2021年托福閱讀詞匯題和指代題解題思路及步驟學(xué)生版

托福閱讀根本特性1.篇章數(shù):3+1；1.題目數(shù)量：12-14/篇，總結(jié)題和填表為最后一題〔兩題只占一〕①詞匯題③否認(rèn)事實(shí)信息題⑤句子簡(jiǎn)化題⑦指代題⑨總結(jié)題②事實(shí)信息題④推斷題⑥修辭□題⑧插入題⑩填表題〔六〕〔80'〕+聽力60'〔90'〕+休息10'+口語(yǔ)20'+寫作50*難度和分?jǐn)?shù)分布典型加試居多閱讀文章原型大都選自美國(guó)大學(xué)本科生使用教材。文章類型：三類：說(shuō)明文、議論文、史實(shí)文。三者合一統(tǒng)稱為：學(xué)術(shù)性文章，具備說(shuō)理性，即行文邏輯大都遵循著相對(duì)固定構(gòu)造模式。托福文章篇章構(gòu)造有規(guī)律可尋，段落構(gòu)成有原那1.學(xué)術(shù)性文章篇章構(gòu)造：Topic話題+Aspects方面+Attitude態(tài)度，這三要素加起來(lái)就是原那么學(xué)術(shù)論文體"T+A+A篇章構(gòu)造〞。托福文章大都遵循這種構(gòu)造。2.學(xué)術(shù)性文章段落構(gòu)造學(xué)術(shù)性文章自然段落，普通需要具備兩個(gè)構(gòu)成某些：TopicSentenceDetail〞TS+D段落理解了這種TAA篇章構(gòu)造和TS+D段落構(gòu)造行文規(guī)律后，對(duì)文章框架把握就會(huì)做到心里有數(shù)，更有助于提高閱讀速度和定位有效信息精確度。托福詞匯類問(wèn)題(VocabularyQuestions)ThewordXinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto用來(lái)考察考生某單詞在文章上下文中意思問(wèn)題類型最為常用。二、答題環(huán)節(jié)第一步：在文章中定位到陰影標(biāo)記單詞或短語(yǔ)。結(jié)識(shí)單詞直接選。第三步：依照上下文含義推測(cè)含義。笫四步：少量單詞可山詞根驗(yàn)證答案。選取答案時(shí)，不要僅僅山于某個(gè)選項(xiàng)符合該單詞某一種對(duì)的意思就將其作為對(duì)的選項(xiàng)，題LI考察是作者在文章上下文中使用了哪一種詞義。三、解題線索1.論點(diǎn)對(duì)論據(jù)TS+DCommensalassociationssometimesinvolveonespecies*obtainingfoodthatisinadvertentlyexposedbyanother.Forinstance,severalkindsofbirdsfeedoninsectsflushedoutofthegrassbygrazingcattle.ThewordinadvertentlyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtondefensiblyBsubstantiallyC.unintentionallyD.partially2.先后搭配Membersofpoorpeasantfamiliesspunorwoveclothandlinensathomeforseantremuneration,inanattempttosupplementmeagerfamilyincome.ThewordmeagerinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.verynecessaryB.verylowC.traditionalD.primary3.并列信息TheworddisruptedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoolongedC.followedD.upset4.因果邏輯In1815hepublishedthefirstmoderngeologicalmapHAMapoftheStrataofEnglandandWaleshatitcanstillbeusedtodayThewordmeticulouslyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtofullyB.quicklyC.frequentlyD.obviously5.反向邏輯TheJovianplanetshaveverythickatmospheresconsistingofvaryingamountsofhydrogen,helium,methane,andammonia.Bycomparison,theterrestrialplanetshavemeageratmospheresatbest.ThewordmeagerinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoichB.thinD.complex6.詞根詞綴Theundisputedpre-ColumbianpreseneeinOceaniaofthesweetpotato,whichisaNewWorlddomesticate,hassometimesbeenusedtosupportHeyerdahl's"AmericanIndiansinthePacific"theories.ThewordundisputedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoAmysteriousC.acknowledgedD.significant托福閱讀指代題被考文章中有一種詞或詞組被加亮，這個(gè)詞普通是一種代詞或名詞。指代題形式如下：Theword(orphrase)Xinthepassagerefersto1.依照解題技巧擬定答案2.代入原文驗(yàn)證，看語(yǔ)義、邏輯和語(yǔ)法上與否通順?biāo)^就近指代，就是被指代對(duì)象普通在指代詞前不遠(yuǎn)處，如本句或上一句中。