山東省威海市2021年中考語數(shù)英理化五科試卷及答案

2021

年威海市中考英語試卷一、閱讀理解（共五篇短文，共

5

小題，

計

30

分。

其中

1-20

每小題

5

分；

21-25

每小題

5

分）閱讀

A、B、C

篇，從文后每小題

A、B、C

選項中選擇最佳答案。請將答案編號涂卡。1．Willie，theparrot，savedthe

babyThe

two﹣year﹣old

baby，Hannah，was

eating

when

something

got

stuck

in

her

throat.Hermother

was

in

the

bathroom

at

the

time.She

suddenly

heard

the

bird

screaming（尖叫）

andmakingnoiseswithitswings."Thenhestartedsaying"mamababy'overandoverand

overagain

until

I

came

out，"

the

mother

said."I

saw

the

baby's

face

was

blue.I

quickly

removedthe

food

from

her

throat.My

baby

was

saved

but

Willie

was

the

real

hero."

Willie

later

receivedanawardforsavingthebaby's

life!Buddy，thedog，savedher

ownerBuddy

was

a

clever

German

shepherd（德國牧羊犬）.When

he

was

eight

weeks

old，Buddy

cameto

live

with

Joe.Joe

suffers

from

seizures（中風發(fā)作）

that

make

him

unable

to

move

easily.Joetaught

his

new

dog

to

do

something

around

him，such

as，to

bring

him

the

phone.Joe

also

trainedBuddyhowtocall911whenhestartedtoexperiencetheseizure.SowhenJoehadareallybadseizure，Buddywastheonewhocalledforhelpandbeganmakingsoundsintothephone.Emergency

rescue（急救）

workers

arrived

within

minutes

and

found

Joe.They

took

himto

the

hospital

where

he

recovered.Joe

later

said，

"Buddy's

my

world.He's

my

best

friend，no

doubt.He's

always

there，and

I

just

hope

I

can

be

as

good

to

him

as

he's

been

to

me."Winnie，thecat，savedthe

familyOne

night，the

gas

at

Cathy's

home

began

to

leak

（泄漏）.The

family

was

sleeping.Theircat，Winnie，begantopushherownersandmadeloudmeowingsounds."Itwasa

crazy

meow，almost

like

she

was

screaming，"

said

Cathy.Cathy

woke

up

and

was

already

feeling

sick.Itwashardforhertowakeupherhusbandandsonbecausetheyalreadybreathedinalargeamount

of

gas.Bu

thanks

to

their

heroic

cat

Winnie，Cathy

was

able

to

call

911

and

get

helpbeforeanyonewashurt.ThefamilysaysthatWinnieistheonewhosavedtheir

lives.（1）The

baby's

face

was

blue

because

she

.A.was

hungryB.was

coldC.couldn't

breathe（2）When

Joe

had

a

really

bad

seizure，Buddy

called

.A.Joe's

friendB.911C.the

hospital（3）"Buddy's

my

world."

means

"'Buddy's

".A.likea

heroB.agooddogC.everythingto

me（4）Winnie

made

such

a

loud

meow

sound

because

she

was

.A.feeling

sickB.notableto

sleepC.tryingtowakeup

Cathy（5）The

best

title

for

the

passage

is

.A.Crazy

petsB.LifesaversC.Trained

animals2．HaveyoueverwantedtoseetheGreatWallofChina，orwinanOscarforBest

Director，orswimwithdolphins？Ifso，youarenotalone.Weallhavethingswewanttodoorachieve.These

are

part

of

our

"bucket

lists".A

bucket

list

is

a

list

of

things

that

someonewants

to

experience

in

his

or

her

lifetime.These

things

can

be

big

or

small.Have

you

everthoughtaboutwhatisonyourbucket

list？Lindsay

Doran，15，created

her

bucket

list

when

she

was

14.She

has

given

her

list

seriousthought."I'vealwayswantedtotravelintospace，"shesays."Idon'treallywantto

bean

astronaut.But

I

do

want

to

go

to

space

as

a

tourist.I

want

to

see

the

Earth

from

above."Other

things

on

her

list

include

being

on

TV，seeing

her

favorite

band

in

concert，learninghowtospeakPortuguese，andlivinginaforeigncountry."I'vealwayswantedtolive

inBrazil.Aspartofmy

bucket

list，I want

to

attend

Carnaval

in

Rio

de

Janeir，"

