考研英語(yǔ)二歷年真題完美版

2010考研英語(yǔ)二及答Section UseofReadthefollowingpassage.ForeachnumberedblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEETl.(10points)TheoutbreakofswinefluthatwasfirstdetectedinMexicowasdeclaredaglobalepidemiconJune11,2009.Itisthefirstworldwideepidemic bytheWorldHealthOrganizationin41years.Theheightenedalert anemergencymeetingwithfluexpertsinGenevathatconvenedafterasharpriseincasesinAustralia,andrising inBritain,Japan,Chileandelsewhere.Buttheepidemicis "inseverity,accordingtoMargaretChan,theorganization'sdirector5theoverwhelmingmajorityofpatientsexperiencingonlymildsymptomsandafullrecovery,oftenin6ofanymedicalTheoutbreakcametoglobal7inlateApril2009,whenMexican noticedanunusuallylargenumberofhospitalizationsanddeaths8healthyadults.AsmuchofMexicoCityshutdownattheheightofapanic,casesbeganto9inNewYorkCity,thesouthwesternUnitedStatesandaroundtheworld.IntheUnitedStates,newcasesseemedtofade10warmerweatherarrived.ButinlateSeptember2009,officialsreportedtherewas11fluactivityinalmosteverystateandthatvirtuallyallthe12testedarethenewswineflu,alsoknownas(A) ,notseasonalflu.IntheU.S.,ithas13morethanonemillionpeople,andcausedmorethan600deathsandmorethan6,000hospitalizations.Federalhealthofficials14Tamifluforchildrenfromthenationalstockpileandbegan15ordersfromthestatesforthenewswinefluvaccine.Thenewvaccine,whichisdifferentfromtheannualfluvaccine,is16aheadofexpectations.MorethanthreemilliondosesweretobemadeavailableinearlyOctober2009,thoughmostofthose17doseswereoftheFluMistnasalspraytype,whichisnot18forpregnantwomen,peopleover50orthosewithbreathingdifficulties,heartdiseaseorseveral19.Butitwasstillpossibletovaccinatepeopleinotherhigh-riskgroup:healthcareworkers,20infantsandhealthyyoung1[A][B][D]2[A][B][C][D]3[A][B][C][D]4[A][B][C][D]5[A][B][C][D]6[A][B][C][D]7[A][B][C][D]8.[B][C][D]9[A]stay[B]crop[C]fill[D]cover10[A][B][C][D]11[A][B][C]12[B][C][D]13[A][B][C][D]14[A][B][C][D]15[A][B][C][D]16[A][B][C][D]17[A][B][C][D]18[A][B] [D]19[A][B][C][D]20[A]involved[B]caring[C]concerned[D]wardingPart

SectionⅡReadingThelongestbullruninacenturyofart-markethistoryendedonadramaticnotewithasaleof56worksbyDamienHirst,“BeautifulInsideMyHeadForever”，atSotheby’sinLondononSeptember15th2008.Allbuttwopiecessold,fetchingmorethan￡70m,arecordforasalebyasingle.Itwasalastvictory.Astheauctioneercalledoutbids,inNewYorkoneoftheoldestbanksonWallStreet,LehmanBrothers,filedforbankruptcy.Theworldartmarkethadalreadybeenlosingmomentumforawhileafterrisingbewilderinglysince2003.Atitspeakin2007itwasworthsome$65billion,reckonsClareMcAndrew,founderofArtsEconomics,aresearchfirm—doublethefigurefiveyearsearlier.Sincethenitmayhavecomedownto$50billion.Butthemarketgeneratesinterestfarbeyonditssizebecauseitbringstogethergreatwealth,enormousegos,greed,passionandcontroversyinawaymatchedbyfewotherindustries.IntheweeksandmonthsthatfollowedMrHirst’ssale,spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable,especiallyinNewYork,wherethebail-outofthebankscoincidedwiththelossofthousandsofjobsandthefinancialdemiseofmanyart-buyinginvestors.Intheartworldthatmeantcollectorsstayedawayfromgalleriesandsalerooms.Salesofcontemporaryartfellbytwo-thirds,andinthemostoverheatedsector—forcontemporaryart—theyweredownbynearly90%intheyeartoNovember2008.Withinweekstheworld’stwobiggestauctionhouses,ThecurrentdownturnintheartmarketistheworstsincetheJapanesestoppedbuyingImpressionistsattheendof1989,amovethatstartedthemostseriouscontractioninthemarketsincetheSecondWorldWar.Thistimeexpertsreckonthatpricesareabout40%downontheirpeakonaverage,thoughsomehavebeenfarmorefluctuant.ButEdwardDolman,Christie’schiefexecutive,says:“I’mprettyconfidentwe’reatthebottom.”Whatmakesthisslumpdifferentfromthelast,hesays,isthattherearestillbuyersinthemarket,whereasintheearly1990s,wheninterestrateswerehigh,therewasnodemandeventhoughmanycollectorswantedtosell.Christie’srevenuesinthefirsthalfof2009werestillhigherthaninthefirsthalfof2006.Almosteveryonewhowasinterviewedforthisspecialreportsaidthatthebiggestproblematthemomentisnotalackofdemandbutalackofgoodworktosell.ThethreeDs—death,debtanddivorce—stilldeliverworksofarttothemarket.Butanyonewhodoesnothavetoselliskeeaway,waitingforconfidencetoreturn.Inthefirstparagraph,DamienHirst'ssalewasreferredtoas“alastvictory”because theartmarkethadwitnessedasuccessionoftheauctioneerfinallygotthetwopiecesatthehighestBeautifulInsideMyHeadForeverwonoverallitwassuccessfullymadejustbeforetheworldfinancial collectorswerenolongeractivelyinvolvedinart-marketB.peoplestoppedeverykindofspendingandstayedawayfromC.artcollectionasafashionhadlostitsappealtoagreatD.worksofartingeneralhadgoneoutoffashionsotheywerenotworthWhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTA.Salesofcontemporaryartfelldramaticallyfrom2007toB.TheartmarketsurpassedmanyotherindustriesinC.ThemarketgenerallywentdownwardinvariousD.SomeartdealerswereawaitingbetterchancestoThethreeDsmentionedinthelastparagraphare auctionhouses'contemporaryfactorspromotingartworkstylesrepresentingThemostappropriatetitleforthistextcouldbe FluctuationofArtArtMarketinShiftedInterestinIwasaddressingasmallgatheringinasuburbanVirginialivingroom—awomen'sgroupthathadinvitedmentojointhem.Throughouttheeveningonemanhadbeenparticularlytalkative,frequentlyofferingideasandanecdotes,whilehiswifesatsilentlybesidehimonthecouch.TowardtheendoftheeveningIcommentedthatwomenfrequentlycominthattheirhusbandsdon'ttalktothem.Thismanquicklynoddedinagreement.Hegesturedtowardhiswifeandsaid,"She'sthetalkerinourfamily."Theroomburstintolaughter;themanlookedpuzzledandhurt."It'strue,"heexined."WhenIcomehomefromwork,Ihavenothingtosay.Ifshedidn'tkeeptheconversationgoing,we'dspendthewholeeveninginsilence."ThisepisodecrystallizestheironythatalthoughAmericanmentendtotalkmorethanwomeninpublicsituations,theyoftentalklessathome.Andthispatterniswreakinghavocwithmarriage.ThepatternwasobservedbypoliticalscientistAndrewHackerinthelate1970s.SociologistCatherineKohlerRiessmanreportsinhernewbook"DivorceTalk"thatmostofthewomensheinterviewed—butonlyafewofthemen—gavelackofcommunicationasthereasonfortheirdivorces.Giventhecurrentdivorcerateofnearly50percent，thatamountstomillionsofcasesintheUnitedStateseveryyear—avirtualepidemicoffailedconversation.Inmyownresearchcomintsfromwomenabouttheirhusbandsmostoftenfocusednotontangibleinequitiessuchashavinggivenupthechanceforacareerto panyahusbandtohisorngfarmorethantheirshareofdailylife-supportworklikecleaning,cooking,socialarrangementsanderrands.Insteadtheyfocusedoncommunication:"Hedoesn'tlistentome.""Hedoesn'ttalktome."IfoundasHackerobservedyearsbeforethatmostwiveswanttheirhusbandstobefirstandforemostconversationalpartnersbutfewhusbandssharethisexpectationoftheirwives.Inshorttheimagethatbestrepresentsthecurrentcrisisisthestereotypicalcartoonsceneofamansittingatthebreakfasttablewithanewspaperheldupinfrontofhisface,whileawomanglaresatthebackofit,wantingtotalk.Whatismostwives'mainexpectationoftheirTalkingtoTrustingSupportingtheirSharingJudgingfromthecontext,thephrase“wreakinghavoc”(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablymeans generatingexertingcausingcreatingAllofthefollowingaretrue