溫因子的生態(tài)作用及生物的適應

第I部分個體生態(tài)學(autecology)Chap2.TemperatureasanecologicalfactorMacroclimateinteractswiththelocallandscapetoproducemicroclimate.MostspeciesperformbestinafairlynarrowrangeoftemperatureManyorganismshaveevolvewaystocompensateforvariationsinenvironmentbyregulatingbodytemperatureManyorganismssurviveextremetemeraturesbyenteringarestingstage現在是1頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三Case1.MicroclimatesMacroclimate

iswhatweatherstationsreport.

Microclimate

isclimatevariationonasmallscale.

Vegetationonnorth–andsouth-facingslopes現在是2頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三Plantheight,canopysize,andcoveraffectmicroclimate

Desertshrubsandmicroclimate現在是3頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三現在是4頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三WhitesandBlacksandColoroftheGround現在是5頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三PresenceofBouldersandBurrows

Microclimatesunderstones現在是6頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三AquaticTempPhysicsofwater,riparianvegetationMicroclimateinaquaticenvironmentsriffle:淺灘reed：蘆葦現在是7頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三Case2：TemperatureandperformanceoforganismsEnzymeactivity(a)TemperatureandperformanceatthemolecularlevelEnzyme-substrateaffinity(親和力）乙酰膽堿酯酶鮭魚現在是8頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三(b)Extremetemperatureandphotosynthesis現在是9頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三（C）Developmentand

TemperatureAnlinearrelationshipisexhibitedbetweenratesofgrowth

and

developmentofwholeorganismsandtemperatureinmostofectotherms.AprotistEggofabeetle現在是10頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三Eggtoadultdevelopmentinamite24.22days8.18daysOrganismsrequireacombinationoftimeandtemperature–‘physiologicaltime’tocompleteacertainstageofdevelopment.K＝N（T–C）K－積溫常數(daydegrees);N－Developmenttime(day);T－Temperature(℃);C－Threshold發(fā)育起點（閾值）溫度(℃);

有效積溫法則－變溫動物完成一定發(fā)育時期所需熱量是一個常數現在是11頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三公式假定：Assumptionsoftheequation（1）Thereisalinearrelationshipbetweendevelopmentrateandtemperature;（2）Developmentisonlyaffectedbytemperature；（3）Temperatureisconstant.Applicationsoftheequation:（1）Predictingpotentialdistributionoforganisms.（2）Predictingemergenceofacertainstageoforganisms現在是12頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三Temperature-sizeruleTheratesofgrowthanddevelopmentdeterminethefinalsizeofanorganism.Iftheresponsesofgrowthanddevelopmenttovariationsintemperaturearenotthesame,temperaturewillaffectfinalsize.Infact,developmentusuallyincreasesmorerapidlywithtemperaturethandoesgrowth,suchthatfinalsizetendstodecreasewithrearingtemperature,forawiderangeoforganisms.RatestemperatureDevelopmentGrowthsize現在是13頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三Blackbeanaphidat15℃Blackbeanaphidsat30℃現在是14頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三（D）AdaptationstotemperatureAcclimation:Physiologicalchangesinresponsetoenvironmentalconditions

最佳溫度相差8℃Pearcy(1977)collectedcuttings(插條)ofaplantfromtheDeathValley,California,andplantedthemundertwodifferenttemperatures.Growingtemperatureandoptimaltempforphotosynthesis現在是15頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三TemperatureandBacterialactivityTemperatureandpopulationgrowthbyanantarcticbacterium（南極）（Morita，1975）Temperatureandpopulationgrowthbyahotspringbacterium（黃石公園溫泉）（Brock(1978)現在是16頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三CaseIII：Regulatingbodytemperature(A)BodytemperatureequationK.Schmidt-Nielsen(1983)：Hs＝Hm±Hcd±Hcv±Hr－HeHs－storage總熱量；Hm－metabolic新陳代謝；Hcd－conduct傳導；Hcv－convection對流；Hr－radiation輻射；He－evaporation蒸發(fā)

Manyorganismshaveevolvewaystocompensateforvariationsinenvironmentbyregulatingbodytemperature現在是17頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三生物與環(huán)境的熱交換傳導對流代謝輻射輻射蒸發(fā)現在是18頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三(B)植物的溫度調節(jié)

沙漠植物-如何降溫？

HeatexchangebyadesertplantHs＝Hm±Hcd±Hcv±Hr－

He現在是19頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三北極和高山墊狀植物的熱交換北極和高山植物——如何保溫？Hs=Hm+Hcd+Hcv+Hr－

He現在是20頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三現在是21頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三斯堪蒂納維亞植物體熱收支Growthformandtemperature(datafromFitterandHay,1987)現在是22頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三TropicalAlpinePlants

Littleannualvariationbutwidedailyfluctuationintemperature.Adaptation:1）Giantrosette(蓮座)growthform；2）Retainingdeadleaves；3）Densepubescence(絨毛）4)Retainingalargeamountoffluid.a.非洲Kilimajaro山上的千里光，b.南美Andes山現在是23頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三(C）TemperatureregulationbyectothermicanimalsTemperatureregulationbyalizardinthehighAndesLizard蜥蜴

—Afteranhourofsunbasking,asairtemperaturerisestoabout1.5℃,thebodytemperaturerisestoabout33℃,over30℃abovethatofthesurroundingair.Thevastmajorityofanimalsuseexternalsourcesofenergytoregulatebodytemperature.現在是24頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三蝗蟲Grasshopperstakethesunbaskingforheat,andprobablymore?

