalSurveillanceandResponsetoEmergingZoonoticDiseases.NewYork:NationalAcademicPress.

12Jones,K.,Patel,N.,Levy,M.,Storegard,A.,Balk,D.,Gittleman,J.L.,&Daszak,P.2008.Globaltrendsinemerginginfectiousdiseases.Nature,451,990–993.(alsoavailableatdoi:10.1038/nature06536).

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hosts,between631000and827000couldhavetheabilitytoinfecthumans.13Themostimportantreservoirsofpathogenswithpandemicpotentialaremammals(e.g.bats,rodents,primates)andsomewaterbirds,aswellaslivestock(e.g.swine,camels,poultry).Spilloverintohumanstakesplaceeitherwhenapersonisbittenbyaninfectedinsect(onethathaspreviouslybittenaninfectedanimal),ingestsorhandlefoodorwatercontaminatedwithfeces,orwhenapersoncomesintodirect,closecontactwithaninfectedanimal.

10.Increasedhuman-wildlifecontactistakingplaceinwildlifefarmingproductionandmarketing

systemsinAsiaandthePacificregion,withthetraffickingofwildlifeacrossbordersforfoodandmedicinalpurposes,ortosupporttheexoticpettradeindustry.Additionalcontactoccurswhenextractiveindustriessuchastimberandminingstartupinremotenaturallocationsandworkersdependonwildmeatforfood.Finally,human-wildlifecontacttakesplaceamongindigenouspeoplesandsubsistencecommunitiesthataredependentonwildmeatforfoodandnutritionsecurity.Noteworthyisthatinmostoftheseremotesettings,contactstakeplacewherepeopleandcommunitieslackstronginfrastructuresandmedical,veterinaryandanimalproductionservices,aswellasfoodsafetycontrolsystems.

11.Increasedlivestock-wildlifecontactisalsorelevanttozoonoticdiseasetransmissionbecausesomediseasesaretransmittedfromwildlifetolivestockandthentopeople.Increasedlivestock-wildlifecontactistakingplacewhennewfarmsencroachonwildlifehabitats,whenpastoralistsgrazeanimalsonrangelandsorforestedareasusedbywildlife,inlocationswhereanimals(wildanddomestic)sharelimitedwaterresources,andonfarmsthatraisebothlivestockandwildlifeoratmarketsthatsellthem.

12.Womenandmenhavedifferentrolesinmanaginglivestock,treatinganimalsandhandlinganimalproducts,andwomenareoftenresponsibleforhouseholdfoodsafetyandhygiene.Three-quartersoftheruralpoordependonandinteractcloselywithlivestockonadailybasiswhilecaringfor,milking,ortreatinganimals,orinmanycases,throughsharingunhygienicandunsanitarylivingspaceswithanimals.Thesedynamicscharacterizetherisksassociatedwithhuman-livestockcontact.Socio-economic,political,culturalandotherinequalitiesalsocontributetolimitedawarenessonriskybehaviours,safefarmingpracticesandfoodsafetyprecautionsthatcouldlimittherisksofdiseasespilloverevents.Additionalhuman-livestockcontactisdrivenbyexpansionandintensificationoflivestockproductionsystems,whichincludeanimalcare,animalslaughtering,meatprocessingandsaleofliveanimalsatmarkets.Integratinggenderaspectsintointerventions,includinggenderawarenesscampaigns,isnecessarytomitigatepotentialrisksassociatedwithhuman-livestockcontact.

13.In2010,theWorldBankestimatesthatzoonosescostanestimatedUSD20billionindirectcostsandoverUSD200billioninindirectlossesinthelasttenyears.14AsiaandthePacificregioncontinuestosuffermajoreconomicimpactsfromdiseaseoutbreaksinlivestock,wildlife,andpeople(seeFigure3),althoughthereislessdocumentationofdiseaseimpactoncropsandaquaculture.As

thisregioncontinuestoundergolarge-scaleandrapidchangesinitslandscape,trade,consumptionanddemographics,theseeventsareexpectedtocontinue.WhiletheeconomicimpactoftheCOVID-19pandemicisstillbeingtallied,itisclearthatthispandemicdwarfsthefinancialimpactofotherdiseaseeventsintheregion,orgloballyforthatmatter.Diseaseprevention,rapidresponseandcontrolareessentialmeasuresforsupportinglivelihoods,foodandnutritionsecurity,economicprosperityandglobalhealthsecurity.Untilthedriversofdiseaseemergenceareaddressed,wewillcontinuetopaytheprice.

13IntergovernmentalScience-PolicyPlatformonBiodiversityandEcosystemServices.2020.WorkshopReportonBiodiversityandPandemicsoftheIntergovernmentalPlatformonBiodiversityandEcosystemServices.Daszak,P.,dasNeves,C.,Amuasi,J.,Hayman,D.,Kuiken,T.,Roche,B.,Zambrana-Torrelio,C.,Buss,P.,Dundarova,H.,Feferholtz,Y.,Foldvari,G.,Igbinosa,E.,Junglen,S.,Liu,Q.,Suzan,G.,Uhart,M.,Wannous,C.,Woolaston,K.,MosigReidl,P.,O'Brien,K.,Pascual,U.,Stoett,P.,Li,H.&Ngo,H.T.IPBESsecretariat,Bonn,Germany.(alsoavailableat

doi:10.5281/zenodo.4147317).

