自考 外語教學(xué)法第一章課后附答案

經(jīng)典word整理文檔，僅參考，雙擊此處可刪除頁眉頁腳。本資料屬于網(wǎng)絡(luò)整理，如有侵權(quán)，請聯(lián)系刪除，謝謝！第一章1-WhatarethefunctionandresultofthetwocontroversiesinancientGreece?古希臘兩個(gè)著名論爭的功能和結(jié)果?Onecontroversywasbetweenthenaturalistsandtheconventionalists.Thenaturalistsarguedthattheformofwordsreflectedthenatureofobjects.Theconventionaliststhoughtthatlanguagewasconventionalandtherewasnologicconnectionbetweenformandmeaningofwords.Theothercontroversywasbetweentheanalogiataandtheanomalistsontheregularitiesoflanguage.Theanalogistsclaimedlanguagewasregularandtherewererulesforpeopletofollow.Theanomalistsmaintainedtherewerenorules.Theirdebaterousedpeople’sinterestinlanguageandledthemtothedetailedstudyofGreek.ThedirectresultwastheappearanceofabookofGreekgrammar.2Whatarethemainfeaturesoftraditionallinguistics?傳統(tǒng)語言學(xué)的主要特征TraditionalLinguisticswaspracticalinnature.Peoplemadeastudyoflanguageinordertoreadclassicworks.Traditionallinguistsbelievedthatthewrittenformoflanguagewassuperiortospokenform.Theytriedtosetupprinciplesandstandardsforpeopletouselanguagecorrectly.3-WhatarethecontributionsmadebyFranzBoas,EdwardSapirandLeonardBloomfieldtothedevelopmentofAmericanstructuralism?FranzBoas,EdwardSapirandLeonardBloomfield對美國結(jié)構(gòu)主義發(fā)展的貢獻(xiàn)FranzBoasandEdwardSapirwereforerunnersofAmericanstructuralism.BoasstudiedtheAmericanIndians’languagesandfoundthatthetraditionalgrammaticalmodelcouldnotbeusedtoanalysethestructureofthoselanguages.Hehadtodescribethoselanguageastheywereused.ThisstartedAmericanstructuralism.LeonardBloomfieldacceptedthetheoriesandprinciplesofFranzBoas.Hearguedthatlinguistsshoulddescribeinsteadofprescribingwhatpeoplesayandshouldtakeaninductiveapproachinanalyzingdata.In1933,hepublishedthebookLanguage.ItsoonbecamethebibleofAmericanstructuralism.4-WhatistheinfluenceofbehaviorismoverAmericanstructuralism?行為主義對美國結(jié)構(gòu)主義的影響In1933,theAmericanpsychologistJohnWatsonpublishedanarticleentitledPsychologyasBehavioristViewsIt.Thiswastheformalintroductionbehaviorism.Watsonbelievedwehadnodirectwaytoobservetheanimal’smind.Wecouldonlyobservetheanimal’sbehaviorandtheexternalenvironmentalconditions.Behavioristsstudiedtherelationbetweenstimuliandresponses.Theydividedlearningprocessintotwokinds.Onekindisnowcalledclassicconditioning.Theotheriscalledoperantconditioning.Behaviorismhelpedthedevelopmentofstructuralism.5--WhatisChomsky’sexplanationofthefirstlanguageacquisitionprocess?喬姆斯基對母語獲得的解釋Chomskyassumesthatchildrenarebornwithalanguageacquisitiondevice(LAD).ThisLADismadeupofasetofgeneralprinciplescalleduniversalgrammar.Whenthechildisborn,theparticularlanguageenvironmentwilltriggertheLAD.Children’slanguageacquisitionprocesscompleteswhentheuniversalgrammarissuccessfullytransformedintothegrammarofaparticularlanguage.6-Whatisthedifferencebetweenlinguisticcompetenceandlinguisticperformance?語言能力和語言應(yīng)用的不同Linguisticcompetencereferstotheinternalizedknowledgeofthelanguagethatanativespeakerofthatlanguagepossesses.Linguisticperformancereferstotheacturalutteranceproducedbythenativespeakers.7-Howdoestransformationalgenerativelinguisticsdifferinresearchmethods?在研究方法上轉(zhuǎn)換生成語言學(xué)有什么不同?Transformationalgenerativelinguisticsopposesthestructuralistmethodoftakinglinguisticperformanceasthegoal.Italsoattackstheinductiveapproach.Itbelievesthatlinguisticsshouldstudythelinguisticcompetence,nottheperformance,ofthenativespeakerandtrytosetupasystemofrulesthatwillgenerateaninfinitenumberofgrammaticalsentences.8--Whatisthemainfeatureoffunctionallinguistics?功能語言學(xué)的特征Functionallinguistics,foundedbyMalinowskianddevelopedbyFirth,believes―themeaningofanysinglewordistoahighdegreedependentonitscontext‖Itintroducedthephrase―contextofsituation‖.Thetheoryisbasedonthenotionoffunctionincontext.Itspointofviewisthatlinguisticeventsshouldbeaccountedforatthreeprimarylevels:substance,formandcontext.Thetheoryalsodividesaparticularsituationtypeintothreedimensions.9--WhatisthebasictheoryofGestaltpsychology?格式塔心理學(xué)的主要理論Gestaltpsychologyappearedinthe1920s.Itsresearchwasfocusedontheareaofperception,aimingattheexplorationoftherelationshipbetweenpartsandwholeinpeople’sperceptionalexperience.Itclaimedthatpeoplereceivedobjectsandscenesasorganizedwholesbeforetheynoticedtheircomponentparts.ThewordGestaltmeans―organizedshape‖or―wholeform‖inEnglish.10--Whatisthebasictheoryofpsychoanalysis?