she

says.JoseNoriega，16，recentlycreatedalistofthingshewantstoachieve.Itchangessometimes﹣headdsandremovesthingsbecausehewantstokeepthenumberofthingsatseven.Onethinghasstayedatnumberone，though：hewantstovisitamovieset.He

wouldlike

to

see

the

Harry

Potter

or

The

Hobbit

movie

sets.Other

things

on

the

list

include

beingonTV，meetinghisfavoritesportsstar，livinginaforeigncountry，skateboarding

downa

mountain，attending

the

World

Cup，and

backpacking

across

Europe.He

would

like

to

spendtwo

months

visiting

Eastern

Europe

with

his

best

friend

Adam.

"Maybe

after

I

graduate

fromcollege，"says

Jose.Carrie

Kincaid，14，also

has

a

bucket

list.She

first

created

it

when

she

was

12.She

wouldlike

to

live

in

a

foreign

country

for

at

least

two

years.She

also

wants

to

learn

as

manyforeign

languages

as

possible.But

the

number

one

thing

on

her

list

is

to

see

her

favoritebandin

concert.She

also

wants

to

go

on

safari

and

to

visit

a

movie

set.Her

favorite

movies

are

the

HungerGames

and

Star

Wars

series

Carrie

is

confident

she

will

do

most

or

all

of

the

things

on

herbucketlist."I'monly14，"shesays."Ihavemywholelifeaheadof

me!"（1）People

have

bucket

lists

so

that

they

can

.A.worktowardachievingallthethingstheywantto

doB.tellpeopleaboutthethingstheywantto

doC.tellpeopleaboutthethingsthattheyhavealready

done（2）Lindsay

wants

to

travel

to

space

to

.A.seetheEarthfrom

aboveB.experiencewhatit'sliketowalkin

spaceC.realizeherdreamofbeingan

astronaut（3）What

can

we

replace

the

underlined

word

"remove"

with

.A.changesB.takes

awayC.moves

around（4）Whowasthefirstonetocreateabucket

list？

A.Lindsay.B.Jose.C.Carrie.（5）All

of

the

three

teenagers

want

to

.A.beon

TVB.visitamovie

setC.liveinaforeign

country3．TheLucky

Inn★★★★3852TheLanevvay.Los

Angeles，CA4﹣StarHotelwithSpaandPoolstartingfromUSS

250LocationSituated（位于）

in

a

quiet

spot

just

far

enough

away

from

popular

tourist

attractions，yet

still

close

enough

to

walk

to

some

of

the

major

attractions，such

as

the

Hollywoodsign，severalartmuseumsandtheWalkof

Fame.Hotel

FeaturesA

spa

that's

open

24

hours，an

indoor/outdoor

pool，fitness

center

and

two

restaurants.Wi﹣Fi

is

available

for

free

throughout

the

hotel.And

our

guests

love

the

fresh

homemadecookies

we

have

available

in

the

lobby

（大堂）

during

the

day.Room

Amenities

（配套設施）Each

hotel

room

is

equipped

with

a

mini

fridge.microwave

and

coffee

maker.Our

deluxerooms（豪華間）

all

provide

robes

and

slippers

as

well

as

25

chocolates

on

your

pillows（枕頭）

in

the

evening.ONLINE

REVIEW（評價）：The

Lucky

Inn★★★★ LuckytohavestayedattheLucky

InnBy

Amy September

2，2020IwishIcouldlivethere!Iwentthereonaladies﹣onlytripinJuly.andwe

weretreated

like

queens.The

staff

go

above

and

beyond.Mario

at

the

front

desk

was

fantastic.Heeven

upgraded（升級）

our

room

because

he

knew

we

were

all

tired

moms

who

hardly

everget

to

have

a

trip

like

this.We

went

to

the

spa

once

for

those

heavenly

massages.And

IthinkIateatleast30ofthoseamazingcookiesthatwerealways

available.RESPONSE

（回復）：Thankyouforyourreview!Itmeanssomuchtouswhenwecanmeetourguests'expectations.I'm