mentendtotalkmoreinpublicthannearly50percentofrecentdivorcesarecausedbyfailedwomenattachmuchimportancetocommunicationbetweenafemaletendstobemoretalkativeathomethanherWhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethemainideaofthisThemoraldecayingdeservesmoreresearchbyMarriagebreak-upstems HusbandandwifehavedifferentexpectationsfromtheirConversationalpatternsbetweenmanandwifeareInthefollowingpart yafterthistext,theauthorwillmostprobably on A.avividaccountofthenewbookDivorceB.adetaileddescriptionofthestereotypicalC.otherpossiblereasonsforahighdivorcerateintheD.abriefintroductiontothepoliticalscientistAndrewOverthepastdecade,manycompanieshadperfectedtheartofcreatingautomaticbehaviors—habits—amongconsumers.Thesehabitshavehelpedcompaniesearnbillionsofdollarswhencustomerseatsnacks,applylotionsandwipecountersalmostwithoutthinking,ofteninresponsetoacarefullydesignedsetofdailycues.“Therearefundamentalpublichealthproblems,likedirtyhandsinsteadofasoaphabit,thatremainkillersonlybecausewecan’tfigureouthowtochangepeople’shabits,”Dr.Curtissaid.“Wewantedtolearnfromprivateindustryhowtocreatenewbehaviorsthathappenautomatically.”ThecompaniesthatDr.Curtisturnedto—Procter&Gamble,Colgate-PalmoliveandUnilever—hadinvestedhundredsofmillionsofdollarsfindingthesubtlecuesinconsumers’livesthatcorporationscouldusetointroducenewIfyoulookhardenough,you’llfindthatmanyoftheproductsweuseeveryday—chewinggums,skinmoisturizers,disinfectingwipes,airfresheners,waterpurifiers,healthsnacks,antiperspirants,colognes,teethwhiteners,fabricsofteners,vitamins—areresultsofmanufacturedhabits.Acenturyago,fewpeopleregularlybrushedtheirteethmultipletimesaday.Today,becauseofcannyadvertisingandpublichealthns,manyAmericanshabituallygivetheirpearlywhitesa-preventingscrubtwiceaday,oftenwithColgate,Crestoroneoftheotherbrands.Afewdecadesago,manypeopledidn’tdrinkwateroutsideofameal.Thenbeveragecompaniesstartedbottlingtheproductionoffar-offsprings,andnowofficeworkersunthinkinglysipbottledwateralldaylong.Chewinggum,onceboughtprimarilybyadolescentboys,isnowfeaturedincommercialsasabreathfreshenerandteethcleanserforuseafterameal.Skinmoisturizersareadvertisedaspartofmorningbeautyrituals,slippedinbetweenhairbrushingandputtingonmakeup.“Ourproductssucceedwhenthey epartofdailyorweeklypatterns,”saidCarolBerning,aconsumerpsychologistwhorecentlyretiredfromProcter&Gamble, thatsold$76billionofTide,Crestandproductslastyear.“Creatingpositivehabitsisahugepartofimprovingourconsumers’lives,andit’sessentialtomakingnewproductscommerciallyviable.”Throughexperimentsandobservation,socialscientistslikeDr.Berninghavelearnedthatthereispowerintyingcertainbehaviorstohabitualcuesthroughrelentlessadvertising.Asthisnewscienceofhabithasemerged,controversieshaveeruptedwhenthetacticshavebeenusedtosellquestionablebeautycreamsorunhealthyfoods.AccordingtoDr.Curtis,habitslikehandwashingwith shouldbefurthershouldbechangedaredeeplyrootedinarebasicallyprivateBottledwater,chewinggunandskinmoisturizersarementionedinParagraph5soas revealtheirimpactonpeople’sshowtheurgentneedofdailyindicatetheireffectonpeople’sbuyingmanifestthesignificantroleofgoodWhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtoproductsthathelpcreatepeople’shabits?Fromthetextweknowthatsomeofconsumer’shabitsaredevelopeddueto [A]perfectedartofproducts[B]automaticbehaviorcreation[C]commercialpromotions[D]scientificexperimentsTheauthor’sattitudetowardtheinfluenceofadvertisementonpeople’shabits