14WorldBank.2010.People,PathogensandOurPlanet,Volume1:TowardsaOneHealthApproachforControllingZoonoticDiseases.Washington,DC:WorldBank,AgricultureandRuralDevelopmentHealth,NutritionandPopulation.(alsoavailableat/handle/10986/2844).

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Figure3.Therisingglobalcostsofanimaldiseaseandhumanhealthepidemics1995-2016.AdaptedfromEcoHealthAlliance15andBioEconomicResearchAssociates.16

14.Emergingorendemicinfectiousdiseasesspreadingamonglivestock,aquacultureandwildlifehavecausedsignificantcoststothelivestockandaquaculturesectors.Inaquaculture,diseasetransmissionfromwildrelativestocaptivestockcommonlyoccursthroughthesharedwatertheyinhabit.Equally,theincubationofviraldiseaseinculturedstockcanescapetowildrelativeswhothenactasareservoir,reinfectingsubsequentcropsoffarmedstock.ThisisperhapsbestillustratedbythewavesofsuccessiveviraldiseaseofculturedshrimpthathasaffectedtheAsianregioninthepast40yearsandcausedbillionsofdollarsineconomiclosses.Thecostsofsealicecontrolinthefarmedsalmonindustryareanotherexample.Theadditionalcostsofdiseaseimpactsonwildstocksforcapturefisheriesforshrimphasneverbeenevaluatedbutisnotedtobesignificant.

15.Economiclossesfromdecreasedshrimpproductionduetoacutehepatopancreaticnecrosisdisease(AHPND)atMahachaiMarket,oneofThailand'sprincipalseafoodmarkets,from2010to

2017isestimatedatUSD7.38billion,withafurtherUSD4.2billioninexportlosses.Shrimpdisease-relatedlossesduetoAHPNDandwhite-spotsyndromevirusintheVietnameseMekongDeltawereestimatedin2015tobemorethanUSD37million.17

16.Withover60percentoftheworld’sdomesticpigpopulationinAsiaandthePacificregion,thepotentialimpactsofAfricanSwineFeverontheswineindustry/pigfarmingwereenormous,asitwasfirstreportedfromChinain2018.Withnovaccineoreffectivetreatmentforthistransboundaryanimaldisease,controlisthroughenhancedbiosecurity;todate,over200millionpigshaveeitherdiedorbeenculledintheregion,significantlyaffectinglivelihoodsandfoodsecurityintheregion.Inaddition,AfricanSwineFeverhasbecomeathreattopopulationsof11nativeboarspeciesinthe

15EcoHealthAlliance.2019.Costofoutbreaks.(alsoavailableat/2019/07/targeting-outbreaks-at-their-source/cost-of-outbreaks).

16BioEconomicResearchAssociates.2004.OneWorld-OneHealth:Aneconomicperspective.(alsoavailableat

/nov2004/pdfs/newcomb.pdf

).

17Shinn,A.P.,Pratoomyot,J.,Griffiths,D.,Trong,T.Q.,Vu,N.T.,Jiravanichpaisal,P.,&Briggs,M.2018.Asianshrimpproductionandtheeconomiccostsofdisease.AsianFisheriesScience.31S:29-58;(alsoavailable

doi:10.33997/j.afs.2018.31.S1.003/publication/downloadfile.php?id=1223&file=Y0dSbUx6QTJOekUyTURVd01ERTFORGMzTWpVek5EZ3VjR1Jt).

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region,andthediseasecouldpushspeciestowardsextinction.Thisistheexampleofhowasingletransboundaryanimaldiseasecanhavesuchsignificantimpact,andyetwearechallengedtomanagemanyothersincludingFootandMouthDisease,LumpySkinDisease,PestePetiteRuminant,HighlyPathogenicAvianInfluenza(HPAI),amongothers.

TheFocusofOneHealth

17.Itisclearthatnosinglesectorcansucceedaloneinaddressingthesecomplexandinterwovenissues.Asdefinedbytheveterinaryandmedicalcommunity,OneHealthisacollaborativeeffortofmultipledisciplinesworkingtogetherlocally,nationally,regionally,andgloballytopromoteandensurethehealthofpeople,livestock,wildlife,andtheenvironment.Placedintoamoreecologicalcontext,OneHealthpromotesandensuresthehealthofpeople,biodiversity,andecosystems,andneedstoaddresstherootcausesofbiodiversitylossandecosystemdegradation.

18.MostOneHealthcollaborationhastakenplacebetweenthepublicandveterinaryhealthsectors,largelyfocusedonsurveillanceforpathogens(detection)andreactingtoanoutbreak(response)onceanimalsorpeoplebecomesick.Inrecentyears,surveillanceinwildlifepopulations