有時(shí)也出當(dāng)Largewindfarmsmightalsointerferewiththeflightpatternsofmigratorybirdsincertainareas,andtheyhavekilledlargebirdsofprey(especiallyhawks,falcons,andeagles)thatprefertohuntalongthesameridgelinesthatareidealforwindturbines.Thekillingofbirdsofpreybywindturbineshaspittedenvironmentalistswhochampionwildlifeprotectionagainstenvironmentalistswhopromoterenewablewindenergy.Researchersareevaluatinghowseriousthisproblemisandhopetofindwaystoeliminateorsharplyreducethisproblem.Thephrasethisprobleminthepassagereferstointerferencewiththeflightpatternsofmigratingbirdsincertainareasbuildingridgelinesthatareidealforwindturbinesthekillingofbirdsofpreybywindturbinesmeetingthedemandsofenvironmentalistswhopromoterenewablewindenergy2.數(shù)格一致被指代對(duì)象普通與指代詞在數(shù)〔如單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)〕和格〔主格或賓格〕兩方面相似。如單數(shù)四、重要思路1.主從復(fù)合句中指代在主從復(fù)合句中，第二句代詞主語(yǔ)經(jīng)常指代第一句名詞主語(yǔ)。例如，finsaretuckedintospecialgroovesordepressionssothattheylieflushwiththebodyanddonotThewordtheyinthepassagerefersto1〕qualities2〕fins3〕grooves4〕depressions如果主從復(fù)合句中一種句子〔可以是主句，也可以是從句〕使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，包括被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句子中主語(yǔ)常指代另一句中賓語(yǔ)。例如，Similarly,aplantoranimalcannotsquanderallitsenergyongrowingabigbodyifnonewouldbeleftoverforreproduction,forthisisthesurestwaytoextinction.Thewordnoneinthepassagereferstoodoranimal2.并列動(dòng)詞中指代如果一種句中有兩個(gè)并列動(dòng)詞，笫二個(gè)動(dòng)詞代詞賓語(yǔ)經(jīng)常指代前一種動(dòng)詞后名詞賓語(yǔ)。例Artistsarerecognizingthedistinctionbetweenpublicandprivatespaces,andtakingthatintoaccountwhenexecutingtheirpubliccommissions.rt(D)distinction3.平行構(gòu)造中指代former...thelatter等。在這種構(gòu)造中，平行構(gòu)造兩個(gè)某些兩個(gè)代詞經(jīng)常指代同一對(duì)象：前一InSouthwestFranceinthe1940s,playingchildrendiscoveredLascauxGrotto,aseriesofnarrowcavechambersthatcontainhugeprehistoricpaintingsofanimals.Manyofthesebeastsareaslargeas16feet(almost5meters).Somefolloweachotherinsolemnparades,butothersswirlabout,sidewaysandupsidedown.Thewordothersinthepassagereferstoambers4.所有格指代所有格代詞經(jīng)常指代其前面與其最接近名詞。例如，F(xiàn)olk-madeobjectsgivewaytotheirpopularequivalent,usuallybecausethepopularitemismorequicklyorcheaplyproduced,iseasierortimesavingtouse,orlendsmoreprestigetotheowner.to(A)folk5.指代接力棒現(xiàn)象這一現(xiàn)象是指被考代詞相應(yīng)前面一種相似代詞，而前面代詞指代更前一句中名詞。例如，Whilesuchinterviewscanbehighlyentertaining,theyarenotnecessarilyanaccurateindicationofpublicopinion.First,theyreflecttheopinionsofonlythosepeoplewhoappearatacertainlocation.Theword"they"inline8referstos除了上述狀況之外，其她指代，如定語(yǔ)從句中(ofwhich...,inwhich...,fromwhich...)關(guān)系代omtheretheregeography,orclimate.Ifpotshavenobottomsorhavelargeopeningsintheirsides,they