形容詞、副詞、數詞 高考英語二輪復習

形容詞、副詞、數詞【考情分析】形容詞與副詞的用法貫穿英語的每一個角落，涵蓋語法填空、閱讀、完形和寫作。語法填空考查形容詞和副詞的基本用法、比較級和詞性轉換；完形填空考查形容詞和副詞的詞義，有四五個設空；閱讀當中形容詞和副詞的意義會影響對文章的理解；寫作準確運用形容詞和副詞會使文章精煉而生動。新課標要求掌握形容詞和副詞的基本用法,熟悉形容詞和副詞的詞義、比較級、最高級形式和相關合成詞,以及與形容詞和副詞相關的特殊句型。數詞主要考查基數詞和序數詞的用法，在語法填空中雖然考查頻率不高,但備考時也不能忽視。【考點梳理】考點一形容詞和副詞考向一

形容詞、副詞的基本用法1.形容詞作狀語表示伴隨或結果，并不表達動作的方式。Afterthelongjourney，thethreeofthemwentbackhome，hungryandtired.2.有些副詞還可以作連詞，作副詞時常放在句末。如：though，(ever)since，incase等Heisold.Heworkshard，though.＝Thoughheisold，heworkshard.3.有些副詞置于句首可修飾全句，作評注性狀語。如：obviously，naturally，surprisingly等Fortunately，hewasnotdrownedandwassavedbythePLA.幸運的是，他沒被淹死，被解放軍給救了。Happilyforher，herstepmotherwaskindtoher.高興的是，她的繼母對她很好。4.cannot/never

與enough

或too連用表示：無論怎樣都不過分；越……越好。—Iwasridingaloneinthestreetandallofasudden，acarcutinandknockedmedown.—Youcanneverbetoocarefulinthestreet.考向二形容詞、副詞的比較級和最高級1.“as＋形容詞＋(a/an)＋名詞＋as”表示同級比較，注意中間的形容詞和名詞并列時各自所在的位置。Itisgenerallybelievedthatteachingisasmuchanartasitisascience.“as＋形容詞/副詞的原級＋as”與“notas/so＋形容詞/副詞的原級＋as”表示同級比較，即兩個或兩部分人或物在性質上或程度上相同(不同)。Theworkisnotas/sodifficultasyouimagine.這項工作不是像你想像的那么難?！皌he＋比較級＋ofthetwo

＋名詞”表示“兩者中較……的那個”。Thetallerofthetwoboysismybrother.a＋形容詞比較級＋n.Aftertwoyears’

research，wehaveafarbetterunderstandingofthedisease.WewenttotheUSAinsearchofabetterlife.比較級的修飾語常見的有：rather，much，still，even，far，any(用于否定句或疑問句)，alot，alittle，agreatdeal，byfar，abit

等。Thestudentsstudyevenharderthanbefore.Acarrunsagreatdealfasterthanabike.最高級(1)最高級的修飾語常見的有：序數詞，byfar，nearly，almost，bynomeans，notreally，notquite，nothinglike。ThebridgebeingbuiltnowisbyfarthelongestacrosstheYellowRiver.I’dliketobuythesecondmostexpensivecamera.否定詞＋比較級＝最高級。Thereisnogreaterlovethanthatofamanwholaysdownhislifeforhisfriends.—Areyousatisfiedwithwhathesaidatthemeeting?？—No.

Itcouldn’thavebeenworse.【難點釋疑】比較級表示最高級含義比較級+thananyother+可數名詞單數TheChangjiangRiverislongerthananyotherriverinChina.在中國，長江比其他任何一條河流都長。比較級+thanall(the)other+可數名詞復數ChinaislargerthanalltheotherAsiancountries.中國比亞洲的其他國家都大。no/never/nothing...+比較級Nothingismorevaluablethantime.時間比任何東西都珍貴?！胺穸ㄔ~+不定冠詞+形容詞的比較級+名詞”或“否定詞+副詞的比較級”表示“從未……；未曾……”Thisfilmisverymoving.Ihaveneverseenabetterone.這部電影很感人，我從沒有看過一部比它更好的。

考向三

倍數表達法表示倍數的句型(1)Ais＋倍數＋比較級＋than＋B(2)Ais＋倍數＋as＋原級＋as＋B(3)Ais＋倍數＋the＋名詞(size，length，height