glad

that

you

enjoyed

your

stay

with

us

and

that

Mario

was

able

to

helpyou.I'll

pass

on

your

compliments

（好評）

to

him.We

hope

you'll

return

to

stay

with

uswheneveryouareinthe

area.Andletusknowwhenyou'recomingsowecanmakeextracookiesfor

you!JamesMehta，CustomerService

Director（1）Theunderlined

word

"fresh" isclosestin

meaning

to

.A.crispyB.just

madeC.brand

new（2）Whatisthedifferencebetweencommonroomsanddeluxe

rooms？

Yougetahotbreakfastintheroomevery

morning.Yougetasofterandbiggerbedtosleep

in.C.Yougetaspecialtreatonyourbedevery

night.（3）Amy

was

at

The

Lucky

Inn

.A.onabusiness

shipB.tohangoutwith

friendsC.onvacationwith

family（4）After

reading

Amy's

review，Mr.Mehta will

.A.letMarioknowwhatAmythoughtof

himB.give

Amy

a freenight'sstaybecauseofherkind

reviewC.findoutMario'saddresssoAmycansendhim

something（5）People

might

Choose

The

Lucky

Inn

because

.A.ithasmany

roomsB.ithasakids'play

areaC.theycanswim

there4．閱讀短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，將下面方框中的句子還原到文章當中，使原文內(nèi)容完整，請將答案編號涂卡。Most

people

hate

change，which

is

said

since

we

often

go

through

big

changes

in

life.Andfor

some

of

us，even

the

smallest

changes

can

upset

our

day.So

the

question

is：Why

do

mostofusfindmakingchangetoourlivesso

hard？（1）

Fearofchangeisnothingnew.Overacenturyago，peopleofPariswereunhappyovera

particular

addition

to

their

city：the

Eiffel

Tower.In

fact，people

were

so

angry

aboutthe

plans

for

the

tower

that

they

protested（抗議）it.（2）

They

were

given

no

choiceabout

the

huge

change

that

was

going

to

be

made，so

they

became

angry.But

we

get

upset

overchanges

even

when

we

do

have

a

say

in

the

matter.Changes

are

brought

about

every

day

by

thedecisions

we

make：which

school

to

attend，which

job

to

take，whom

to

marry.Voluntary（自愿的）changes

also

make

most

of

us

uneasy

because

we

don't

know

how

those

changes

will

affectour

future.（3）

Peoplehavediscoveredthatthekeytoovercomingthefearandangerofchangeis

tobe

flexible

（靈活的）.（4）

Being

flexible

is

especially

important

in

the

21st

centuryastechnologymakeschangetakeplacefasterthaneverbefore.Thosewhorefuse

change，especiallywithtechnologyintheworkplace，mayfindthemselvesoutof

job.When

change

comes，and

you

have

no

choice

but

to

face

it，accept

it.A

positive

attitudehelps

a

lot.In

fact，the

change

may

turn

out

to

be

the

best

thing

for

you.That

new

job

yougot

may

end

up

being

much

better

than

your

old

one.You

may

make

the

best

friends

of

yourlife

in

the

new

city

you

moved

to.（5）

The

change

is

the

reality

（現(xiàn)實），and

it'sup

to

you

whether

the

change

will

be

a

success

or

a

failure.You

never

know—your

next

changemaybeyourlife'sEiffel

Tower!Althoughitmightseemstrange，theirangerwascompletely

natural.Whentheyareflexible，peoplecanacceptnewsituationsmore

easily.Don'tonlyfocusonhowyoufeelaboutchange；insteaddecidetoacceptthe

change.Howwecanovercomeourfearof

change？Whywedislike

change？5．研讀下文，根據(jù)截圖內(nèi)容簡要作答。請將答案填寫到答題卡指定位置。EDITOR'S

INTRODUCTIONHowyoulearnEnglishwithLearnHotEnglish

magazine1.Increase your5.English

for

life!Want

to

travel

toMagazine

IndexPre﹣Intermediate（CEF

Level：A2）EditorialPlateSolutionTRACK

01Let'stalk

about….Drinks

TRACK02Name

Game；&Story

Time TRACK03100

FactsTheHotEnglish

Story&HowtoUseHot

EnglishFunctionallanguage：TheErrorCorrectionListening：TeambuildingRACK04&Grammar

Funvocabulary.InEnglish﹣speaking

countries？With3everyissueof

LearnLearnHotEnglishyou'lllearn

the4Hot English you'llwordsandexpressionsyouneed

for5learnover350

Englishinternational

travel!words and6.English for speaking!How do6expressions!Plusnative English speakers reallyyou'lllearnlots

oftalk

？

Learn with our natural7idioms，phrasal

verbs，Englishconversations.Also，

learn8grammarand

more.English

slang

and

read

about

current2.Improve yourevents（news，culture，music，films）10listening.Everysoyoucanmakeconversation

withmagazine has 60nativeEnglish

speakers.11minutes of spoken7.Wanttolearnevenmore？Buy

oneEnglish audio.You'llof

our

fantastic

books

for

improvinglearnyour English.There are books

onunderstand English

，business

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andplus

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hear

lotsofdifferentaccents!3.English

forexams!LearnHotEnglishhelpsprepareyouforofficialEnglishexams（

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，

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，

etc.

