英語語言學試卷精粹及答案10套題

--有答案的第一部分選擇題41、Explainhowtheinventoryofsoundscanchange,givingexamplesinEnglishforillustration.42、Brieflydiscussindividualfactorswhichaffectacquisitionofasecondlanguage.英語語言試題（2）五、論述(每小題10分共20分36.Paraphraseeachofthefollowingsentencesintwodifferentwaysshowthesyntacticrulesaccountfortheambiguityofsentences.(1)Theshootingofthehuntersmightbeterrible.(2)Hesawyoungmenandwomenpresent.(3)Theyweresurprisedthepresident'sappointment.37.Decidethemeaningofthefollowingaffixesandgiveeachaffixtwoexamples.re---

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--un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age英語語言試題（3）Ⅴ.Answerthefollowingquestions.(10%2=20%)41.Explainwithexamplesthreeofphone,andallophone,andalsotheyarerelated.英語語言試題（5）五、論述(第、42小題各7分，第43小題6分，共20分)41.Underwhatconditionswilltwosoundsbeassignedtothesamephoneme?42.Forthefollowingsentence,drawatreediagramtorevealunderlyingstructure.--

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--Thegirlateorange.43.thepassagefromShakespeare’sHAMLETbelowcarefullyandidentifydifferenceinexpressionbetweenElizabethanandModernEnglishthatisevident.King:WhereisPolonius?Hamlet:Inheaven,Sendthithertosee.Ifyourmessengerfindnotthere,seekhimi’theotherplaceyourself.Butindeed,ifyoufindhimnotwithinthismonth,youshallnoseasyougothestairsintothelobby.ActSceneiii英語語言試題（6）41.Thephonologicalfeaturesthatabovelevelofindividualsoundsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures.Discussthemainsuprasegmentalfeatures,illustratingexampleshowtheyfunctioninthedistinctionmeaning.42.Explainandgiveexamplestoshowinwhatwaycomponentialanalysisistotheanalysisofphonemesintodistinctivefeatures.--

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--英語語言試題（7）五、論述（每小題10分，共20分）1.CommentonthefollowingconversationtermsofGrice’CooperativePrinciple:A:Where’veyoubeen?B:Out.2.Analysefollowingwordsandshowhowmanymorphemeseachofthemcontains:specialize,indisputable,individualistic,downfall,unexceptionableness,ungentlemanliness(每個語素0.5分英語語言試題（8）語言學試)41.Whywesaytreediagramsaremoreadvantageousandinformativethanlinearstructureinanalyzingtheconstituent--

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--relationshipamonglinguisticelements?Supportyourstatementwithexamples.42.Describetheprocessoflanguageperception,comprehensionandproduction英語語言試題（9）語言學試及參考答案41.ExplainsociologicaltriggerslanguagechangebygivingatypicalexampleinthehistoryofEnglish.42.Explainbrieflythefourindividuallearnerfactorsthataffectlearner'sacquisitionasecondlanguage.語言學試參考答案一、單項選擇題（大題共10小題，每小題2分，共20分）1、C23、D45、B7、B、C、A10、D二、填空題（本大題10小題，每小題1分，共10分）11、bilabial13、sentence15、--

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--complete16representatives17、coinage18、delete19critical20、interlanguage三、判斷改錯題（本大題10小題，每小題2分，共20分）21、FActuallymodernlinguisticslaysmoreemphasisonspokenformoflanguagethanthewrittenformforanumberofreasons.22、FdistinguishesmeaningEnglishnotin23、FThemeaningofsomewordshasnothingtodowiththesumtotalofthemeaningsoftheircomponents,suchasthecompound"redcoat".24、FApartfromSandC,theyalsorefertoaword,oraphrasethatperformsaparticulargrammaticalfunction.25、FDialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundnotonlyindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmerican--

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--butalsowithinthevarietyitself.Forexample,withinBritishEnglish,"girl"iscalled"lassie"inScottishdialect,and"liquor"iscalled"whishey"inIrishdialect.26、T27、T28、FTheyhavefairlyclearfairlyclearfunctionaldifferentiation,i.e.onelanguagemaybeusedinsomedomains,otherlanguageinotherdomains.29、FThetruestatementis"AccordingtothestrongversionoftheSapir-Whorfhypothesis,languagedeterminesspeakers'andpatternstheirwayoflife"30、T四、名詞解釋（本大題共10題，每小題3分，共30）31、Oneofthemajordefiningfeaturesofhumanlanguage.Humanlanguageconsistsoftwolevels.Atthelowerlevel,therearealimitednumberofsoundswhicharemeaninglesswhileatthehigherlevelthereareanunlimitednumberofcombinationsofthesesounds.Itisalsoknownasdoublearticulation.--