等)＋of＋B(4)Ais＋倍數＋that＋of＋B(5)Ais＋倍數＋what

引導的名詞性從句①Thisbuildingisthreetimeshigherthanthatone.Thisbuildingisthreetimesashighasthatone.Thisbuildingisthreetimestheheightofthatone.這個建筑物是那個建筑物的3倍高。②Theoutputofthisyearis3timesthatof2008.＝Theoutputofthisyearis3timeswhatitwasin2008.今年的產量是2008年的三倍。③Afterthenewtechniquewasintroduced，thefactoryproducedtwiceasmanycarsin2008astheyearbefore.自從新技術被引進以后，這家工廠2008年生產的小汽車是上一年的兩倍?？枷蛩?/p>

多個形容詞修飾名詞的順序

多個形容詞修飾名詞時，其順序為：限定詞→數詞→描繪詞→(大小，長短，形狀，新舊，顏色)

→出處→材料性質→類別→名詞

asmallroundtable

atallgraybuilding

adirtyoldbrownshirt

afamousGermanmedicalschool

anexpensiveJapanesesportscar考向五形容詞、副詞辨析形容詞副詞的區(qū)別及用法late

和laterHeislate.Heishalfanhourlate.他遲到了，遲到了半小時。Threeminuteslater,hearrived.

三分鐘后，他來了。pleased,pleasing與pleasantpleased的含義是“感到滿意，高興”，后常跟介詞at,with。例如：I'mpleasedtoseeyouhere.在這兒見到你很高興。She'spleasedwithourprogramme.她對我們的節(jié)目很滿意。pleasing表示“令人欣喜的”，相當于“givingpleasure”。例如：Mysister'sprogressindancingispleasing.我姐姐在舞蹈方面的進步令人高興。Thebabyhasapleasingvoice.這個嬰兒的聲音很悅耳。pleasant表示“快樂的，愉快的”。例如：Thegirlhasapleasantchildhood.這個女孩有一個快樂的童年。Tohaveapleasantholidayismyfavorite.過一個愉快的假期是我最喜歡的。

living,alive與liveliving作定語時，既可置于所修飾的名詞之前，也可置于所修飾的名詞之后，譯為"活著的,當代的"。在句中充當定語及表語。例如：Notalllivingthingsliveonsunlight.并非所有的生物都依賴陽光生存。Mygrandparentsarestillliving.我的祖父母仍然健在。alive譯為“活著的”，可以在句中作表語及定語。作定語時，位于它所修飾的名詞之后。例如：Hemaybethebusiestpersonalive.他可能是世上最忙的人了。Isthatsheepdeadoralive?那頭羊是死了還是活著？alive還有“活潑的，活動的，有生機的”之意。例如：Youseemverymuchalivetoday.你今天看起來很活躍。（4）live表示“活著的”，做“現場直播”講時可以用作形容詞、副詞，在句子中可以作定語，表語。Theprogrammeislive./Theprogrammeisbroadcastlive.這個節(jié)目是現場直播的。worth，worthy與worthwhileworth意為“值得的”，后接v-ing形式，構成“beworthdoing”結構，也可接表示價格的名詞及錢數；worthy意為“值得的”，后接“of+名詞（或being+過去分詞）”，構成“beworthyof+名詞（或beingdone）”結構或“beworthytobedone”結構。beworthwhiletodosth/doingsth例如：Thiscoatisworthonehundredyuan.這件上衣價值一百元。Thisproblemisworthyofbeingdiscussed.這個問題值得討論。too、also、either\too和also用于肯定句、疑問句，too多用于口語，also多用于書面語，either用于否定句。Too常用在句末，also常用在句中。Aretheycomingtoo?他們也來嗎?Sheisyoungandbeautiful,andalsorich.她年輕漂亮，而且有錢。Hehasn’tfinishedit,either.他也還沒有做完。likely與possible,probable,likely

的主語可以是it也可以是名詞或其它代詞，而possible和probable只能用it作主語。most

與mostlymost做形容詞或代詞，如：moststudents,mostofus；mostly為副詞，表示大部分情況下，或成分中大部分?？枷蛄?/p>

幾組難點句型詳解句型1：AistoBwhatCistoD.

意為“A對于B就如C對于D?！比纾篍nginesaretomachineswhatheartsaretoanimals.

發(fā)動機對于機器就如心臟對于動物。句型2：can'tbetoo＋adj.

＝

can'tbe＋adj.＋enough無論……都不為過，越……越……

如：Youcanneverbecarefulenough.＝

Youcanneverbetoocareful.你無論怎么小心都不為過。句型3：too…to句型的兩個意義(1)

表示否定意義，意為“太……而不能”。如：Thisquestionistoohardformetounderstand.