）

.How

？Examstestyourabilitytospeakandyourrangeofvocabulary.HotEnglishimproves

yourcommunication skillsand yourknowledge

ofwordsand

expressions.4.English forwork!PracticalEnglish for theoffice，for

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HotEnglishPlus，readbusinesstipsfromentrepreneurs.lotsmore.Visitourshopfor

moreinformationonhowwecanreallyhelpyoulearnEnglish：/shop.Intermediate（CEF

level：B1）12Hi，andwelcomeanotherissueofLearnHoEnglish﹣﹣thefunmagazineforlearningEnglish.Doyouknow

how

to

negotiate

in

English？It's

a

useful

skill

that1416AwfullyAnnoyed

TRACK05Negotiation

quotesLearnhowtorespondtoaproposal!TR4

CK06could

save

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or17Photo

Magic；inlifein

genera.Listening：The

weddingWe'll

be

looking

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for

making

andTRACK07respondingtoproposals.Listentotheconversations

and18FamousFilm

Scenesreallyimproveyourlisteningandcommunication

skills.f20Alicein

Wonderlandcourse，that's

not

all，and

we'll

also

be

looking

at

Oxford，22HelenaBonham

Carterauthor

Lewis

Carroll，drinks，the

phone

teambuilding，famous23Lewis

Carrollfilm

scenes，Alice

in

Wonderland，the

Dutch

English

accentandlots，lots

more!IntermediateWell，we

hope

you

enjoy

reading

and

listening

to

this（CEF

level：B1）issue

of

LearnHotEnglish.Have

fun，learn

lots

of

Englishandseeyouallnextmonth

!24Oxford26Whale Hunting TRACK08 DrAndy28Finger'sVocabulary

ClinicStupid People TRACK09Quirky

News/Corny30Criminals/

Riddles33Recipe：Spaghetti；ListeningCatching﹣up

TRACK10Notes：editor

主編，index

索引，issue

期刊Wheredoesthispage

appear？

Whatcanyougetfromthis

page？

Howoftendoesthisissuecome

out？

WherecanyoufindthestoryofAlicein

Wonderland？

Whatcanyoudoonthewebsite

/shop？

二、單詞拼寫（共

8

小題，計

8

分）根據(jù)句意和音標提示以適當形式填寫單詞。請將答案填寫在答題卡指定位置。6．You've

probably

/′n??t?st/howbrightthesnowiswhensunlightfallson

it.7．I

often

/'?m?d??n/whatmylifewillbelikeinthe

future.8．Is

it

/′nes?s?ri/foryoutobuysomanydressesata

time？9．Heused

to

collect

/′e?n??nt/coinswhenhewas

young.10．What's

the

/′p??（r）p?s/ofyourvisittoLondon？11．Here

is

a

/'mes?d?/foryoufrom

Mr.Wells.12．Zongzi

is

the

/tr?'d???nl/foodfortheDragonBoat

Festival.13．Thereweremanynew

inventions

and

/'s???l/

changes.三、動詞填空（共名小題，計

8

分）用括號里所給動詞的適當形式填空。14．A

few

years

ago

，Ed

Jones

was

shopping

at

a

second﹣hand

store.He

（1）

（look）for

something

that

might

be

valuable

.If

he

found

something

valuable

，he

would

buy

it

cheaplyandthenresellit.Suddenly，somethingcaughthiseye﹣a

largecardboardmap.The

map（2）

（cover）

with

dust，so

Mr.Jones

wiped

it

clean.Under

the

dust

wasa

color

map

of

Paris.It

looked

old

On

the

back

of

the

map：

＄3.Mr.Jones

was

quite

certainthatthemapwasworthmorethantheedollar，soheboughtit

.The

next

day，Mr.Jones

took

the

map

to

a

geography

professor.After

looking

at

the

mapforafewminutes，theprofessorbecameveryexcited"I'vereadaboutthismap!"heexclaimed.ThenhetoldMr.Jones