心里分析的主要理論ThebasictheoryofpsychoanalysisisputforwardbyFreud.Thetheorydividedthemindintoconsciousandunconsciousmind.Theconsciousmindisonlyaverysmallpartofthewholemindwhiletherestremainsunconscious.Psychoanalysisaimstoanalysetheirrationalbehavorofpatients.11--Whataretheprinciplesofbehaviorism?行為主義的原則Theprinciplesofbehaviorismareasfollow:Psychologistsshouldstudywhatcouldbeobservedpubliclyandobjectivelyinsteadofconsideringanimal’smentaleventsbecausethesethingscouldnotbeseen.Behaviorismbelievesthatthestudyshouldbefocusedonlearningandtherelationbetweenstimuliandresponses.12--Whatisthedifferencebetweenclassicalconditioningandoperantconditioning?經(jīng)典性和操作性條件反射的區(qū)別Classicalconditioningmeansthestimulusthatdoesnotelicitaresponsecomestoelicitaresponseafteritispairedseveraltimeswithastimulusthatalreadyelicitedaresponse.Operantconditioningmeanstheoccurrenceofaresponsewillbedeterminedbytheconsequenceoftheresponse.13--Whatarethethreefactorsthathavehelpedtosetupthecognitivepsychology?認(rèn)知心理學(xué)發(fā)展的三個(gè)前提條件Thethreefactorsarethedevelopmentofcomputertechnology,JeanPiaget’sresearchworkonthereasoningabilitiesofchildren,andtheworkoftheAmericanlinguistChomsky.14--Howdoesthecognitivepsychologyexplaintheacquisitionofknowledge?認(rèn)知心理學(xué)如何解釋知識(shí)獲得Thetermcognitivemeansknowledgeandcognitivepsychologycanbedefinedasthestudyofpeople’sabilitytoacquire,organize,rememberanduseknowledgetoguidetheirbehaviour.Asfortheacquisitionofknowledge,cognitivepsychologybelievesthattherearetwoprincipaltypesofcognitivestructureswhicharecalledschemasandconcepts.Theschemasrefertosetsofrulesthatdefinecategoriesofbehaviourandconceptsarerulesthatdescribepropertiesofeventsandtheirrelationswithoneanother.Childrenacquireschemasandconceptsbyinteractingwiththeirenvironmentwiththehelpoftwoprocesses—assimilationandaccommodation.15--Howdoesthehabit-formationtheoryexplainthesecondlanguageacquisitionprocess?習(xí)慣養(yǎng)成論如何解釋二語獲得過程Habit-formationtheorywasputforwardbyagroupofbehaviorists.Accordingtotheirtheory,learningasecondlanguagemeanstheformationofanewsetoflinguistichabits.Imitationandpracticeplaynimportantroleintheprocessofhabit-formation.Imitationwillhelplearnersidentifytheassociationbetweenstimuliandresponseswhilepracticewillreinforcetheassociationandhelplearnerstoformthenewlinguistichabit.16--howdoesthehypothesisoflinguisticuniversalsexplainthesecondlanguageacquisitionprocess?語言共性說Thehypothesissaysthereexistcertainlinguisticpropertieswhicharetruetoallnaturallanguagesintocoregrammarandperipheralgrammar.Humanbeingsarebornwithalanguageacquisitiondevice(LAD).Thesecondlanguagelearnersusuallyacquirethecoregrammarofthetargetlanguageandthentheperipheralgrammar.Thecoregrammarofthelearner’smothertonguewillhelpthelearnerstolearnthetargetlanguage.17--Howdoestheacculturationtheoryexplainthesecondlanguageacquisition?文化傳遞說Acculturationmeansindividualsofoneculturehavetogothroughtheprocessofmodificationinattitudes,knowledgeandbehaviorinordertodowellinanotherculture.Itbelievesthatsecondlanguageacquisitionisjustoneaspectofacculturationandthedegreeofacculturationwillcontrolthedegreeofsecondlanguageacquisition.18--Howdoesthediscoursetheoryexplainthesecondlanguageacquisitionprocess?話語情境說Thediscoursetheoryarguesthatthereislittledifferencebetweenthefirstlanguageacquisitionprocessandtheprocessofthesecondlanguageacquisition–onlythroughcommunicationdiscoursecanthelearneracquirethesecondlanguage.19---Whatarethefivehypothesisofthemonitortheory?Theyaretheacquisition–learninghypothesis,themonitorhypothesis,thenaturalorderhypothesis,theinputhypothesis,andtheaffectivefilterhypothesis.20--Howdoesthecognitivetheoryexplainthesecondlanguageacquisitionprocess?Thecognitivetheoryclaimsthatsecondlanguagelearningshouldberegardedastheacquisitionofacomplexcognitiveskill.Theprocessofsecondlanguageacquisitionisaprocessinwhichtheinternalrepresentationsarebeingrestructuredconstantly.Theacquisitioninvolvestwoprocess-automaticityandrestructuring.Languagelearningatthebeginningstageinvolvesnoneoftheprocessofrestructuring.21-WhataretheprinciplesandconsequencesoftheReformMovement?TheprinciplesoftheReformMovementweretheprimacyofspeech,thecentralityoftheconnectedtextasthekernelofthelanguageteachingprocess,andtheabsolutepriorityofanoralmethodintheclassroom.Theconsequencesweregreat.Manypeopletookpartinthereformandmovement.Alotofbookwerepublished.Anappliedlinguisticapproachtolanguageteachingbegantotakeshape.22--What’sthecontributionmadebyDanielJonesandHaroldPalmertothedevelopmentofDanielJonesteaching?DanielJoneswasthefirstonetha