ManyAmericansregardthejurysystemasaconcreteexpressionofcrucialdemocraticvalues,includingtheprinciplesthatallcitizenswhomeetminimalqualificationsofageandlicyareequallycompetenttoserveonjuries;thatjurorsshouldbeselectedrandomlyfromarepresentativecrosssectionofthecommunity;thatnocitizenshouldbedeniedtherighttoserveonajuryonaccountofrace,religion,,ornationalorigin;thatdefendantsareentitledtotrialbytheirpeers;andthatverdictsshouldrepresenttheconscienceofthecommunityandnotjusttheletterofthelaw.Thejuryisalsosaidtobethebestsurvivingexampleofdirectratherthanrepresentativedemocracy.Inadirectdemocracy,citizenstaketurnserningthemselves,ratherthanelectingrepresentativestoernforthem.Butasrecentlyasin1986,juryselectionproceduresedwiththesedemocraticideals.Insomestates,forexample,jurydutywaslimitedto theSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStateshadprohibitedintentionalracialdiscriminationinjuryselectionasearlyasthe1880caseofStrauderv.WestVirginia,thepracticeofselectingso-calledeliteorblue-ribbonjuriesprovidedaconvenientwayaroundthisandotherantidiscriminationlaws.Thesystemalsofailedtoregularlyincludewomenonjuriesuntilthemid-20thcentury.AlthoughwomenfirstservedonstatejuriesinUtahin1898,itwasnotuntilthe1940sthatamajorityofstatesmadewomeneligibleforjuryduty.Eventhenseveralstatesautomaticallyexemptedwomenfromjurydutyunlesstheyallyaskedtohavetheirnamesincludedonthejurylist.Thispracticewasjustifiedbytheclaimthatwomenwereneededathome,anditkeptjuriesunrepresentativeofwomenthroughthe1960s.In1968,theCongressoftheUnitedStatespassedtheJurySelectionandServiceAct,usheringinaneweraofdemocraticreformsforthejury.Thislawabolishedspecialeducationalrequirementsforfederaljurorsandrequiredthemtobeselectedatrandomfromacrosssectionoftheentirecommunity.Inthelandmark1975decisionTaylorvs.Louisiana,theSupremeCourtextendedtherequirementthatjuriesberepresentativeofallpartsofthecommunitytothestatelevel.TheTaylordecisionalsodeclareddiscriminationinjuryselectiontobeunconstitutionalandorderedstatestousethesameproceduresforselectingmaleandfemalejurors.FromtheprinciplesoftheUSjurysystem,welearnthat [A]bothliberateandilli tepeoplecanserveonjuries[B]defendantsareimmunefromtrialbytheirpeers[C]noagelimitshouldbeimposedforjuryservice[D]judgmentshouldconsidertheopinionofthepublicThepracticeofselectingso-calledelitejurorspriorto1968showed [A]theinadequacyofantidiscriminationlaws[B]theprevalentdiscriminationagainstcertainraces ingidealsinjuryselection[D]thearrogancecommonamongtheSupremeCourtEveninthe1960s,womenwereseldomonthejurylistinsomestatesbecause [A]theywereautomaticallybannedbystatelaws[B]theyfellfarshortoftherequiredqualifications[C]theyweresupposedtoperformdomesticduties[D]theytendedtoevadepublicengagementAftertheJurySelectionandServiceActwasdiscriminationinjuryselectionwasunconstitutionalandhadtobeeducationalrequirementsbecamelessrigidintheselectionoffederaljurorsatthestateleveloughttoberepresentativeoftheentirestatesoughttoconformtothefederalcourtinreformingthejuryIndiscussingtheUSjurysystem,thetextcenterson [A]itsnatureandproblems[B]itscharacteristicsandtradition[C]itsproblemsandtheirsolutions[D]itstraditionanddevelopmentPartB根據(jù)下文判斷正誤BOTHandAirbushavetrumpetedtheefficiencyoftheirnewestaircraft,the787andA350respectively.Theircleverdesignsandlightweightcompositescertainlymakeadifference.ButagroupofresearchersatStanfordUniversity,ledbyIlanKroo,hassuggestedthatairlinescouldtakeamorenaturalisticapproachtocuttingjet-fueluse,anditwouldnotrequirethemtobuynewaircraft.Theanswer,saysDrKroo,lieswithbirds.Since1914,andaseminalpaperbyaGermanresearchercalledWieselsberger,scientistshaveknownthatbirdsflyinginformation—aV-shape,echelonorotherwise—expendlessenergy.Theairflowingoverabird’swingscurlsupwardsbehindthewingtips,aphenomenonknownasupwash.Otherbirdsflyingintheupwashexperiencereduceddrag,andspendlessenergypropellingthemselves.PeterLissaman,anaeronauticsexpertwhowasformerlyatCaltechandtheUniversityofSouthernWhenappliedtoaircraft,theprinciplesarenotsubstantiallydifferent.DrKrooandhisteammodelledwhatwouldhappenifthreepassengerjetsdepartingfromLosAngeles,SanFranciscoandLasVegasweretorendezvousoverUtah,assumeaninvertedV-formation,occasionallyswapcessoallcouldhaveaturninthemostfavourablepositions,andproceedtoLondon.Theyfoundthattheaircraftconsumedasmuchas15%lessfuel(witha itantreductionincarbon-dioxideoutput).Nitrogen-oxideemissionsduringthecruisingportionsoftheflightfellbyaroundaquarter.Thereare,ofcourse,kinkstobeworkedout.Oneconsiderationissafety,oratleasttheperceptionofit.Wouldpassengersfeelcomfortabletravellinginconvoy?DrKroopointsoutthattheaircraftcouldbeseparatedbyseveral ,andwouldnotbeintheunnervinglycosygrousfavouredbydisyteamsliketheRedArrows.Apassengerpeeringoutofthewindowmightnotevenseetheothernes.Whethertheseparationdistancesinvolvedwouldsatisfyair-traffic-controlregulationsisanothermatter,althoughaworkinggroupattheInternationalAviation.OrganisationhasincludedthepossibilityofformationflyinginablueprintfornewoperationalItremainstobeseenhowweatherconditionsaffecttheairflowsthatmakeformationflightmoreefficient.Inzonesofincreasedturbulence,thenes’wakeswilldecaymorequicklyandtheeffectwilldiminish.DrKroosaysthisisoneoftheareashisteamwillinvestigatefurther.Itmightalsobehardforairlinestoco-ordinatethedeparturetimesanddestinationsofpassengeraircraftinawaythatwouldallowthemtogainfromformationflight.Cargoaircraft,incontrast,mightbeeasiertoreschedule,asmightroutinemilitaryflights.Asithappens,America’sarmedsareonthecasealready.Earlierthisyearthecountry’sDefenceAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyannouncednstopaytoinvestigateformationflight,thoughtheprogrammehasyettobegin.Therearereportsthatsomemilitaryaircraftflewinformationwhentheywerelowonfuelduringthesecondworldwar,butDrLissamansaystheyareapocryphal.“MyfatherwasanRAFpilotandmycousintheskipperofaLancasterlostoverBerlin,”headds.Soheshouldknow.FindingsoftheStanfordUniversityresearcherswillpromotethesalesofnewandAirbusTheupwashexperiencemaysavepropellingenergyaswellasreducing.43.FormationflightismorecomfortablebecausepassengerscannotseetheotherTherolethatweatherysinformationflighthasnotyetbeenclearlyIthas soncetriedformationflighttosave

SectionⅢInthissectionthereisatextinEnglish.Translateitinto.WriteyourtranslationonANSWER“Suatainability”has Havingenduredapainfulperiodofunsustainabilityinhisownlifemadeitcleartohimthatsustainability-orientedvaluesmustbeexpressedthougheverydayactionandchoice。Ningrecallsspendingaconfusingyearinthelate1990ssellinginsurance.He’dbeenthoughthe boomandburstand,desperateforajob,signedonwithaBoulderagency。Itdidin’tgowell.“Itwasareallyhadmovebecausethat’snotmypassion,”saysNing,whosedilemmaaboutthejobtranslated,predictably,intoalackofsales.“Iwasmiserable,IhadsomuchanxietythatIwouldwakeupinthemiddleofthenightandstareattheceiling.Ihadnomoneyandneededthejob.Everyonesaid,‘Justwait,you’lltrunthecorner,giveitsomeYouhavejustcomebackfromtheU.S.asamemberofaSino-Americanculturalexchangeprogram.WritealettertoyourAmericancolleaguetoExpressyourthanksforhis/herwarmehim/herto induecourseYoushouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEETDonotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletterUseZhangWeiinstead。Donotwriteyouraddress.(10points)Inthissection,youareaskedtowriteanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwriting,youInterpretthechartGiveyourcommentsYoushouldwriteatleast150wordsWriteyouressayononANSWERSHEET2.