高級英語第二冊-Marrakech課件

Unit2Marrakech1Contents1.Backgroundinformation2.Typeofwriting3.Organizationstructure4.Detailedstudy5.Exercises

21.BackgroundinformationMarrakechAuthorandhisworks3Morocco(摩洛哥)4Moroccoa.LocatedinNorthAfrica,ontheMediterraneanSeaandtheAtlanticOceanb.About2000B.C.settledbyBerbertribes,theninvadedbyArabsinthe7thcentury,bringingwiththemIslam.c.In1912,aFranco-SpanishagreementdividedMoroccointo4administrativezones---FrenchMorocco,Spanishprotectorate(保護國),asouthernprotectorateandaninternationalzone.5d.Gainedindependencein1956andbecameaconstitutionalmonarchy(君主國)in1957.MoroccoisamemberoftheUnitedNations,theLeagueofArabStates,andtheOrganizationofAfricanUnity.e.People:mostMuslims;Most(70%)Moroccansarefarmers,usingcamels,donkeysandmulestopullplows,tryingtogrowtheirownfood.IntheSouthafewtribesmenstillwanderfromplacetoplaceinthedesert.f.Islam:thestatereligiong.Arabic---theofficiallanguage,FrenchandSpanishalsospoken.6NationalflagofMorocco7MarrakechMarrakechisnotonlyafantasticcity,itisalsoasymboloftheMoroccothatoncewas,andwhichstillsurviveshere.Thestreetsoftheoldandpinkcityhavebeentoonarrowtoallowtheintroductionofcars,andtouristssearchingforthe"real"MoroccohaveturnedthemedievalstructuresofMarrakechintogoodbusiness.8Itwasfoundedin1062andwasthecapitalofMoroccofromthenuntil1147andagainfrom1550to1660.ItwascapturedbytheFrenchin1912.Ithasextremelyhotsummerbutmildwinters.Thecityrenownedforleathergoods,isoneoftheprincipalcommercialcentersofMorocco.9Themarket1101112Themarket213Marrakech14AuthorandhisworksGeorgeOrwell(1903-1950)

:thepseudonymofEricArthurBlairaBritishnovelistandessayistbetweenthesecondworldwarmuchpraisedinthewestpartlybecauseofhisanti-communistpointofview.borninIndia,hisfather,asocalledempire-builder--servingtheBritishgovernmentabroad.15receivedgoodeducationinBritainandstudiedinthemostfamousschool“Eden”.traveledwidely(includingMarrakech).Histravelmadehimtakeahostileattitudetowardimperialism.Heshoweddeepsympathyforthepoorandbecameafirmsupporterofsocialism.16joinedSpanishwarandwasseriouslywounded.TheSpanishsocialistforcesdividedintofaction.Thefactionhebelongedtowaspersecuted.Sohebecamesopessimisticanddepressed,whichledhimtowardanti-communistattitude.17HisworksDownandOutinParisandLondon1933AClergyman’sDaughter1935KeeptheAspidistraFlying1936ComingupforAir1940動物農(nóng)莊AnimalFarm1945NineteenEighty-Four194918動物農(nóng)莊AnimalFarm1945

asatiricalfantasyattackingcommunismhisreputationasananticommunistwriter19Allofhisworks:thesociopoliticalconditionsofhistime,notablywiththeproblemofhumanfreedomHisworksshowsharppowersofobservationanddeepsympathyforsufferingpeople.Hisworksgiveadeepsenseofconvictionandurgency.TheuseofEnglishisclear,simpleanddirect,withnoformalityofembellishment.(Addition/decoration)

hesaidhisidealwastowriteproselikeawindowpane.

Inreadinghisworks,severalaspectsdrawourattention:

202.TypeofwritingDescription--dealswithappearancesandfeelingsNarration---dealswitheventsandexperienceExposition---dealswithprocessesandrelationshipsArgumentation---thepurposeofargumentationistoconvince.Argumentativeessaysshouldhaveadebatablepoint,sufficientevidence,andgoodandclearlogic.212.TypeofwritingItisanexposition,apoliticalessay.Orwellleavesnodoubtabouthisfeelingsconcerningcolonialismanditsresults.Hehasshownthereaderhowmillionsofpeoplecanbeignoredandtreatedaslessthanhuman.