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--32、Linguisticsthatstudieslanguageoveraperiodoftime,alsoknownashistoricallinguistics,e.g.thestudyoftheChineselanguagesinceoftheQingdynastyuptothepresent.33、Awaytranscribespeechsounds.Thebasicprincipleistooneletterindicatesound.Itisgenerallyusedindictionariesandlanguageteachingtextbooks.34rulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofstemtoformanewword,e.g.-lycanbeaddedtoanounformanadjective.35、arewriterulethatallowsthepossiblecombinationsofwordsformphrasesandsentences36、Relationalopposites,akindofantonyms,refertopairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitems.example,"husband"and"wife","father"and"son"etc.37、Componentialanalysisawayproposedbythestructural--

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--semanticiststoanalyzewordmeaning.Theapproachisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.Forexample,theword"man"isanalyzedascomprisingof+HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Contextisregardedasconstitutedbyallofknowledgeassumedtobesharedbythespeakerandthehearer,example,theknowledgeofthelanguageusedandtheknowledgeoftheworld,includingthegeneralknowledgeabouttheworldandthespecificknowledgeaboutthesituationinwhichlinguisticcommunicationtakingplace.39、Aeuphemismamild,indirectorlessoffensivewordorexpressionthatreplacesataboowordtomoredirectwordingthatmightbeharsh,unpleasantlydirect,oroffensive,e.g."passaway"for"die".40、Brainlateralizationreferstothelocalizationofcognitiveandperceptualfunctionsinaparticularhemisphereofthebrain.Forexample,therighthemisphereprocessesstimulimoreholisticallyandthelefthemispheremoreanalytically.In--

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--mostpeople,lefthemispherehasprimaryresponsibilityforlanguage,whiletherighthemispherecontrolsvisualandspatialskills.五、論述題（本大題2小，每小題10分，共20分）41inventoryofsoundscanchange,andsoundchangesincludechangesinvowelsounds,soundsoundaddition,andsoundmovement.1)Vowelsoundchange:Englishhasundergonetheandregularchangeinthevowelsounds,knownastheGreatVowelshiftwhichoccurredattheendoftheMiddleEnglishperiodandwhichinvolvedsevenlong,orvowels.Thesechangesledtooneofthemajordiscrepanciesbetweenthephonemicrepresentationsofwordsandmorphemes,i.e.betweenandthespellingsystemofModernEnglish,e.g.five/fi:v/(MiddleEnglish)→/faiv/(ModernEnglish)2)loss:Soundscanchangebythelossphonemes.InthehistoryofEnglishthevelarfricative/x/waslost.ThissoundexistedinOldEnglish,so"night"waspronouncedas/nixt/,butinModernEnglish,is/nait/.3)Soundaddition:Soundadditionincludesthegainor--

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--insertionofasound.Forexample,thewordleisurewasborrowedfromFrench,sothe/3/wasaddedtoinventoryofEnglishsounds.Achangethatinvolvestheinsertionofaconsonantorvowelsoundtothemiddleofawordknownasepenthesis,e.g.spinle--spindle.4)Soundmovement:Soundchangeasaresultofsoundmovementknownasinvolvesareversalinpositionofadjoiningsoundsegments.islesscommon,butitdoesexist.somedialectsofEnglish,forexample,thewordaskispronounced/?ks/.Also,bridd("bird")isanOldEnglishword.Whenmetathesisoccurredtothisword,themovement/r/soundtotherightofthevowelsoundresultedinitsModernEnglishcounterpart"bird".評分標準：滿分為10，總論及四小點各占2分。42Theacquisitionofasecondlanguageisdependentonacombinationfactors.TheandultimatesuccessSLAareaffectedonlybylearners'experiencewithinputandinstruction,butalsobyindividuallearnerfactors.ThelearnerfactorsthathavecapturedtheattentionofSLAresearchersincludeage,motivation,acculturation,andpersonality:1)AgeTheoptimumageSLAdoesnotalwaysaccordwith--