(152010年考研英語(yǔ)二答案1[D]2 3[B]4[A]5[A]6[B][D][C][B][A][C][D][D][A][C][B][D] [A]2122232425262728293031323334353637383940翻譯參“堅(jiān)持不懈”如今已成一個(gè)流行詞匯，但對(duì)TedNing而言，這個(gè)概念一直有個(gè)人含義，經(jīng)歷了一段痛苦松懈的個(gè)人生活，使他清楚面向以堅(jiān)持不懈為導(dǎo)向的價(jià)值觀，必須到每天的行動(dòng)和選擇中。Ning回憶起20世紀(jì)90年代末期賣的那段迷茫時(shí)光，他通過(guò)蓬勃興起的網(wǎng)絡(luò)瘋狂地找工作，并且與Boulder機(jī)構(gòu)業(yè)務(wù)。Ning說(shuō)：“我很痛苦渴望午夜起來(lái)盯著天花板，我沒(méi)錢，我需要工作，每個(gè)人都說(shuō)‘等吧，只要有耐心會(huì)好轉(zhuǎn)的。’”DearIwouldliketoconveymyheartfeltthankstoyouforyourkindnesstoreceivemewhenIparticipatedinanexchangeprograminUSA.YourgeneroushelpmadeitpossiblethatIhadaverypleasantstayandachancetoknowAmericanculturesbetter.Besides,IthinkitisanhonorformetomakefriendswithyouandIwillcherishthegoodwillyoushowedtomewhereverIgo.Idohopethatyouwillvisitoneday,sothatIcouldhavetheopportunitytorepayyourkindnessandrefreshourfriendship。IfeelobligedtothankyouagainSincerelyZhangInthischart,wecanseethe phonesubscriptionsindevelopedcountrieshaveasteadyandslightincreasefrom1990to2007andthenremainconstantin2008.Meanwhilethe phonesubscriptionsindevelocountrieshavewitnessedaslowincreasefrom1990to2004andthenagreatsurgefrom2004to20007:thebiggestsurgehappensfrom2005to2006.Thischartreflectsdifferentdevelomodesof phoneindustryindevelopedanddevelocountries.Thedevelopedcountrieshavealimitednumberofpopulations,mostofwhomarewell-educated.Therefore,thespreadingofthe phoneserviceisefficientandsoonthemarketissaturatedAlsoatthebeginningthedevelopedcountrieshavemorepeoplewhocanaffordthisservice.Thedevelocountrieshavealargepopulationwhokeepsalargedemandfor service.Asthe phoneservice escheaperandcheapertheincreasingcustomerssubscribetobenefitfromthisservice。Asdiscussedabove,itisnotsurprisingtoseethischange.Inmyopinion,thistrendthatthenumber phonesubscriptionsisincreasinglyincreasingwillcontinueforawhileinthe波音和空客都在吹噓自己飛機(jī)787和A350的性能巧妙的設(shè)計(jì)與輕質(zhì)的材料當(dāng)然使它們與眾不同但在斯坦福大學(xué)，克魯教授稱這個(gè)設(shè)想是受到鳥(niǎo)類的啟發(fā)。1914年，一位名叫卡爾▪維塞爾斯伯格的德國(guó)研究員了一篇具有重大意義的，科學(xué)家們從中得知，鳥(niǎo)類在飛行的時(shí)候排成V字、梯形或倒過(guò)來(lái)時(shí)，會(huì)節(jié)省體力。氣流在劃過(guò)鳥(niǎo)類雙翼時(shí)會(huì)在其州理工學(xué)院和南加州大學(xué)的航空專家，他認(rèn)為由25只鳥(niǎo)組成的隊(duì)伍會(huì)將飛行距離提升71%。授飛機(jī)間會(huì)相隔幾海里，不會(huì)像紅箭表演隊(duì)(英國(guó)特技表演隊(duì))那樣間距小到令人窒息。乘客往窗外看也許都看不到另外的飛機(jī)。有關(guān)飛機(jī)間距是否符合空中條例暫且不談，但國(guó)際組織的一個(gè)工作組已經(jīng)考慮在新的操作方針中列入現(xiàn)在仍需考慮天氣情況對(duì)氣流的影響，這會(huì)關(guān)系到編隊(duì)飛行的效率。在有大量亂流的地區(qū)，飛機(jī)尾部的氣流會(huì)更快，上升流效應(yīng)就會(huì)?？唆斀淌诜Q，在這方面他們團(tuán)隊(duì)將要進(jìn)行的研究。每架客機(jī)的起飛時(shí)間與目的地都不相同，要協(xié)調(diào)它們編隊(duì)飛行很難。相反，貨機(jī)和日常飛行更容易協(xié)調(diào)時(shí)間。，恰逢此時(shí)已經(jīng)著手這項(xiàng)研究今年早些時(shí)候國(guó)防部高級(jí)研究計(jì)劃局宣布出資讓波音公司研究編隊(duì)飛行的計(jì)劃但項(xiàng)目到現(xiàn)在還沒(méi)啟動(dòng)有稱二就有一些軍機(jī)在燃油不足的情況下編隊(duì)飛行但利薩曼教授稱那些都是杜撰的他說(shuō)： ，2011年入學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)Section UseofDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblackandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)"TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers—aboontoprivacyanddomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcybercrimethathas1acrosstheWeb.Canprivacybep bringingasemblanceofsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly Lastmonth,HowardS idt,thenation’scyberczar,offeredtheObama ernmenta tomaketheWebasaferce—a“voluntaryidentify”systemthatwouldbethehigh-tech 5 ofaphysicalkey,fingerprintandaphotoIDcard,all 6 one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycard,oradigitalcredential