22ExpositionExpositionmeansexplaining.

Thewriterappealstoareader'sunderstandingwithverifiablefactsandvalidinformation,explainingandinterpretingthatmaterialssothatthereaderwillaccepthispointofvieworexplanation.Thushemustorganizeanddevelophisthoughtobjectivelyandpresentitwithhonestyandcompletenesssothatthereaderwillhaveconfidenceinwhatheissaying.23ExpositionExpositionisperhapsthetypeofwritingthatismostfrequentlyusedbyastudent,ascientist,oraprofessional.

Exposition---expounding

explaining24ExpositionAnexpositorypaperexplainsorexploressomething,suchastheprocessofmakingamachine,thecausesofanaturalorsocialphenomenon,theplanningofaproject,orthesolutionofaproblem.25Thesis:thecentralthoughtorpurposeThethesismaybesupportedanddeveloped:Comparisonandcontrast,analogy,classification,illustration,analysis,definition,etc.26ExpositionThingscanbeexplainedbyDefinitionListingExamplesClassificationComparisonandcontrast27Definition

Thekeytoadefinitionisconcreteness.Onehastogiveconcretefactstomakeadefinitioneffective.

282.ListingWemusthaveenoughnumberofitemstobelisted.Then,ifpossible,arrangetheitemsinthegradedorderofincreasingimportance.

293.Examples

It'sthesimplest,themostcommon,bestmethod.304.Classification

Wehavetofollowasystemconsistently.Thecategoriesofdivisionshouldbemutuallyexclusive.Thereshouldbenooverlapping.Oneitemcanbelongtoonecategoryandonlyone.315.Comparisonandcontrast

Weliken(把…比作)onethingtoanotherbypointingouttheirsimilarities(comparison)

Weemphasizethedifferencebetweenthetwo.(contrast)

32OrganizationalpatternSect.1(para1--2)Sect.2(para3)Sect.3(para4--7)Sect.4(para8--15)Sect.5(para16--18)Sect.6(para19--21)Sect.7(para22--26)

33Organizationalpattern

Sect.1(para1--2)objectivepresentationofExample1

Sect.2(para3)

thethesis----“Allcolonialempiresarefoundeduponthisfact”34Sect.3(para4--7)Ex.2

TheArabiangovernmentemployeeisaspoorasabeggar.Sect.4(para8--15)Ex.31)thelivingconditionsoftheJews

2)thehardworktheJewsdo

3)prejudiceagainsttheJews35Sect.5(para16--18)Ex.41>Thesoilsarepoor.2>Everythingisdonebyhand.3>Thefarmingtoolsarerough.4>Thefarminganimalsareweakandthepeasantscalculatecarefully.5>Thenaturalconditionsarepoor.Theyhadtodigdeepditches.

36Sect.6(para19--21)Ex.5

themiserablelifeofwomenSect.7(para22--26)

conclusion

374.Detailedstudyofthetext

Sect.1(para1--2)objectivepresentationofExample1Asthecorpsewentpasttheflieslefttherestauranttableinacloudandrushedafterit,buttheycamebackafewminuteslater.wentpast:morevividthan“wascarriedpast”inacloud:alargenumberofsmallthingsmovingthroughtheairasamass

那些汽車在滾滾塵埃中啟動了。

Thecarssetoffin

a

cloud

ofdust.

38Thelittlecrowdofmourners--allmenandboys,nowomen--threadedtheirwayacrossthemarketplacebetweenthepilesofpomegranatesandthetaxisandthecamels,wailingashortchantoverandoveragain.threadedtheirway---pickedtheirwaythroughthepilesofpomegranates,andtaxisandcamelschant---1.wordsrepeatedinamonotonoustoneofvoice;2.areligiousprayerorsongthatisspokenorsungononlyaveryfewnotessothatthereisnotmuchvariationinit.39allmenandboys,nowomenAccordingtoMuslimlaw,Muslimsmustrespectwomen,andforthisreasongirlsandwomenusedtobekeptinthehouse,wheretheycouldbesafe.Whentheywentout,theyworetheveilstocovertheirfaces.Butthislawhasbecomeakindofexcusetodiscriminateagainstwomen.40“Whatreallyappealstothefliesisthatthecorpseshereareneverputintocoffins,theyaremerelywrappedinapieceofragandcarriedonaroughwooden

