溫因子的生態(tài)作用及生物的適應(yīng)

第I部分個體生態(tài)學(xué)(autecology)Chap2.TemperatureasanecologicalfactorMacroclimateinteractswiththelocallandscapetoproducemicroclimate.MostspeciesperformbestinafairlynarrowrangeoftemperatureManyorganismshaveevolvewaystocompensateforvariationsinenvironmentbyregulatingbodytemperatureManyorganismssurviveextremetemeraturesbyenteringarestingstage現(xiàn)在是1頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三Case1.MicroclimatesMacroclimate

iswhatweatherstationsreport.

Microclimate

isclimatevariationonasmallscale.

Vegetationonnorth–andsouth-facingslopes現(xiàn)在是2頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三Plantheight,canopysize,andcoveraffectmicroclimate

Desertshrubsandmicroclimate現(xiàn)在是3頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三現(xiàn)在是4頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三WhitesandBlacksandColoroftheGround現(xiàn)在是5頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三PresenceofBouldersandBurrows

Microclimatesunderstones現(xiàn)在是6頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三AquaticTempPhysicsofwater,riparianvegetationMicroclimateinaquaticenvironmentsriffle:淺灘reed：蘆葦現(xiàn)在是7頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三Case2：TemperatureandperformanceoforganismsEnzymeactivity(a)TemperatureandperformanceatthemolecularlevelEnzyme-substrateaffinity(親和力）乙酰膽堿酯酶鮭魚現(xiàn)在是8頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三(b)Extremetemperatureandphotosynthesis現(xiàn)在是9頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三（C）Developmentand

TemperatureAnlinearrelationshipisexhibitedbetweenratesofgrowth

and

developmentofwholeorganismsandtemperatureinmostofectotherms.AprotistEggofabeetle現(xiàn)在是10頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三Eggtoadultdevelopmentinamite24.22days8.18daysOrganismsrequireacombinationoftimeandtemperature–‘physiologicaltime’tocompleteacertainstageofdevelopment.K＝N（T–C）K－積溫常數(shù)(daydegrees);N－Developmenttime(day);T－Temperature(℃);C－Threshold發(fā)育起點（閾值）溫度(℃);

有效積溫法則－變溫動物完成一定發(fā)育時期所需熱量是一個常數(shù)現(xiàn)在是11頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三公式假定：Assumptionsoftheequation（1）Thereisalinearrelationshipbetweendevelopmentrateandtemperature;（2）Developmentisonlyaffectedbytemperature；（3）Temperatureisconstant.Applicationsoftheequation:（1）Predictingpotentialdistributionoforganisms.（2）Predictingemergenceofacertainstageoforganisms現(xiàn)在是12頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三Temperature-sizeruleTheratesofgrowthanddevelopmentdeterminethefinalsizeofanorganism.Iftheresponsesofgrowthanddevelopmenttovariationsintemperaturearenotthesame,temperaturewillaffectfinalsize.Infact,developmentusuallyincreasesmorerapidlywithtemperaturethandoesgrowth,suchthatfinalsizetendstodecreasewithrearingtemperature,forawiderangeoforganisms.RatestemperatureDevelopmentGrowthsize現(xiàn)在是13頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三Blackbeanaphidat15℃Blackbeanaphidsat30℃現(xiàn)在是14頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三（D）AdaptationstotemperatureAcclimation:Physiologicalchangesinresponsetoenvironmentalconditions

最佳溫度相差8℃Pearcy(1977)collectedcuttings(插條)ofaplantfromtheDeathValley,California,andplantedthemundertwodifferenttemperatures.Growingtemperatureandoptimaltempforphotosynthesis現(xiàn)在是15頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三TemperatureandBacterialactivityTemperatureandpopulationgrowthbyanantarcticbacterium（南極）（Morita，1975）Temperatureandpopulationgrowthbyahotspringbacterium（黃石公園溫泉）（Brock(1978)現(xiàn)在是16頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三CaseIII：Regulatingbodytemperature(A)BodytemperatureequationK.Schmidt-Nielsen(1983)：Hs＝Hm±Hcd±Hcv±Hr－HeHs－storage總熱量；Hm－metabolic新陳代謝；Hcd－conduct傳導(dǎo)；Hcv－convection對流；Hr－radiation輻射；He－evaporation蒸發(fā)

Manyorganismshaveevolvewaystocompensateforvariationsinenvironmentbyregulatingbodytemperature現(xiàn)在是17頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三生物與環(huán)境的熱交換傳導(dǎo)對流代謝輻射輻射蒸發(fā)現(xiàn)在是18頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三(B)植物的溫度調(diào)節(jié)

沙漠植物-如何降溫？

HeatexchangebyadesertplantHs＝Hm±Hcd±Hcv±Hr－

He現(xiàn)在是19頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三北極和高山墊狀植物的熱交換北極和高山植物——如何保溫？Hs=Hm+Hcd+Hcv+Hr－

He現(xiàn)在是20頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三現(xiàn)在是21頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三斯堪蒂納維亞植物體熱收支Growthformandtemperature(datafromFitterandHay,1987)現(xiàn)在是22頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三TropicalAlpinePlants

Littleannualvariationbutwidedailyfluctuationintemperature.Adaptation:1）Giantrosette(蓮座)growthform；2）Retainingdeadleaves；3）Densepubescence(絨毛）4)Retainingalargeamountoffluid.a.非洲Kilimajaro山上的千里光，b.南美Andes山現(xiàn)在是23頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三(C）TemperatureregulationbyectothermicanimalsTemperatureregulationbyalizardinthehighAndesLizard蜥蜴

—Afteranhourofsunbasking,asairtemperaturerisestoabout1.5℃,thebodytemperaturerisestoabout33℃,over30℃abovethatofthesurroundingair.Thevastmajorityofanimalsuseexternalsourcesofenergytoregulatebodytemperature.現(xiàn)在是24頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三蝗蟲Grasshopperstakethesunbaskingforheat,andprobablymore?