這個問題對我來說太難理解了。(2)

表示肯定意義，意為“非常，很，極”。當too后面接easy，ready,eager,inclined,willing,thankful,delighted等形容詞時，too表示“很，非常”之意，與very表達“很”的意思相同。當too前有all,but,only等詞時，形成only/but/alltoo…todo結構，仍舊表達“非常，很，極”之意。如：I’mtoogladtohearthat.我對此感到非常高興?？枷蚱?/p>

形容詞和副詞構詞法常用表示形容詞的后綴1-able以“-able”結尾的形容詞一般有兩種情況：(1)v.+able→adj.以這種方式構成的形容詞其意義為“能……的”、“可以(被)……的”、“適合于……的”、“值得……的”等，即有被動含義。例如：reliable(可以依靠的)，drinkable(可以飲用的)，eatable(可食用的)。(2)n.+able→adj.這種形容詞意為“具有……特點的”，如valuable(有價值的)，reasonable(有道理的)，comfortable(舒適的)。2-ible該詞綴在意義上與“-able”相同，但主要用于拉丁語后。例如：terrible,horrible,invisible,possible。3-al該詞綴大多是加在名詞后形成形容詞的。不過，有些“-al”后綴則僅體現了該詞的形容詞性，并非以這種方式構成形容詞?！?al”意為“屬于……的”、“有……特性的”。4-an“-an”加在國名、地名之后，表明是相應的形容詞，如American,African。5-ian“-ian”與“-an”相同。例如：Asian,Australian,Canadian,Indian,Italian。6-ant“-ant”表示“……性的”。帶“-ant”后綴的形容詞其相應名詞往往是-ance或-ancy后綴。例如：instant(instance)，distant(distance)，important(importance)，brilliant(brilliancy)，constant(constancy)，pleasant。7-ent“-ent”與“-ant”非常相似。例如：absent(absence)，different(difference)，excellent(excellence)，patient(patience)，present(presence)。8-ar“-ar”意為“……的”、“……性的”，如popular,particular,regular。9-ary“-ary”意為“……的”、“與……有關的”。例如：contrary,necessary,ordinary,primary,revolutionary。10-ed“-ed”加在動詞之后形成形容詞。實際上該形容詞是由原動詞的過去分詞演變而來的，因此它有被動含義?！?ed”也可加在動詞之后形成復合形容詞，如man-made,water-covered?！?ed”還可加在名詞之后形成復合形容詞，如warm-hearted,warm-blooded,three-legged。11-en“-en”有兩種情況：(1)“-en”跟在一些物質名詞之后構成形容詞，表示“材料”或“質地”，如wooden,golden,earthen。(2)“-en”也可加在一些不規(guī)則動詞之后形成形容詞。這些形容詞實際上是由過去分詞轉換而來的。例如：spoken,written,stricken,mistaken。12-ern“-ern”加在表示方位的名詞之后，表示“……(方位)的”。這樣的詞有eastern,southern,western,northern等。13-ese“-ese”加在國名、地名之后構成相應形容詞。例如：Chinese,Japanese.14-ful這一后綴有兩種情況：(1)加在名詞之后構成形容詞，表示“充滿……的”、“有……性質的”，如beautiful,colourful,helpful,powerful,successful,useful,wonderful。(2)加在動詞之后，所構成的形容詞意為“易于……的”，如forgetful。15-ic“-ic”常常加在名詞或依附于詞干后，構成形容詞，意為“……的”、“……似的”、“與……有關的”等。例如：Atlantic,electric,arctic,historic,pacific,plastic,public,scientific。16-ical“-ical”同“ic”一樣附加在名詞或詞干后構成形容詞，意為“……的”、“……似的”、“與……有關的”，如physical,political,practical,technical等。注：(1)有些形容詞的詞尾可能是“-ic”和“-ical”并存，且可以互相替代，但這不是說兩者就沒有任何區(qū)別。一般來說，詞尾“ic”與詞根的關系比較密切，而詞尾“ical”與詞根的關系比較含糊，一般作“與……有關的”解。請比較：anelectriclight(電燈)，electricalengineering(電氣工程);historic意為“歷史上有名氣的”，historical則意為“關于歷史的”。(2)以“ic”結尾的形容詞，其相應副詞則往往是pacifically,scientifically。17-ing詞尾“-ing”也可構成形容詞，但這種形容詞實際上是現在分詞形容詞化了，因此，此類形容詞表示主動。例如：dying,exciting,inspiring,interesting,freezing,living。另外，“-ing”詞尾還可構成合成形容詞，如good-looking18-ish“-ish”意義較多，在中學英語中，其主要意義是“……民族的”、“……語的”、“……似的”、“患……的”，如English,British,foolish,feverish。19-ist“-ist”表示“……主義的”、“信仰……的”。該后綴加在名詞之后，如communist,imperialist,Marxist,socialist。20-ive“-ive”意為“……的”、“與……有關的”、“具有……性質的”等。例如：native,active,passive,attentive,expensive。21-less“-less”加在名詞、動詞后，表示“無”、“缺”，如fearless,harmless,useless,helpless,careless。22-ly“-ly”加在名詞之后構成形容詞。這一詞綴的意義有二：(1)“像……的”、“有……性質的”，如friendly,lively,lovely,lonely,orderly。(2)“以……為周期的”、“每……的”，如hourly,daily,weekly,monthly,yearly。注：如是形容詞之后加“-ly”，則構成副詞。上述(2)中的形容詞亦可用作副詞。23-(i)ous該形容詞后綴意為“充滿……的”、“具有……特征的”，加在名詞、動詞和形容詞之后。例如：curious,famous,dangerous,obvious,poisonous,serious,various。24-some“-some”加在名詞、動詞之后，表示“使人……的”、“易于……的”，如handsome,troublesome,tiresome。25-ward它加在名詞之后，表示方向，作“向……(方向)的”、“來自……(方向)的”解。例如：eastward,southward,westward,northward,forward,backward,inward,outward,upward,downward。注：這些詞也可以是副詞。如果詞尾是“-wards”時，派生詞必然是副詞。26-y“-y”加在名詞之后，表示“具有……特征的”、“多……的”。例如：funny,lucky,shabby,snowy,thirsty,windy,sunny,rainy,cloudy,dirty,dusty。還需說明的一點是，大部分形容詞是從完整的單詞上加后綴派生來的，而有些則是在拉丁詞或希臘詞的詞根上派生來的。常用表示副詞的后綴-ably,-ibly,-ly,-wise,-ward1.-ably