bierontheshouldersoffourfriends.”appealstotheflies---thefliesareattractedbythestenchoftheexposeddeadbody41Theburying-groundismerelyahugewasteofhummockyearth,likeaderelictbuilding-lot."derelict"---fromtheLatinwordmeaning“toabandon”Theburyinggroundisnothingmorethanahugepieceofwastelandfullofmoundsofearthlookinglikeadesertedandabandonedpieceoflandonwhichabuildingwasgoingtobeputup.42Para.1---2:(Review)HowarepeopleburiedinMarrakech?

wailashortchant

hackanoblonghole

dumpthebody

flingoveritalittleofthedried-upearth

Thefactshowsthehumanlifehasnovalueatall.43Sect.2(para3)thethesis“Allcolonialempiresarefoundeduponthisfact”

Para.3“ownliterallynothingexcepttheragstheystandupin”theragstheystandupin

---theragswhichtheywerewearingastheystoodthereTheshabby,muchwornragstheyarewearingatthemomentaretheonlyclothestheyown.44Allcolonialempiresareinrealityfoundedupon

thisfact.

Alltheimperialistsbuilduptheirempiresbytreatingthepeopleinthecolonieslikeanimals(bynottreatingthepeopleinthecoloniesashumanbeings)Thisthesisisgoingtobesupportedbymoreillustrationsandexamples.45Aretheyreallythesamefleshasyourself?Dotheyevenhavenames?Oraretheymerelyakindofundifferentiatedbrownstuff,aboutasindividualasbeesorcoralinsects?”flesh:---mankind,humanbeingsundifferentiatedbrownstuff:---sth.brownincolorwithnoindividualcharacteristics.46Theyriseoutoftheearth，theysweatandstarveforafewyears,andthentheysinkbackintothenamelessmoundsofthegraveyard…Theyareborn.Thenforafewyears,theywork,toilandstarve.Finallytheydieandareburiedingraveswithoutaname.47“Sometimes,outforawalkasyoubreakyourwaythroughthepricklypear,younoticethatitisratherbumpyunderfoot,andonlyacertainregularityinthebumpstellsyouthatyouarewalkingoverskeletons.”---forceyourwayorpickyourwayWhenoutforawalkpickingyourwaythroughthepricklypear,youmightfindthatthegroundisbumpy.Yourealizethatyouarewalkingoverskeletons.Youknowtheyaregravesonlybecausethebumpsappearinanevenpattern.48Pricklypear49Sect.3(para4--7)Ex.2

TheArabiangovernmentemployeeisaspoorasabeggar.50Para.4

Iwasfeedingoneofthegazellesinthepublicgardens.

51Assoonasyoulookatthehindlegsofthegazelles,youwillthinkofthedeliciousmintsaucethatyouwouldwanttodipitinwheneatingit.Porkisdeliciousmeatbutthelivinganimal,thepig,doesn’tlookgoodtoeat.Totheauthor,theonlylivinganimalthatalsolooksgoodtoeatisthegazelle.52Para.6“AnArabnavvyworkingonthepathnearbyloweredhisheavyhoeandsidledslowlytowardsus.”---abbreviationof“navigator”,anunskilledlaborer,asoncanals,roadsetc.---tomoveslowlysideways,especiallyinashyorstealthymanner53Para.7

…andhestoweditgratefullyinsomesecretplaceunderhisrags.

toput,hideawayinsafeplace

Ifyoustowsth.somewhere,youputitneatlyawayinaplacewhereitcanbekeptuntilitisneeded.

=store

stowaway=hide545556Para.9

darkfly-infestedboothsthatlooklikecaves.

