藥理導(dǎo)論詳解演示文稿

藥理導(dǎo)論詳解演示文稿當(dāng)前1頁，總共40頁。（優(yōu)選）藥理導(dǎo)論當(dāng)前2頁，總共40頁。WhatisthePharmacology?研究藥物和機(jī)體（包括病原體）相互作用的規(guī)律及其原理的一門科學(xué),也是一門實(shí)踐科學(xué)，主要研究藥效學(xué)和藥動(dòng)學(xué)。當(dāng)前3頁，總共40頁。

HistoryofPharmacologyWhataredrugs？

用于防治或診斷疾病的物質(zhì)能影響機(jī)體器官生理功能和/或細(xì)胞代謝活動(dòng)的化學(xué)物質(zhì)與毒物沒有本質(zhì)的區(qū)別無藥不毒!當(dāng)前4頁，總共40頁。Variousmixturesofplantandanimalsubstanceswereusedtotreatsickness.Bytheendofthe18thcentury,itwaspossibletoisolateactiveingredientsfromcrudedrugsandsynthesizechemicalcompoundsthatproducedpredictablebiologicresults

HistoryofPharmacology當(dāng)前5頁，總共40頁。

HistoryofPharmacologyMorphinewasextractedfromopiumin1806AspirinwasdevelopedbyBayerCompanyin1899當(dāng)前6頁，總共40頁。

HistoryofPharmacologyInthe20thcentury,explosiveadvancesinthefieldofpharmacologyoccurred.InsulinANSdrugsAntibioticsandantineoplasticsGeneticallyengineereddrugs當(dāng)前7頁，總共40頁。DevelopmentofPharmacology

由器官水平→細(xì)胞水平→分子水平多學(xué)科發(fā)展：心血管藥理學(xué)生殖藥理學(xué)免疫藥理學(xué)分子藥理學(xué)腫瘤藥理學(xué)時(shí)辰藥理學(xué)精神神經(jīng)藥理學(xué)臨床藥理學(xué)等分支學(xué)科當(dāng)前8頁，總共40頁。藥理學(xué)的內(nèi)容Pharmacokinatics（藥代學(xué)）Pharmacodynamics（藥效學(xué)）當(dāng)前9頁，總共40頁。研究在藥物作用下機(jī)體生命活動(dòng)過程的變化規(guī)律，即藥物對(duì)機(jī)體的作用PharmacodynamicsPharmacokinatics研究機(jī)體對(duì)進(jìn)入體內(nèi)的藥物的處置規(guī)律，即藥物的體內(nèi)過程當(dāng)前10頁，總共40頁。Pharmacodynamics藥物作用：治療效應(yīng)對(duì)因治療和對(duì)癥治療急則治其標(biāo)，緩則治其本不良反應(yīng)副作用毒性作用過敏反應(yīng)繼發(fā)反應(yīng)后遺效應(yīng)當(dāng)前11頁，總共40頁。參與或干擾細(xì)胞代謝影響生理物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)影響酶的活性影響膜上離子通道影響核酸代謝影響免疫功能激活或阻斷受體Actingmechanismsofdrugs當(dāng)前12頁，總共40頁。Actingmechanismofdrugandreceptor

Receptor：細(xì)胞膜上或細(xì)胞內(nèi)的特殊蛋白組分，能識(shí)別周圍環(huán)境中某種微量化學(xué)物質(zhì)，首先與之結(jié)合，并通過中介的信息轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)與放大系統(tǒng)，觸發(fā)相應(yīng)的生理反應(yīng)或藥理效應(yīng).當(dāng)前13頁，總共40頁。Classificationofreceptors

腎上腺素受體、膽堿受體、多巴胺受體、糖皮質(zhì)激素受體等?？缒ぜっ富钚允荏w、G蛋白耦聯(lián)受體、離子通道受體、胞內(nèi)受體（核受體）Na+Na+Inthisfigure,thesubunitisomittedGate當(dāng)前14頁，總共40頁。ReceptorBinding–

“KeyinLock”Mode當(dāng)前15頁，總共40頁。Drug-ReceptorInteractions

k1k2DrugReceptorEffectDrug-ReceptorComplexLigand-bindingdomainEffectordomain當(dāng)前16頁，總共40頁。ReceptorProteinsTypesofreceptor-effectorlinkage.(R,receptor;G,G-protein;E,enzyme;ACh,acetylcholine.)

當(dāng)前17頁，總共40頁。藥物的藥理效應(yīng)與劑量在一定范圍內(nèi)成正相關(guān)關(guān)系以效應(yīng)為縱坐標(biāo)，藥物濃度為橫坐標(biāo)所作的曲線如將濃度取對(duì)數(shù)值，曲線為典型的對(duì)稱“S”型.