表副詞，“能…地”suitablyab恰當地（suit恰當）dependablyab可靠地（depend可靠）lovablyab可愛地（love愛）2.–ibly

表示副詞：一般由變化而來-ible(形容詞)→ibly(副詞)possibly可能地：

possibility(可能性)→possible(可能的)→possibly(可能地)responsibly負責地

：responsibility(責任,義務)→responsible(負責的)→responsibly(負責地)possibly可能地：possibility(可能性)→possible(可能的)→possibly(可能地)visibly明顯地：visibility(能見度,可見性)→visible(看得見的,明顯的)→visibly(明顯地)credibly可信地：credibility(可信性)→credible(可靠的,可信的)→credibly(可信地)flexibly靈活地：flexibility(靈活性)→flexible(靈活的)→flexibly(靈活地)accessibly易接近地：accessibility(易接近,可親)→accessible(易接近的)->accessibly(易接近地)eligibly適合地：eligibility(合格,適任)→eligible(適合的,合格的)→eligibly(適合地)terribly非常地,可怕地terrible(恐怖的)→terribly(非常地,可怕地)3.-ly

表副詞，通常放在形容詞后exceedinglyad過分地（exceed超過）gloriouslyad光榮地（glorious光榮的）extremelyad過分地（extreme極端的）definitelyad明確地（definite明確的）probablyad可能性（probable可能的）biologicallyad生物學地（biological生物學的）greatlyad很大地（great大）4-wise

表副詞，“方向，狀態(tài)”crosswisead交叉地（cross交叉）endwisead末端朝前地（end末端）coastwisead沿海地（coast海岸）sidewisead斜向一邊地（side旁邊）clockwisead順時針地（clock時鐘）likewisead同樣地（like相像）otherwisead要不然（other另外的）crabwisead橫行地（crab螃蟹）注：有些單詞，wise