Smallcell-likeroomsthatweredarklikecavesandfullofflies.57Para.9“Acarpentersitscrossleggedataprehistoriclathe,turningchairlegsatlightningspeed.”Sittingwithhislegscrossedandusingaveryold-fashionedlathe,acarpenterquicklygivesaroundshapetothechair-legsheismaking.58Para.9…h(huán)isleftlegiswarpedoutofshape.tocausetobend,curve,ortwistoutofshape

Thehotsunwarpedtheboards.59Para.10

Instantly,fromthedarkholesallround,therewasafrenziedrushofJews,---(transferredepithet.)theJewswereinafrenzy,notthe“rush”Immediatelyfromtheirdarkhole-likecellseverywhereagreatnumberofJewsrushedoutwildlyexcited.60Para.10andeveryoneofthemlooksonacigaretteasamoreorlessimpossibleluxury.EveryoneofthesepoorJewslookedonthecigaretteasapieceofluxurywhichtheycouldnotpossiblyafford.61Para.11

AgoodjobHitlerwasn'there.

(BrE.colloquial)afortunatestateofaffairsThisrestaurantisnotcheap,soit'sagoodjobyou'vebroughtplentyofmoney.

ItwasluckyfortheJewsthatHitlerhadnotcometothisplace.Ifhehad,theJewswouldhavebeenexterminatedastheywereinPolandandotherEuropeancountries.62Para.15“Injustthesameway,acoupleofhundredyearsago,pooroldwomenusedtobeburnedforwitchcraftwhentheycouldnotevenworkenoughmagictogetthemselvesasquaremeal.squaremeal”.---theuseofsorceryormagic;communicationwiththedevil---adecentsubstantialmealJewswerenowbeingcondemnedbyprejudiceandignoranceassomepooroldwomenwhocouldnotevengetthemselvesadecentmealwerecondemnedandburnedforwitchcraft.63Sect.5(para16--18)Ex.464Para.16

Still,awhiteskinisalwaysfairlyconspicuous.(synecdoche)However,awhite-skinnedEuropeanisalwaysquitenoticeable.65

66chancesare…:itislikelythat;inallprobability;probably大概是,很可能是Chancesareshe'salreadyheardthenews.可能她已經(jīng)知道這消息了。很可能她要來.Thechances

arethatshe'llbecoming.67Para.16Inatropicallandscapeone’seyetakesineverythingexceptthehumanbeings.---seeorhearwithinterest;paycloseattentiontoEg:Hedidn’ttakeinwhathereadbecausehismindwasonsomethingelse.Ifyoutakealookatthenaturalsceneryinatropicalregion,youseeeverythingbutthehumanbeings.68Para.17Whatdoes“this”inthesentence“Itisonlybecauseofthis...touristresorts.”standfor?69Para.17Itisonlybecauseofthis…“This”herestandsforthefactthatpeoplealwaysmissthepeasantslabouringinthefieldsbecausetheyhavethecolouroftheearth.Itisonlybecauseofthisreasonthatthesepoorstarvedcountriesareacceptedastouristresorts.70Para.17NoonewouldthinkofrunningcheaptripstotheDistressedAreas.Noonewouldthinkoforganizingcheaptripsforthetouriststovisitthepoorslumareas(forthesetripswouldn’tbeinteresting).71WhatdoesMoroccomeantoaFrenchman?Orangegroves72WhatdoesMoroccomeantoanEnglishman?ToanEnglishman,Moroccoisaromantic,mysteriouscountrywhichhehasreadinnovels.Camels,castles,etc.aretheromanticbitsplantedinhismindbythenovels.73ForeignLegion:

Frenchvolunteerarmedforcecomposedchiefly,initsenlistedranks,offoreigners.Itsinternationalcharacterandthetraditionofnotrevealingenlistees’backgroundshavehelpedtosurroundtheForeignLegionwithanauraofmysteryandromance.74“fornine-tenthsofthepeopletherealityoflifeisanendlessback-breakingstruggletowringalittlefoodoutofansoil.”wringsthfrom/outofsb:toforceorpersuadesomeonetogiveyousomethingLifeisveryhardfor90%ofthepeople.Theycanproducealittlefoodonthepoorsoilonlywithhardbackbreakingtoil.75Whatkindofpeople,accordingtothewriter,arepartlyinvisible?Whydoeshestressthispoint?Thewhitepeopletaketheirownpresumedsuperioritysomuchforgrantedandit’ssodeepwithinthemthattheyliterallydon’tevenseethewretchedpeopleofthethirdworld.76Para.18