Bodytemperature(38-40℃)>airtemperature?透翅蝗CamnulapellucidaInArizonamountains現在是25頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三Currathurs’sstudy（續(xù)）Question：Canthegrasshopperincreasethebodytemperature?

Experiment:twogroupsofinsectswereraisedattwodifferenttemperatures.Thebodytemperaturewasmeasured,andcompared.現在是26頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三Currathurs’sstudy（續(xù)）溫度與蟲霉菌種群增長真菌數量（μlDoesthehighbodytemperaturesuppresspathogens?TemperatureandpopulationgrowthofEntomophagagrylli現在是27頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三Whatisthelimitationofthisstudy?

Howdoestemperatureaffectthepathogeninthefield?Exposureto40℃temperatureforasfewas4hourseachdaysignificantlyreducedthenumberofgrasshoppersdyingofEntomophagainfections.

現在是28頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三(e)TemperatureregulationbyendothermicanimalsEnvironmentaltemperatureandmetabolicrates

Whentheenvironmentaltemperatureisbeyondthethermalneutralzone,themetabolicratewillrapidlyincreasetotwo-threetimesrestingmetabolism.中溫區(qū)（thermalneutralzone):therangeofenvironmentaltemperatureoverwhichthemetabolicrateofahomeothermic(恒溫）animaldoesnotchange.指恒溫動物代謝速率保持恒定時的溫度范圍?，F在是29頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三溫度與北極和熱帶哺乳動物的中溫區(qū)Twogroupsofanimalsaredefinedbythedifferenceintheneutralthermalzones:tropicalspeciesandarcticspecies.

Sharedrange現在是30頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三AquaticbirdsandMammals水生鳥和水生哺乳動物

So,howtokeepheataswellasgetoxygenforendotherms?1）Usingair-breathingtogetoxygen,insteadofgill-breathing2）Bearingathicklayeroffatorfur.Appendages(附肢）areoutfittedwithcountercurrentheatexchangers(逆流交換系統)

toreduceheatloss。1）Thecapacityofwatertoabsorbheatwithoutchangingtemperatureisca.3000timesthatofair；2）Butconductiveandconvectiveheatlosstowateraremuchmorerapidthantoair:over20timesfasterinstillwaterandupto100timesfasterinmovingwater.現在是31頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三Countercurrentheatexchanger現在是32頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三金槍魚體側肌肉中的逆流交換器WarmingtheSwimmingMusclesoflargemarineFish動脈靜脈現在是33頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三Watertemperatureandbodytemperatureofabluefintuna現在是34頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三WarmingInsectFlightMuscles昆蟲飛行肌加熱機制Doessphinxmothsregulationbodytemperaturethroughchangingmetabolicrate?(Adams&Heath,1964)現在是35頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三HawkmothHeinrichdidnotfindchangingofthemetabolicrateinresponsetovariationsintemperature.So,heproposedahypothesisthatsphinxmothsregulatebodytemperaturebychangingtheirratesofheatlosstotheenvironment.

現在是36頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三煙草天蛾的體溫調節(jié)和血液循環(huán)現在是37頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三思考題1蝴蝶是變溫動物，白天活動，從赤道雨林到北極都有分布，它們以曬太陽的方式提高體溫。那么，隨緯度的不同，它們用于曬太陽和飛行的時間比例會如何變化？蝴蝶曬太陽的時間會隨著每天溫度的變化而改變嗎？2有人在新疆塔城的嚴冬雪地里發(fā)現一種會飛的蛾子，你分析它的體色是什么顏色？為什么？為什么能在零下20多度的冬天飛翔？現在是38頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三東方臭甘藍－恒溫植物肉穗花序苞片主根(D)Temperatureregulationbythermogenicplants產熱植物

現在是39頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三氣溫與東方臭甘藍的代謝速率代謝率（用耗氧率表示）現在是40頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三ManyorganismssurviveextremetemperaturesbyenteringarestingstageCaseIV：SurvivingExtremetemperature(a)InactivityTigerbeetle現在是41頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三（B)ReducingMetabolicRateWhentouseTorpor蟄伏?Torporisastateoflowmetabolicrateandloweredbodytemperature.“Routinehypothesis”or“Emergency-onlyHypo”Howtotestthehypotheses?Hummingbird現在是42頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三Howtoknowwhetherhummingbirdsgointotorporatnight?Byweightinghummingbirdsjustbeforetheywenttotheirnightroosts(鳥窩),andthenagainintheearlymorning.現在是43頁\一共有49頁\編輯于星期三花蜜食物量與蟄伏狀態(tài)的關系Calder’sobservationsupportedthe‘Emergency-onlyHypothesis’.Hummingbirdsgointotorporwhen:(1)flowersarenotabundant；(2)foodinta