Bodytemperature(38-40℃)>airtemperature?透翅蝗CamnulapellucidaInArizonamountains現(xiàn)在是25頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三Currathurs’sstudy（續(xù)）Question：Canthegrasshopperincreasethebodytemperature?

Experiment:twogroupsofinsectswereraisedattwodifferenttemperatures.Thebodytemperaturewasmeasured,andcompared.現(xiàn)在是26頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三Currathurs’sstudy（續(xù)）溫度與蟲霉菌種群增長真菌數(shù)量（μlDoesthehighbodytemperaturesuppresspathogens?TemperatureandpopulationgrowthofEntomophagagrylli現(xiàn)在是27頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三Whatisthelimitationofthisstudy?

Howdoestemperatureaffectthepathogeninthefield?Exposureto40℃temperatureforasfewas4hourseachdaysignificantlyreducedthenumberofgrasshoppersdyingofEntomophagainfections.

現(xiàn)在是28頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三(e)TemperatureregulationbyendothermicanimalsEnvironmentaltemperatureandmetabolicrates

Whentheenvironmentaltemperatureisbeyondthethermalneutralzone,themetabolicratewillrapidlyincreasetotwo-threetimesrestingmetabolism.中溫區(qū)（thermalneutralzone):therangeofenvironmentaltemperatureoverwhichthemetabolicrateofahomeothermic(恒溫）animaldoesnotchange.指恒溫動物代謝速率保持恒定時的溫度范圍?，F(xiàn)在是29頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三溫度與北極和熱帶哺乳動物的中溫區(qū)Twogroupsofanimalsaredefinedbythedifferenceintheneutralthermalzones:tropicalspeciesandarcticspecies.

Sharedrange現(xiàn)在是30頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三AquaticbirdsandMammals水生鳥和水生哺乳動物

So,howtokeepheataswellasgetoxygenforendotherms?1）Usingair-breathingtogetoxygen,insteadofgill-breathing2）Bearingathicklayeroffatorfur.Appendages(附肢）areoutfittedwithcountercurrentheatexchangers(逆流交換系統(tǒng))

toreduceheatloss。1）Thecapacityofwatertoabsorbheatwithoutchangingtemperatureisca.3000timesthatofair；2）Butconductiveandconvectiveheatlosstowateraremuchmorerapidthantoair:over20timesfasterinstillwaterandupto100timesfasterinmovingwater.現(xiàn)在是31頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三Countercurrentheatexchanger現(xiàn)在是32頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三金槍魚體側(cè)肌肉中的逆流交換器WarmingtheSwimmingMusclesoflargemarineFish動脈靜脈現(xiàn)在是33頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三Watertemperatureandbodytemperatureofabluefintuna現(xiàn)在是34頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三WarmingInsectFlightMuscles昆蟲飛行肌加熱機制Doessphinxmothsregulationbodytemperaturethroughchangingmetabolicrate?(Adams&Heath,1964)現(xiàn)在是35頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三HawkmothHeinrichdidnotfindchangingofthemetabolicrateinresponsetovariationsintemperature.So,heproposedahypothesisthatsphinxmothsregulatebodytemperaturebychangingtheirratesofheatlosstotheenvironment.

現(xiàn)在是36頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三煙草天蛾的體溫調(diào)節(jié)和血液循環(huán)現(xiàn)在是37頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三思考題1蝴蝶是變溫動物，白天活動，從赤道雨林到北極都有分布，它們以曬太陽的方式提高體溫。那么，隨緯度的不同，它們用于曬太陽和飛行的時間比例會如何變化？蝴蝶曬太陽的時間會隨著每天溫度的變化而改變嗎？2有人在新疆塔城的嚴(yán)冬雪地里發(fā)現(xiàn)一種會飛的蛾子，你分析它的體色是什么顏色？為什么？為什么能在零下20多度的冬天飛翔？現(xiàn)在是38頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三東方臭甘藍(lán)－恒溫植物肉穗花序苞片主根(D)Temperatureregulationbythermogenicplants產(chǎn)熱植物

現(xiàn)在是39頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三氣溫與東方臭甘藍(lán)的代謝速率代謝率（用耗氧率表示）現(xiàn)在是40頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三ManyorganismssurviveextremetemperaturesbyenteringarestingstageCaseIV：SurvivingExtremetemperature(a)InactivityTigerbeetle現(xiàn)在是41頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三（B)ReducingMetabolicRateWhentouseTorpor蟄伏?Torporisastateoflowmetabolicrateandloweredbodytemperature.“Routinehypothesis”or“Emergency-onlyHypo”Howtotestthehypotheses?Hummingbird現(xiàn)在是42頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三Howtoknowwhetherhummingbirdsgointotorporatnight?Byweightinghummingbirdsjustbeforetheywenttotheirnightroosts(鳥窩),andthenagainintheearlymorning.現(xiàn)在是43頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三花蜜食物量與蟄伏狀態(tài)的關(guān)系Calder’sobservationsupportedthe‘Emergency-onlyHypothesis’.Hummingbirdsgointotorporwhen:(1)flowersarenotabundant；(2)foodinta