可以換成ways，意義不變，如：crosswaysad交叉地endwaysad末端朝前地sidewaysad斜向一邊地5.-ward

表形容詞+副詞，“向…”downwarda/ad向下的（down向下）upwarda/ad向上的（up向上）northwarda/ad向北的（north北）seawarda/ad向海的（sea海洋）leewarda/ad順風的（lee下風的）homewarda/ad向家的（home家）backwarda/ad向后的（back后邊）注：ward可變成wards，但只能作副詞用【對點訓練】單項選擇1．Readingsover40℃,an_______temperatureevenforsummer,havebecomethenewnormalthisyearforChinesecities.A．unimaginable B．numerous C．average D．minimum2．Suzhousilk,KunOperaandclassicalgardensareall_______inChineseculturalheritage.A．demanding B．precious C．upcoming D．consuming3．Helaterbecame_______toheroin.A．preferred B．obsessed C．frightened D．addicted4．Itisnormalforstudentstofeel________beforetheexaminationeventhoughtheyhavepreparedwell.A．confident B．anxious C．intelligent D．responsible5．OneofmyclassmateskepttalkingtomeduringthelessonsothatIcouldn’tfollowtheteacher.How_____itwas!A．anxious B．exciting C．frightening D．annoying6．Smoking_______about90%deathsfromlungcancer(肺癌).A．isresponsiblefor B．istypicalfor C．isawareof D．issuitablefor7．Ifsomethingis________,itiseasytoharm,damage,orbreak.A．vivid B．delicate C．distinct D．giant8．Anyone,oncetested________forthebirdfluvirus,willreceivefreemedicaltreatmentfromourgovernment.A．positive B．possible C．potential D．proper9．Hisjokesdidn’tevenraiseasmile,whichseemed________.A．embarrassing B．embarrassed C．toembarrass D．embarrassment10．Thereisabusservicetotheairportfromthesouthofthecity.A．responsible B．actual C．regular D．typical11．Thequestionissohard,andwe’regetting________.A．confuse B．confusing C．confused D．confusion12．Hecannotconcentrate________thereadingduetothe________screamoutsidethelibrary.A．on;annoying B．on;annoyed C．to;annoying D．to;annoyed13．I’mvery______andIreallyneeda______vacation.A．tired,relaxing B．tired,relaxed C．tiring,relaxing D．tiring,relaxed14．Thenewswas________andtheywereall________.A．frightened;frightening B．frightening;frightenedC．frightened;frightened D．frightening;frightening15．The__________newsmadehim__________.Hedidn’tfallasleepuntilmidnight.A．excited;excited B．exciting;excitingC．exciting;excited D．excited;exciting16．Hersmilesuggestedthatshewasverywiththeanswer.A．satisfying,satisfied B．satisfied,satisfyingC．satisfied,satisfied D．satisfying,satisfying17．SomesaythemeaningofMonaLisa’ssmileis________cloudedbydaVinciwhousedperspectiveandshadowstocreatea________expression.A．purposefully;confused B．dramatically;confusedC．purposefully;confusing D．dramatically;confusing18．Achievingtheseobjectivesisrelativelyeasyintheory,yetquitedifficult_______.A．extremely B．surprisingly C．actually D．personally19．Thepolice,searchedtheareaforseveraldays.______,theyfoundthepieceofevidencetheywerelookingfor.A．Generally B．Originally C．Eventually D．Unfortunately20．Johnwaiteduntilhegotbackhisbreathandcouldspeak________A．normally B．commonly C．regularly D．formally21．Nicoloboughtapaintinginanordinaryshop,buthelaterlearnedthatitwas________afamousvaluablepainting.A．particularly B．actually C．rightly D．specifically22．Theeveningwas________calmandwecouldfeelthesoftwindcomingfromthebeautifullake.A．delightfully B．economically C．complicatedly D．primitively23．Asbiologistsstated,nature’srepairprocessisslowandsteady,withcellsbeing________renewed.A．strangely B．constantly C．casually D．relatively24．There’slittlechancethatwewillbesuccessfulintryingtochangethepresentsituation.________,itisimportantthatwetryourbest.A．Meanwhile B．OtherwiseC．Therefore D．Nevertheless25．Thestoryoftheirsufferingsmovedus__________.A．closely B．highly C．deeply D．widely26．GongBaoChickenwas________afamilydishofDingGongbao,ahigh-rankingcourtofficialoftheQingDynasty.A．eventually B．formally C．originally D．gradually27．Inourdailylife,noonecanlive________andtheymustrelyonothersinsomeway.A．anxiously B．