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--themaximof"theyoungerthebetter."ButithasbeendemonstratedthatadolescentsarequickerandmoreeffectiveL2learnersthanyoungchildren.TheearlyteenagersaregoodL2learnersbecausetheirflexibilityofthelanguageacquisitionfacultyhasnotbeencompletelylostandcognitiveskillshavedevelopedconsiderablytofacilitatetheprocessingoflinguisticfeaturesofanewlanguage.2)MotivationAdultsaremotivatedtolearnasecondlanguagebecauseofacommunicativeneed.Iflearnershavestronginstrumentalneedtolearnsecondlanguageorhaveastronginterestinthewayoflifeofnativespeakersofthelanguagetheyarelearning,theyaremostlikelytosucceed.3)AcculturationThemorealearneraspirestoacculturatetothecommunityofthetargetlanguage,thefurtherheorwillprogressalongthedevelopmentalcontinuum.4)PersonalityThegenerallyoutgoingadultlearnerslearnmorequicklyandthereforearemoresuccessfulthanthegenerallyreservedones.英語語言試題（2）參考答案--

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--一、單項選擇題小題2分，共20分1.B2.D3.D4.D5.B6.A7.B8.C9.A10.B二、填空題每空分，共分11.wordsquestion12.socialgroups13.sentencemeaning14.polyglot15.voicelessvoicedvoiced三、判斷說明題小題2分，共20分16.T17.F(Senseandreference…18.F(scientificstudyoflanguage)19.F(finite…)20.F(diachronic)21.F(nojudgement)22.T23.T24.F(morpheme)25.F(oneoftheparts)四、名詞解釋(每小3分共分26.Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgeneral--

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--linguistics.27.Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments.28.Thebaseformofaword;theexistingformtowhichaderivationalaffixcanadded.29.Thesentencestructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsandshowssyntacticcategoriesofeachstructuralconstituent,suchasNPandVP.30.Thewordsofalanguagearelabelsoftheobjectstheystandalinguisticislinkedthroughconceptstowhatitrefersto.31.Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalseorwithoutadequateevident;Avoidobscurityofexpressionandambiguity,bebriefandorderly.32.Aprocessofforminganewwordcombiningpartsotherwords.33.Avarietyoflanguagesusedasocialclass.34.Thoughtitisclosetolanguage.35.Acomparativeproceduretoestablishlinguisticdifferencesbetweenlanguagesforteachingpurposes.五、論述題每小題10共分36.(1)thehuntersareshooting;thehuntersshot;--

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--(2)youngmenandyoungwomen;youngmenand(notyoung)women(3)thepresidentothers;thepresidentisappointed.37.re-:again,e.g.retype,reorganizeun-:not,reverse,e.g.unhappy,anti-:against,anti-drug,anti-imperialismsuper-greaterthanusual,e.g.superpower,supermaninmannerof,e.g.clockwise,moneywise-itis:infection.e.g.bronchitis,arthritis-ize:makeinto,e.g.realize,modernize-age:eage,linkage英語語言試題（8）語言學試題參考答案一、單項擇題(本大題共10小題，每小題2分共20分1.A2.A3.B4.C5.D6.A7.B8.C9.D10.A二、填空(本大題共10小題，每小題分，共10分)11.plementary13.root14.plementary16.utterance--

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--17.metathesis18.bilingualism19.lateralization20.transfer三、判斷錯題(本大題共10小題，每小題2分共20分21.FThecontraryistrue.Thewritingsystemisalwaysalaterinvention.22.T23.FSomecompoundscontainmorethantwowords.24.T25.FItisfalsebecauselinguisticformswithsamereferencemightdifferinsense.Acaseinpointisthetwoexpressions"morningand"eveningstar."Theyrefertothesamestarbutdifferin26.T27.FThedivisionofEnglishintoOldEnglish,MiddleEnglish,andModernEnglishisconventionalandsomewhatarbitrary.28.T--