what

he（3）

（know）.In

1671，the

king

of

France，Louis

XIV，asked

a

cartographer（制圖者）（4）

（make）a

map

of

Paris.The

cartographer

worked

on

the

map

for

four

years.The

map

was

beautiful—it

was

not

just

a

map，but

a

work

of

art

as

well.The

cartographer

carefully

colored

oneof

the

copies，using

blue

for

rivers，green

for

trees，and

brown

for

buildings.The

professorsaid

that

one

black

and

white

copy

of

the

map

was

in

the

British

Museum

in

London，and

anotherwasintheBibliothequeNationaleinParis."Ithink，"theprofessorsaid，

"you（5）（find）thecolorcopyofthemap—inasecondhandstoreinthe

US!"The

professor

suggested

that

Mr

Jones

take

the

map

to

New

York

City.Experts

there

couldtellMr.Jonesiftheprofessorwas

right.Mr.JonestookthemaptoNewYorkCity.TheNewYorkexpertstoldhimthatthemapwasextremely

valuable.

"How

much

do

you

think

it's

worth？"

Mr.Jones

asked

the

experts."Millions，"

they

replied."It's

impossible

to

say

exactly

how

much

the

map（6）

（be）worth.It'sworthwhateversomeoneiswillingtopayfor

it."Soon

Mr.Jones

discovered

how

much

people

were

willing

to

pay

for

the

map.The

most

recentofferevenreached19.5million

dollars.Mr.Joneshasn'tdecided

whether

he（7）

（sell）

his

three﹣dollar

map

at

thatpriceorwaitforahigher

offer

.He（8）

（think）it

over.四、完成句子（共

6

小題，計

12

分）根據(jù)所給漢語句子完成英語句子，詞敷不限。請將答案填寫在答題卡指定位置。我想知道你量體溫了嗎。

？這個漂亮的公園是什么時候建的？

？袁隆平是最偉大的科學家之一。

.威海今年下了很多雨。

.如果你有煩惱，就和朋友聊聊吧。

.今天早晨太陽初升的時候，你們在海邊跑步嗎？

？五、短文填空（共

1

小題，計

10

分）請將答案編號涂卡。根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，選擇適當?shù)膯卧~或短語填空，使短文意思完整。每個選項僅使用一次。根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，選擇適當?shù)膯卧~或短語填空，使短文意思完整。A.sharehis

ideasB.laughterC.got

sickD.happy

thoughtsE.unhappy

thoughtsF.sleepat

nightG.healthH.well

enoughI.watchingcomedy

showsJ.giveup

hopeThereisanoldEnglishsaying，"Laughteristhebestmedicine."NormanCousinswas

thepersonwhoagreedwith

this.NormanCousinswastheeditorofamagazineforalmostfortyyears.Healsowrote

andspokeaboutworldpeace，travelingtomanydifferent

countries

to（1）

.In

the

1960s，after

returning

to

the

United

States

from

a

busy

and

tiring

trip

to

Europe，Mr.Cousins（2）

.He

discovered

he

had

a

rare

disease

（罕見的疾?。?In

less

than

a

week

after

he

got

back，he

could

not

stand.Every

move

that

he

made

waspainful.Hewasnot

able

to（3）

.The

doctors

told

Mr

Cousins

that

they

did

not

knowhow

to

cure

his

problem

and

he

might

never

get

over

the

illness.Mr

Cousins，however，refusedto（4）

.Mr.Cousins

thought

that

the

illness

could

be

caused

by（5）

.Hedidnotwant

totake

medicine

to

cure

himself.Instead，he

felt

that（6）

or

laughter

might

cure

hisillness.He

began

to

try

on

himself

while

still

in

the

hospital

by

（

7

）

ontelevision.Mr.Cousins

quickly

found

that

ten

minutes

of

real

laughter

during

the

day

gavehimtwohoursofpain﹣freesleepat

night.Decidingthatthedoctorscouldnothelphim，Mr.Cousinsleftthehospitalbuthecontinuedhis