formally C．individually D．enormously單句語法填空28．The_______(injure)weresenttothenearesthospitalwithoutdelay.29．Thoughhavinglivedabroadforyears,manyChinesestillobserve________(tradition)customs.30．Nowadays,environmentalprotectionandeconomicdevelopmentarenot________(contradict)butcomplementary.31．Lookingpeopleintheeyecanmakethemupsetand________(embarrassment).32．______(absorb)inwritinghisnewnovel,Stevedidn’tnoticeeveningapproaching.33．______(determine)nevertocomeback,helefthome.34．TherearecountlessarticlestellingushowtheInternethasmadeourlivesmore_________(convenience).35．Iwasimpressedbythecalmand_______(profession)wayshehandledthecrisis.36．Itisimportanttolearn_________(advance)scienceandtechnologytobuildourcountry.37．Thelastfewyearshaveseen________(environment)disastersonagrandscale,andexpertsarepredictingfarworsetocome.38．Dating________tothe18thcentury,PekingOperahasovertwohundredyearsofhistory.39．Farmers__________（rare）plantedtreesortallcropsaroundthebuildings，sotherewouldbenobarriertotheairflow.40．He______(fortune)touchedthebuttonandopenedthePandora’sbox.41．__________(amaze),theyworkedouthowtosolvethisproblemsuccessfully.42．________(original),wehadintendedtogotoItaly,butthenwewonthetriptoGreece.43．Herealizedthatifhecouldconstructawindmill,hisvillagepeoplecouldliveafar_________(good)life.44．Afterafewmonths,weallfeltthatwehadbeenabletobuildmuch_________(strong)relationshipswiththefamilythanwehadbefore.45．LookingatthebusycrowddoingChristmasshopping,hehasneverfelt________(sad)withnoonetocelebratewith.46．ImetafriendIhadn’tseenfortenyearsbythe_______(mere)accident.47．Thisisbyfarthe________(inspiring)moviethatIhaveeverseen.48．TheMetropolitanMuseumofArtisoneoftheworld’s________(large)artmuseums.49．The________(careful)youlistentothetape,the________(easy)youwillfindittounderstand.50．Even_______(impressive),sheistheonlyonewhohaswonfirstprize.51．Lastbutnot________(little),inaninterviewyoushouldstartwithafirmhandshakewiththeinterviewer.52．Ofallthestudentsinthisschool,Mikejumps________(far)．【上海高考真題及模擬試題精選】閱讀理解A（2022·上海嘉定·二模）Otters,arecute,thisnoonecandeny.Theyhavebigeyes,shortandflatnosesandclaws(爪子)liketinyhands.Theylookevencuterwhentheywearhatsandthrowfoodballsintotheirmouthsasiftheywerebarsnacks,likeTakechiyo,apetotterinJapan.DocumentingTakechiyo’sfunnybehaviorhasearnedhisownernearly230,000followersonInstagram,aphoto-sharingapp.Takechiyo’sfamereflectsacrazeacrosseastandSouth-EastAsiaforkeepingthecutecreaturesaspets.EnthusiastsinJapanvisitcaféswheretheypaytohugthem;Indonesianownersparadetheirpetsaroundonleadsorgoswimmingwiththem,thensharetheirpicturesonline.Buttheseenjoyablephotosmaskatradethatisdoingalotofdamage.Evenbeforetheybecamefashionablecompanionsforhumans,Asia’swildottersfacedplentyofthreats.Theirhabitatsaredisappearing.Theyhavelongbeenhuntedfortheircoats,orkilledbyfarmerswhowishtopreventthemconsumingfishes.Thepettrade,whichbeganpickingupintheearly2000sbutappearedtospeedupafewyearsago,hasmadethingsworse.ThenumbersofwildAsiansmall-clawedottersandsmooth-coatedotters,twospeciesthatareinhighestdemand,havedeclinedbyatleast30%inthethreedecadesto2019.Theinternationalagreementthatgovernstradeinwildlife,knownasCITES,nowprohibitscross-bordertradeinthesespecies.Butlawsbanningownershipareoftenpoorlyimplemented,asinThailand,orfullofholes,asinIndonesia.Andtheotter-keepingcrazehasbeendramaticallyimprovedbytheinternet,saysVincentNijmanofOxfordBrookesUniversity.In2017TRAFFIC,aBritishcharitythatmonitorsthewildlifetrade,spentnearlyfivemonthslookingatFacebookandothersocial-mediasitesinfiveSouth-EastAsiancountries.Duringthattime,itfoundaround1,000ottersadvertisedforsaleonline.Inanycase,ottersdonotevenmakeparticularlygoodpets.EveryyeartheJakartaAnimalAidNetwork,acharityinIndonesia’scapital,receivessometenottersfrompeoplewhohavestruggledtolookafterthem.FaizulDuha,thefounderofanIndonesianotter-owners’group,admitsthathistwoanimalsemita“veryspecific”(read:fishy)smell.Theybitehumansandchewonfurniture.Theirscreamcanbeheardblocksaway.Andtheircagesneedcleaningeverytwo-to-threehours.Thatishowoftentheyemptytheirbowels(腸道).1．