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--29.T30.FChildrenfirstacquirethesoundsfoundinalllanguagesoftheworld,matterwhatlanguagetheyareexposedto,andinlaterstagesacquire"moredifficult"sounds.四、名詞釋題(本大題共10小題，每小題3分共30分31.Oneofthemajordefiningfeaturesofhumanlanguage.Humansarebornwithabilitytoacquirealanguage,butdifferentanimals,theactualuseofhumanlanguageisnotgeneticallytransmitted,ratheritisculturallytransmitted,i.e.ithasbetaughtandlearnt.32.Thelimitedrangeofsoundsthatareusedinhumanlanguagecommunication,i.e.thespeechsounds.isafeatureofsomesounds.Itiscausedbythevibrationofthevocalcords.34.Inflectionalmorphemesaremorphemesthatareusedtoindicatethegrammatrcalrelationsandcategories,suchas-ed,-(e)s,-estinEnglish.35.Referenceiswhatalinguisticformreferstointherealworld;itisamattertherelationshipbetweentheformandthe--

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--reality.For,ifsay,"Thedogbarking,"wemustbetalkingaboutacertaindogknowntoboththespeakerandthehearerinthesituation.Theactualdogtheword"dog"referstointhisparticularsituationisthereferenceoftheword"dog".36.Locutionaryactreferstotheofutteringwords,phrases,andclauses.Itisactofconveyingliteralbymeanssyntax,lexiconandphonology.Forexample,by"Youhaveleftthedoorwideopen",thelocutionaryactperformedbythespeakeristhathehasutteredthewordsandexpressedwhatthewordsliterallymean.37.Aprotolanguageistheoriginalformofalanguagefamilythathasceasedtoexist.Theformcanbebyidentifyingandcomparingsimilarlinguisticformswithsimilarmeaningsrelatedlanguages.38.Anethnicdialectisasocialdialectofalanguage,oftencuttingacrossregionaldifferences.Itisspokenmainlybyalessprivilegedpopulationthathasexperiencedsomeformofsocialisolation,suchasracialdiscriminationorsegregation.39.Registersarelanguagevarietiesappropriateforuseinparticularspeechsituations,incontrasttolanguagevarietiesthatareassociatedwiththesocialorregionalgroupingoftheircustomaryusers.Forthisreason,registersarealsoknownas--

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--situationaldialects.40.Acculturationreferstoaprocessadaptingtothecultureandvaluesystemthesecondlanguagecommunity.五、論述(本大題共小，每小題10分，共20分)41.Inadditiontorevealingalinearorder,aconstituentstructuretreehasahierarchicalstructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoryofeachstructuralconstituent,andconsequentlyisbelievedtomosttruthfullyillustratetheconstituentrelationshipamonglinguisticelements.Forexample,thephrase"theoldmenandwomen"mayhavetwointerpretations,i.e.theadjective"oldmodifythenoun"men",orthefollowingtwonouns"menandwomen".Linearorderanalysiscannottellthisdifference,soitisambiguous.Whereas,theconstituenttreediagramsanalysiscanmakethisdifferenceclear.So,wesaytreediagramsaremoreadvantageousandinformativethanlinearstructureanalysis.NPNP--

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--NPNPNPNPTheoldmenandthewomentheoldmenandthewomen42.Fromtheperspectiveofpsycholinguisticanalysis,languageusetermsofperception,comprehensionandproductionfollowsacertainpatternwhichinvolvesthecoordinationofvariouslanguagecenters.Whenwespeak,wordsaredrawnfromWernicke'sareaandtransferredtoarea,whichdeterminesdetailsoftheirformandpronunciation.Theappropriateinstructionsarethensenttothemotorareawhichcontrolsthevocaltracttophysicallyarticulatewords.Whenwehearsomethingandtrytocomprehendit,thefromtheauditorycortextransmittedtoWernicke'sarea,whereitistheninterpreted.Whenweperceiveavisualimage,amessagesenttothegyrus,whereitisconvertedintoavisualpattern.--

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--英語語言試題（9）參考答案一、單項選擇題（本題共10小，每小題2分，共20分）12345679B10

二、填空（本大題共10題每小題1共10分1112、sequential13、free14、coordinate15、semantics16、Cooperative171820Interlanguage

三、判斷改錯題（本題共10小題，每小題2分，共20分）2122thereanessentialdifferencebetweentheconsonantsandthevowels,i.e.thereissomekindofobstructionofairinproductionoftheformer,butthereisintheproductionofthelatter,itisimpossibletousethesamecriteriatheirclassification.23cannotalwaystellbythewordsacompoundcontainswhatitmeansbecausethemeaningofacompoundisnottheofthemeaningofitsparts.2425conceptualistviewholdsthatthere--