experiments

with（8）

.For

eight

days，Mr.Cousins

rested

in

the

hotelroom

watching

comedy

shows

on

television，reading

funny

books，and

sleeping

whenever

he

felttired.Withinthree

weeks，he

felt（9）

totakeavacationtoPuertoRicowhere

hebeganrunningonthebeachfor

exercise.After

a

few

months，Mr.Cousin

was

able

to

carry

on

his

wok.He

had

laughed

himself

backto（10）

.六、書面表達（共

1

小題，計

12

分）請將答案填寫在答題卡指定位置。22．假如你的英國朋友

Helen

要來威海參加一個交換項目，她想順便了解威海的文化氛圍，但由于疫情原因不能成行。請你根據(jù)所給信息提示，給她寫一封電子郵件。重點向她介紹一下威海城市書房（pubiclibrary）的情況，并簡要陳述城市書房對人們文化生活的影響。信息提示：分布環(huán)境藏書功能面向群體收費服務人員影響遍布全市安靜、整潔豐富讀書、學習、借閱全體市民免費志愿者要求：條理清晰，語言通順，內(nèi)容積極，書寫規(guī)范；詞數(shù)

10

左右。郵件的開頭和結尾已經(jīng)給出，不計入總詞數(shù)；文中不得出現(xiàn)真實的姓名和校名。Dear

Helen，It'sapitythatyoucan'tcometo

Weihai.Next

time

when

you

come

to

Weihai.I'd

like

to

show

you

around

and

we'll

enjoy

the

culturehere.Your

friend，Zhong

Hua參考答案1．（1）C。B。C。C。B。2．（1）A。A。B。C。C。3．（1）B．（2）C．（3）B．（4）A．（5）C．4．E。A。D。B。C。5．（1）It'sinLearnHotEnglish

magazine.（2）Icangettheeditor'sintroductionofaboutLearnHotEnglish

magazine.（3）Oncea

month.（4）P20．（5）Buy

books．二、單詞拼寫6．noticed。7．imagine。8．necessary。9．a(chǎn)ncient。purpose。message。12．traditional。13．social。三、動詞填空14．（1）was

looking。was

covered。knew。to

make。have

found。is。will

sell。is

thinking。四、完成句子15．Iwonderifyouhavetakenyour

temperature？16．Whenwasthebeautifulpark

built？17．YuanLongpingisoneofthegreatestscientists．18．Thereisalotof/lotsofraininWeihaithis

year.．19．Ifyouhavetrouble，youcantalkwithyour

friends．20．Wereyourunningalongthebeachwhenthesunrose？五、短文填空A。C。F。J。E。D。I。B。H。G。六、書面表達22．Dear

Helen，It's

a

pity

that

you

can't

come

to

Weihai.As

you

have

known，Weihai

is

one

of

the

most

suitablelivingcitiesintheworld.Theculturalatmosphereisverygood，especiallyThePublicLibrary.Locatedineverycornerofthecity，thepubliclibrariesarequietandclean，withalotofdifferentkindsofbooksineachlibrary.Theyarefreeto

allthecitizensofourcity.Manyvolunteerscometothelibrariestodotheserviceafterwork.Now

thesepubliclibrarieshavehadgreateffectsonpeople'slives.Moreandmorepeoplein

Weihaigotothepubliclibrariestoborrowbooks.Theyaregoodplacesforthepeopleto

read，studyoreventorelaxin.Thankstothepubliclibraries，thepeople'sculturelevel

hasdeveloped

greatly.Next

time

when

you

come

to

Weihai.I'd

like

to

show

you

around

and

we'llenjoytheculture

here.Yours，Zhong

Hua威海市

2021

年中考化學試卷一、單選題下列關于物質(zhì)組成和構成的認識，錯誤的是（ ）看似龐雜無序的化學物質(zhì)均統(tǒng)一于種類有限的元素之中“元素論”和“原子-分子論”是物質(zhì)科學的基石，是科學和哲學的重要思想工具

C．核外電子特別是外層電子，是決定原子間作用方式的重要原因D．跟盧瑟福原子模型比較，道爾頓原子模型不科學，對科學發(fā)展的貢獻不大2．下列關于物質(zhì)及變化的認識，正確的是（ ）電子、光子、量子屬于化學物質(zhì)化學變化有可能創(chuàng)造出世界上原來不存在的物質(zhì)

C．任何變化都遵循質(zhì)量守恒定律D．只有通過化學變化才能獲得物質(zhì)和能量3．下圖為某反應的微觀示意圖，有關說法正確的是（）反應中丙、丁的化學計量數(shù)之比為