Thefunctionofthefirstparagraphisto________.A．presentthemainidea B．introducethemaintopicC．setreadersthinking D．illustratethewriter’spoint2．Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingmainlydrivestheottertrade?A．Thedemandforpetotters. B．Thedisappearanceofotters’habitats.C．Thepopularityofottercoats. D．Thedecreaseoffishes.3．Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat________.A．thelawsthatprohibitcross-bordertradearestrictinAsiaB．socialmediaplaysasignificantroleintheonlineottertradeC．peopleusuallygiveupottersbecausetheyareendangeredD．ottersaresuitablepetsbecausetheyarefriendlytohumans4．Thepurposeofthewritingisto________.A．advertiseforaphoto-sharingappB．introducethepopularityofpetottersC．discouragetheillegalotterpettradeD．describethecharacteristicsofottersB（2022·上海寶山·二模）Learningmoreefficientlyisamatteroftime,butnotinthewayyoumightthink.AccordingtoHermannEbbinghaus,thepioneerofquantitativememoryresearch,youmayhaveanewperspectiveaboutit.ThefindingsEbbinghausisbestknownfortwomajorfindings:theforgettingcurveandthelearningcurve.Theforgettingcurvedescribeshownewinformationfadesaway.Onceyou’ve“l(fā)earned”somethingnew,thefastestdropoccursinjust20minutes;afteraday,thecurvelevelsoff.Withinminutes,nearlyhalfofwhatyou’ve“l(fā)earned”hasdisappeared.Ornot.AccordingtoBenedictCarey,authorofHowWeLearn,whatwelearndoesn’tnecessarilyfade;itjustbecomeslessaccessible.Inmycase,Ihadn’tforgottenakeypoint.Ijustdidn’taccessthatinformationwhenIneededit.WorkingwithourmemoryEbbinghauswouldhaveagreedwithCarey:Hedeterminedthatevenwhenwethinkwe’veforgottensomething,someportionofwhatwelearnedisstillfiledaway,whichmakestheprocessofrelearningalotmoreefficient.AsEbbinghauswrites:Supposethatapoemisrelearnedbyheart.Itthenbecomesevidentthat,althoughitseemstotallyforgotten,itstillinacertainsenseexists.Thesecondlearningrequiresnoticeablylesstimeornoticeablysmallernumberofrepetitionsthanthefirst.That,inanutshell,isthepowerofspacedrepetition.Theconditionissimple.Learnsomethingnew,andwithinashortperiodoftimeyou’llforgetmuchofit.Repeatalearningsessionadaylater,andyou’llremembermore.Repeatasessiontwodaysafterthat,andyou’llrememberevenmore.Thekeyistosteadilyincreasethetimeintervalsbetweenrelearningsessions.Andforgiveyourselfforforgetting.Acceptthatforgettingisactuallyakeytotheprocess.Why?Forgettingisanessentialpartoflearning.Relearningstrengthensearliermemories.Relearningcreatesdifferentcontextandconnections.AccordingtoCarey,“‘Somebreakdown’mustoccurforustostrengthenlearningwhenwerevisitthematerial.Withoutalittleforgetting,yougetnobenefitfromfurtherstudy.Itiswhatallowslearningtobuild,likeanexercisedmuscle.”Theprocessofretrievingamemory—especiallywhenyoufail—strengthensaccess.That’swhythebestwaytostudyisn’ttoreread;thebestwaytostudyistoquizyourself.Ifyoutestyourselfandanswerincorrectly,notonlyareyoumorelikelytoremembertherightanswerafteryoulookitup,you’llalsorememberthatyoudidn’tremember.Forgetting,andthereforerepeatinginformation,makesyourbrainassignthatinformationgreaterimportance.5．AccordingtoEbbinghaus’chart,weconcludethat________.A．thebesttimetoavoidforgettingisthesixthdayafterlearningB．weusuallyforgetmostofwhatwe’velearnedonthesixthdayC．forgettingreallyexistsalmostinthewholeprocessoflearningD．whathasbeenlearnedwillbeforgottencompletelyinanycase6．