tospecificcomputer,andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineTheideaisto8afederationofprivateonlineidentifysystems.Userscould9whichsystemtojoin,andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver’slicense10bytheernment.and areamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavesign-on”systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto11justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.12,theapproachwouldcreatea“walledgarden”insafe“neighborhoods”andbright“streetlights”toestablishasenseof13community.Mr.Sidtdescribeditasa“voluntaryecosystem”inwhichindividualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith14,trustingtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructurethatthetransactionruns15.'"Still,theadministration’snhas16privacyrightsactivists.Someapudtheapproach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould17bealicense”mentality.Thenhasalsobeengreetedwith18bysomeexperts,whoworrythatthe“voluntaryecosystem”wouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet19.Theyarguethatshouldbe20toregisterandidentifythemselves,indriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads. A.carryB.lingerC.setD.log A.InB.InC.InD.In Section ReadingPartAReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)TextRuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs’sboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000:ayearlatershebecameofBrownUniversity.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmucheroticism.Butbytheendof2009Ms.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldman’scompensationcommittee;howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked?ByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime,shesaid.Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful,yetlessbiased,advisersonafirm’sboard.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere,theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive’sproposals.Ifthesky,andthesharepriceisfalling,outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasehatcoveredmorethan10,000firmsandmorethan64,000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromone tothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage,sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose“surprise”disappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70.Theyfountthatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthewillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasedbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases,andthestockislikelytoperformworse.Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive,itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumoffasinkingship.Oftenthey“tradeup.”Leavingriskier,smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.Buttheresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks,evenifareviewofhistoryshowstheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongngoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.OtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons,onceagainverypopularoncampus.AccordingtoParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor [A]gainingexcessiveprofits[B]failingtofulfillherduty[C]refusingtomakecompromises[D]leavingtheboardintoughWelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe [A]generousinvestors[B]unbiasedexecutives[C]sharepriceforecasters[D]independentadvisersAccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversityafteranoutsidedirector’ssurprisedeparture,thefirmislikely emorestable[B]reportincreasedearnings[C]dolesswellinthestock