1：1反應前后各元素的化合價沒有改變C．反應中物質(zhì)乙發(fā)生還原反應D．反應前后甲、丁的質(zhì)量比為

1：14．下列物質(zhì)的分類正確的是（ ）A．復合肥：硝酸鉀、磷酸二氫銨、磷酸二氫鉀B．合金：黃銅、青銅、氧化銅C．無機非金屬材料：陶瓷、水泥、玻璃鋼D．堿：火堿、純堿、小蘇打5．下列事實能用金屬活動性解釋的是（）①鋁制品比鐵制品耐腐蝕②用硫酸銅溶液和鐵制取銅③用稀鹽酸除鐵銹④金屬銅不能與稀硫酸反應A．①② B．①②③6．下列宏觀現(xiàn)象的微觀解釋，錯誤的是（C．②④D．①②④）含有酚酞的燒堿溶液中加入稀硫酸，紅色消失一一氫離子與氫氧根離子結合成水分子水銀溫度計放入熱水中，水銀柱升高一一原子體積受熱變大

C．一氧化碳有毒，二氧化碳無毒一一不同種分子化學性質(zhì)不同D．硝酸銀溶液中滴入氯化鈉溶液，產(chǎn)生沉淀一一銀離子與氯離子結合成難溶性氯化銀7．下列物質(zhì)的用途中，利用其物理性質(zhì)的是（ ）用生石灰做干燥劑用

75%的酒精溶液對皮膚消毒用活性炭除去自來水中的異味和色素D．用白醋除去水壺中的水垢8．如圖是甲、乙兩種固體物質(zhì)（不含結晶水）的溶解度曲線，下列說法正確的是（）t1℃時，甲的飽和溶液溶質(zhì)質(zhì)量分數(shù)大于乙的飽和溶液溶質(zhì)質(zhì)量分數(shù)t1℃時，15g

甲加入

50g

水，充分溶解得到

65g

溶液將

t2℃甲、乙的飽和溶液升溫后，溶質(zhì)質(zhì)量分數(shù)：甲>乙D．甲中含有少量乙，可以用降溫結晶的方法提純甲9．為探究某塊狀固體的成分，小華做了如下圖所示的實驗，根據(jù)實驗結果推理獲得的結論錯誤的是（ ）由實驗①中有氣泡產(chǎn)生，可推斷固體中肯定含有碳酸鹽由實驗②中酚酞試液不變色，可推斷固體中不含可溶性堿性物質(zhì)C．由實驗③中有燒焦羽毛的氣味，可推斷固體中含有蛋白質(zhì)D．由實驗②中酚酞試液不變色、實驗④中試液變紅色，可推斷固體灼燒后生成新物質(zhì)10．下列除雜方法（括號內(nèi)為雜質(zhì)），正確的是（ ）序號混合物除雜方法ACO2（HCl）將混合氣體依次通過濃

NaOH

溶液、濃硫酸BCu

（CuO）將混合物灼燒CNaNO3

固體（NH4NO3）加適量的熟石灰研磨DNa2SO4

溶液（H2SO4）加適量的碳酸鈉溶液A．A二、填空題11．焰火中的化學B．BC．CD．D五光十色的焰火讓人嘆為觀止。焰火中的白光主要是由金屬鎂燃燒產(chǎn)生。下圖是有關微粒的結構示意圖，請回答下列問題：燃燒前圖中屬于原子的有（填序號）

，屬于陰離子的有（填序號）

。氧原子（填“能”或“不能”）

直接構成物質(zhì)。保持金屬鎂化學性質(zhì)的微粒是（填符號）

。燃燒中在空氣中點燃鎂條，鎂主要跟氧氣反應，還能跟氮氣反應生成少量氮化鎂（氮元素顯-3

價）。①鎂跟氮氣反應的微觀實質(zhì)是

。鎂跟氮氣反應的化學方程式為

，所屬基本反應類型為

。②焰火中燃燒金屬鎂是為了把

能轉化為

能。燃燒后氧化鎂能跟鹽酸反應生成氯化鎂，要把氯化鎂中的鎂元素重新分配到其它物質(zhì)中，從化學變化中鎂元素化合價是否改變的角度，反應可分為兩類，請舉例說明（用化學方程式表示）

和

。但無論化學反應多么復雜，從宏觀看

不會消失，從微觀看

不會消失。12．碳中和，中國在行動人類在向大自然獲取物質(zhì)和能源的過程中，對物質(zhì)的循環(huán)產(chǎn)生影響。有研究表明，大氣中的碳元素只占地球碳總量的