量效關(guān)系量效曲線當(dāng)前18頁，總共40頁。量反應(yīng)量效曲線ECminEC50EmaxPotencyEfficacy當(dāng)前19頁，總共40頁。質(zhì)反應(yīng)量效曲線累加量效曲線

EDminED50

TD50

LD50頻數(shù)分布曲線當(dāng)前20頁，總共40頁。動(dòng)物：TI=LD50/ED50臨床：TI=TD50/ED50治療指數(shù)(TherapeuticIndex,TI)

安全范圍(SafetyMargin,SM)動(dòng)物：SM＝ED95→LD5的距離臨床：SM＝ED95→TD5的距離

當(dāng)前21頁，總共40頁。%RespondingDoseTherapeuticandToxicEffect當(dāng)前22頁，總共40頁。DrugSafety–ThearapeuticWindowVERYVERYIMPORTANTCONCEPT.THISALSOAFFECTSDOSE.當(dāng)前23頁，總共40頁。PharmacokinaticsAbsorption–takenintothebodyDistribution–movedintotissuesMetabolized–changedsocanbeexcreted(biotransformation),butnotall.Excreted–removedfromthebody＊Briefly!當(dāng)前24頁，總共40頁。DISTRIBUTION當(dāng)前25頁，總共40頁。RouteofdrugadministrationAccordingtothedrug’sPropertiesandthetherapeuticobjectives,therearethreetypesofrouteEnteralParenteralOtherOralSublingualRectalIntravascularIntravenousintra-arteriallyIntramuscularSubcutaneousInhalationIntranasalIntrathecal/IntraventricularTopicalTransdermal當(dāng)前26頁，總共40頁。DrugDistributionHowdrug,onceabsorbed,getstotissuesandfluidsofthebodyDependsonseveralfactorsBloodflowSolubility(cellpermeability)BloodBrainBarrierProteinBinding(血漿蛋白結(jié)合)當(dāng)前27頁，總共40頁。BloodBrainBarrier當(dāng)前28頁，總共40頁。DrugMETABOLISMReactionof

drugmetabolisminLiverDrugsEnzymesPhaseIPhaseIIExcretionIncreasingpolarizationOxidation,Reduction,Hydrolysis(Active,Unchange,Inactive)Conjugation(Inactive)DirectlyUnchanged當(dāng)前29頁，總共40頁。Biotransformation(Metabolism)當(dāng)前30頁，總共40頁。DrugEXCRETIONBrowmann’scapsuleAfferentarteriolefromrenalarteryEfferentarteriolefromglomerulusGlomerulusProximaltubulePeritubularcapillariesDistaltubuleCollectingductLoopofHenleBranchofrenalveinDescendinglimbAscendinglimbVasarecta當(dāng)前31頁，總共40頁。Time-concentrationandtime-effectrelationshipofdrugs

當(dāng)前32頁，總共40頁。Theplasmaconcentration-timecurvefollowingasingleoraldoseofformulationA,BandC.Theextentsofabsorptionofthethreeformulationaresimilar(i.e.,theareaofAUCissimilar).Buttherateofabsorptiondiffers.TherateofabsorptionofformulationAisthefastest;therateofabsorptionofformulationCistheslowest;therateofabsorptionofformulationBisbetweenAandC.當(dāng)前33頁，總共40頁。

傳出神經(jīng)藥理常用藥物藥理當(dāng)前34頁，總共40頁。傳出神經(jīng)對(duì)內(nèi)臟器官的調(diào)節(jié)作用當(dāng)前35頁，總共40頁。Questions:通過上圖可見，假如迷走神經(jīng)過度興奮，出現(xiàn)胃部痙攣引起胃痙攣時(shí)，你如何用藥物緩解？

假如對(duì)支配心臟的交感神經(jīng)過度興奮時(shí)，心跳的很快（180次/分），你如何用藥來治療？當(dāng)前36頁，總共40頁。藥物分類

擬膽堿藥物抗膽堿藥物擬腎上腺素藥物：

α受體激動(dòng)藥β受體激動(dòng)藥

抗腎上腺素藥物：

α受體阻斷藥β受體阻斷藥

當(dāng)前37頁，總共40頁。

中樞神經(jīng)藥理

鎮(zhèn)靜催眠藥

巴比妥類苯二氮卓類

抗癲癇和抗驚厥藥

抗精神失常藥

抗精神病藥抗抑郁藥抗躁狂藥當(dāng)前38頁，總共40頁。中樞神經(jīng)藥理

抗帕金森病藥

擬多巴胺藥中樞抗膽堿藥多巴受體激動(dòng)藥

鎮(zhèn)痛藥