Whydoesthewritersay,“Forgettingisactuallyakeytotheprocess”?A．Becauseforgettingitselfisoneofthestepsinourlearning.B．Becauseforgettingcanhelpusbenefitfromfurtherlearning.C．Becauserelearningcancreatenewcontextandmaterialsforus.D．Becauselearningmemoryisjustlikemusclememoryinexercise.7．Whatdoestheword“retrieve”inthelastparagraphbutonemostprobablymean?A．Toreappearintheplace. B．Toconsolidatesomethingintime.C．Tomemorizesomethingfirmly. D．Tofindandbringbacksomething.8．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．ForgetMorewithLessRepetition B．LearnMorewithLessEffortC．TwoAmazingCurvesinLearning D．TwoDifferentFindingsinForgetting六選四（2022·上海徐匯·二模）China:MakingGraduatesEmployableUniversitiesinChinaarefacingsimilardemandstoimprovetheemployabilityoftheirgraduatesasthoseintheUK,newresearchamongemployershasrevealed.____44____InBritain,thegovernmenthassetupitsowninternshipschemetohelpgraduatesfindworkduringtherecession.Butwhataretheskillsemployerswantandhowmuchdotheydifferbetweenthetwonations?____45____ThepartnershipsarefundedbythegovernmentthroughtheBritishCouncilunderthesecondphaseofthePrimeMinister’sInitiativeforInternationalEducation.Inthisscheme,universitiesareencouragedtoexchangeideasanddevelopprogrammesaimedatimprovingtheentrepreneurshipandemployabilityofgraduates.“Wefoundemployersinbothcountriesputagreatemphasisonleadershipqualitiesandinitiative–thingsthatarelearnedthroughtheactivitiesstudentsengageinandtheresponsibilitiestheytakeonduringtheirtimeatuniversity,”HeffernantoldaconferenceinLondonorganizedbythecouncil,whichisinvitingproposalsfor10newUK-Chinapartnerships.____46____Generally,itincludesfamilyandfriendsandlinkswithpeopleworkinginothercompanies,voluntaryorganizations,orleisureactivities.TheChinesealsotendtotakemoretimebuildinguprelationshipswithpeoplebeforegettingdowntobusiness.TheUniversityofPlymouthanditspartnerChinaAgriculturalUniversityinBeijingareworkingtodeterminetheskillsmostlikelytoleadtoemployabilityandsuccessfulcareers.Staffatbothuniversitieshaveconductedface-to-faceandtelephoneinterviewswithlocalemployersofgraduatesinthreeareas,marketing,humanresourcesandfinance-accounting.____47____IntheUKtheychosecommunicationincludingwrittenandverbalcommunication,networkingskillsandforeignlanguageability-asthetoppriorityfollowedbytheabilitytoworkinateam.“StudentsinChinagenerallylosetouchwithsocietyandtheyneedhelptounderstandhowcompaniesworkandwhatisinvolvedinthedifferentjobsandprofessions.TheyknowverylittleoutsidethecampusandthatiswhereIthinktheydifferfromstudentsintheUK.Wecanshareourexperiences.”A．“However,therearesomecleardifferencesintheemphasisputondifferentattributes,suchasthevalueplacedbytheChineseon‘guanxi’,thenetworkofconnectionsthatapersonhasbuiltup.”hesaid.B．Employersinbothcountriesvaluedthepersonalskillsofgraduatesseekingworkinhumanresources.C．TheChineseemployerssaidthepersonwhocouldcompleteajobandgetthingsdonewashighlyprizedD．ThatisthequestionDr.TroyHeffernan,aseniorlecturerinmarketingattheUniversityofPlymouth,setouttoanswerthroughhisinvolvementinoneof13partnershipsbetweeninstitutionsintheUKandChina.E．Adraftofareporttobepublishedlaterthisyearshowsmarketingexecutivesinbothcountriesputahighemphasisongoodcommunicationskills.F．TheChinesegovernmentissuedacircularearlierthisyearurginguniversitiesandcollegestostrengthentheireffortsinpreparingstudentsfortheworkplace.完形填空（2022·上海楊浦·三模）TheEastAfricancountryofKenyahasbeenattheforefrontoftheglobalwaronplasticsince2017,whenofficialsbannedplasticbags.InJune2020,thegovernment____97____theeffortswithabanonsingle-useplasticsinprotectedareas.Unfortunately,themeasureshave____98____madeanyimpact.Hundredsoftonsofindustrialandconsumerpolymer（聚合物）wastecontinuetoget____99____intolandfillsdaily.However,