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--nodirectlinkbetweenasymbolanditsreferent,i.e.betweenlanguageandtherealworld;rather,intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinmind.26）27）Infirstlanguageacquisitionchildren'sgrammarnevermodelsexactlyafterthegrammarofadultlanguage,becausechildrenusuallyconstructtheirpersonalgrammarsthemselvesandgeneralizerulesfromlinguisticinformationtheyhear.282930andcorrectionarenotkeyfactorsinchildlanguagedevelopment.Linguistshavefoundthatforthevastmajorityofchildren,developmentoccursspontaneouslyandrequireslittleconsciousinstruction.Instructionandcorrectionjustplayaminorrole.四、名詞解釋題（本題共10題，每小題3分，共30分）31thatstudieslanguageatoneparticularpointoftime,e.g.thestudyofthekindofEnglishusedduringShakespeare'stime.32、Oneofthemajordefiningfeaturesofhumanlanguage.Humanlanguageisnotrestrictedbythe'here'and'now'asanimalcommunicationis;wevirtuallytalkaboutwewant,includingwhathappenedinthepast,whatisgoingto--

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--happeninthefuture,whatisnotexistentintheimmediatesurroundingsandevenweimagine.33、Apairofsoundcombinationsareidenticalinwayexceptsound,e.g./pit//bit/.34、Affixesaddedtoanexistingformtocreateanewword,e.g.in-,-er35、Syntaxisasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructurelanguage,anditconsistsofasetofrulesthatallowwordstobecombinedwithotherwordstoformgrammaticalsentences.36transferisaphenomenonthatL2learnerssubconsciouslyusetheirL1knowledgeintheirlearning37、Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamorespecificwordandamoregeneral,moreinclusiveword.Theformerisincludedinthelatter.example,catishyponymofanimal.meaningreferstotheintrinsicpropertyofthesentenceitselfintermsofapredication.Itisabstractanddecontextualized.example,semanticanalysisofthesentencemeaningof"Thebagisresultsintheone-placepredication(BEINGHEAVY).39、Alinguafrancaisavarietyoflanguagethatservesasmediumofcommunicationamonggroupsofpeopleofdiverse--

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--linguisticbackgrounds.Forthisreason,alinguafrancamustbeanagree-upon"commontongue"usedbypeoplethrownintosocialcontactforvariouspurposes,suchasforsocialorcommercialpurposes.40、Cerebralcortexistheoutsidesurfaceofthebrain,thedecision-makingorganofthebody,receivingmessagesfromallsensoryorgansandinitiatingallvoluntaryactions.Manyofthecognitiveabilitiesthatdistinguishhumansfromothermammals,suchassophisticatedreasoning,linguisticskills,andmusicalability,arebelievedtoresideinthecortex.五、論述題（本大題2小題，每小題10分，共20分）41triggersforlanguagechangerefertosuchradicalsocio-politicalchangesaswars,invasions,occupation,colonialization,andlanguageandstandardizationpolicies.AtypicalexampleinthehistoryofEnglishtheNormanConquest,militaryeventthatmarkedthedawningoftheMiddleEnglishperiod.ThismeansthatMiddleEnglishbeganwiththearrivaloftheNormanFrenchinvadersinEnglishundertheConquerorin1066.AndforaboutacenturyandahalfaftertheNormanConquest,Frenchremainedasthelanguageoftherulingclass,asfarasliteratureandadministrationwereconcerned.MiddleEnglishwasinfluencedbyNorman--

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--Frenchinvocabularyandgrammar.Forexample,suchtermsas"army,""court,""defense,""faith,""prison"and"tax"camefromthelanguagetheFrenchrulers.評分標準：滿分10分，中定義占3分典型例子占5分詞占分。42Thefourmainindividuallearnerfactorsthataffectlearner'sL2acquisitionare:age,2)motivation,acculturation,4)personality.TheoptimalageforL2acquisitionisearlyteenage.Motivationreferstothelearner'soverallgoalororientation.Therearetwotypesmotivation：instrumentalmotivationandintegrativemotivation.formeroc