“mostofMoroccoissodesolate…----barren;(ofaplace)inaruinedandneglectedstate1.Ifsthisdesolate,itisemptyofpeopleandlackingincomfort.2.Ifsb.isdesolate,hefeelsverysad,lonelyandwithouthope.Theforestwasleftdesolatebythefire.Afterthewarthetownwasadesolateplace.Shehasbeendesolatesincelosingherjob.77Longlinesofwomen,bentdoublelikeinvertedcapitalLs.Para1878Theploughisawretchedwoodenthing,

wretched---poorinquality,veryinferior798081Para.18Thisisasmuch…equaltoTheanimalsyokedtotheploughhadjustenoughstrengthtoploughthesoiltoadepthofaboutfourinches.Theycouldnotmakedeeperfurrows.8283getattoreachMarrakechisverydry.Evenatadepthof30or40feetthereisonlybutatrickleofwater.84WhatdoesPara.18describe?Para.18describestheprimitivewayoffarminginMarrakech,anotherpictureofpovertyandbackwardnessoftheplace.85Sect.6(para19--21)

themiserablelifeofwomenPara.19Allofthemaremummifiedwithageandthesun,andallofthemaretiny.mummified---thinandwithered,lookinglikeamummy

Yearsofhardlifeandheatofthetropicalsunhavedriedupthewomenhere,sothattheylooklikemummies.Theyshrinktothesizeofchildren.

86Para.19Istoppedherandputafive-soupiece…whichwaspartlygratitudebutmainlysurprise.Whywastheoldwomansurprisedwhenthewritergaveherafive-soupiece?87Isupposethat…Theauthorgavetheoldwomanalittlemoney.Theresponsewasashrillwailforshewasgreatlysurprised.Theoldwomanwasfullyaccustomedtohermiserableexistenceandtonotbeingtakennoticeofbyanyone,soshealmostconsideredtheauthortobedoingsomethingunnaturalbygivingherthemoney.88Sheacceptedherstatusasanoldwoman,thatistosayasabeastofburden.Shetookitforgrantedthatasanoldwomanshewasthelowestinthecommunity,thatshewasonlyfitfordoingheavyworklikeananimal.89St.Bernarddog圣伯納犬a(chǎn)largestrongdog,originallyfromSwitzerland,whereitwastrainedtohelpfindpeoplewhowerelostinthesnow90Mule919293para.20

Whydoestheauthorexpatiateonthemiserablefateofthedonkeys?Toarousethereaders’sympathyandanger.Aretheiranysimilaritiesbetweenthedonkeysandtheoldwomen?Whatarethey?DonkeyandWomanBothareoverloaded.Botharewillingcreatures.Botharesmall.Bothareill-treated.Bothhaveanmiserableend.Comparison

94Para.21

Peoplewithbrownskinsarenextdoortoinvisible.

----almost,thesameassth;almostasgood/badassth;nearly;almostThesebrown-skinnedpeoplearealmostinvisible.95Contrast

DonkeyandWomanVisibleInvisibleImplication---Womenareworsetreated.96Sect.7(para22--26)

ConclusionAsymbolicconclusion:Thementalityofthecolonizedandthesecretfearofthewhitecolonialistsandimperialiststheauthor’sviewofthementalityofthecolonialpeople;secretfearcherishedbythewhite;97Para.22AsthestorksflewnorthwardtheNegroesweremarchingsouthward--along,dustycolumn,infantry,screw-gun

batteries,andthenmoreinfantry,fourorfivethousandmeninall,windinguptheroadwithaclumpingofbootsandaclatterofironwheels.---akindofsmallcannon---movingslowlyfollowingthetwistingandturningroad---2onomatopoeicwordsdescribingthesoundofbootsandironwheels(Onomatopoeiaisafigureofspeechinwhichwordsareusedtoimitatethenaturalsounds.)A

contrastbetweenglitteringwhitebirds(whitecolonialists)andearth-boundblacks98TheywereSenegaleseSenegal:RepublicofSenegal(塞內(nèi)加爾)

Capital—Dakar(達