0.0000319%。通常，這部分碳是通過自然界中的碳循環(huán)（包括大氣、海洋、地表生物、火山爆發(fā)等）實現(xiàn)平衡。由于人類過度開采使用地下碳（主要是化石燃料），導致工業(yè)革命以來碳排放量急劇增加，正是這部分碳打破了大氣中二氧化碳的平衡。為減緩溫室效應，我國政府向世界莊嚴承諾，中國將在

2060

年前實現(xiàn)碳中和，請回答以下問題：（1）“碳循環(huán)”與“碳中和”中的“碳”，含義是否相同？

。為什么？

。有人認為碳循環(huán)過程中碳元素的化合價始終保持不變，你認為是否正確？

，你的證據(jù)是（用化學方程式表示）

。碳循環(huán)中的關鍵物質(zhì)一一二氧化碳①天然氣的主要成分是甲烷，若每個家庭每天平均消耗甲烷

0.32kg，按三億個家庭計算，每天向大氣中排放

kg

二氧化碳（假設甲烷完全燃燒）。②沼氣的主要成分也是甲烷，是利用植物秸稈等廢物發(fā)酵而成。為解決能源需求跟氣候變暖之間的矛盾，有學者建議：用沼氣替代天然氣，這樣就不會額外增加二氧化碳的排放量。請你解釋其中的道理

。③某研究機構發(fā)明了轉化大氣中二氧化碳的技術。方法一：在一定條件下，二氧化碳和氫氣反應生成甲醇（CH3OH）和水，用甲醇生產(chǎn)人造纖維：方法二：將二氧化碳轉化為甲醇后用作燃料。這兩種轉化方法對大氣中二氧化碳含量的影響是（填“增加”“減少”“不影響”）：方法一

；方法二

。13．證據(jù)推理在探究堿的性質(zhì)時，用到了氫氧化鉀，小銘在整理實驗臺時發(fā)現(xiàn)，盛有氫氧化鉀固體的試劑瓶沒有蓋上瓶蓋。他認為瓶中氫氧化鉀已有部分變質(zhì)，他推理的依據(jù)是（用化學方程式表示）

。要證明氫氧化鉀部分變質(zhì)，請寫出實驗步驟、可能的現(xiàn)象及相關推理

。小銘在切圓蔥時眼睛被刺激而流淚。小銘想：為什么圓蔥會釋放出催淚的物質(zhì)？這種“催人淚下”的物質(zhì)有什么性質(zhì)？小銘查閱資料得知：①圓蔥被切開時因破壞了細胞組織，生成了多種揮發(fā)性的能刺激眼睛的物質(zhì)（其中含有少量

SO3，這些揮發(fā)性物質(zhì)是“催人淚下”的元兇。②SO3

跟

CO2

的化學性質(zhì)相似。請你運用類比推理，寫出三氧化硫跟水反應的化學方程式

。若要避免切圓蔥時眼睛流淚，請你給出兩條建議，

、

。三、綜合題14．探秘火星上的化學物質(zhì)2021

年

5

月

15

日，我國自主研制的天問一號搭載祝融號火星車，成功登陸火星。研究表明，火星上有大氣，但總量很小，密度只有地球空氣的

1%左右，主要成分是二氧化碳，年平均氣溫-55℃，冬季最低至-133℃，夏季最高至

27℃?；鹦堑乇頉]有發(fā)現(xiàn)水，但地表下發(fā)現(xiàn)有水冰的痕跡，并有大量干冰。土壤及巖石中含有的無機鹽跟地球相似，表層土壤主要為氧化鐵。到目前為止，火星上還沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)生命跡象。（1）下表是火星大氣及土壤的部分成分。請你完善下表信息：成分二氧化碳氮氣氬氣氧氣水蒸氣碳酸鈣構成微粒（寫符號）體積分數(shù)95.3%2.7%1.6%0.15%0.03%/已知干冰在-78.5℃升華。一年四季火星大氣中二氧化碳的含量波動較大，原因是

。移居火星是人類的夢想，根據(jù)題中信息回答：跟地球相比，火星上沒有或含量不足以支持人類生命活動的基本物質(zhì)有哪些？

。要在太空中制取氧氣、水和鐵，有關物質(zhì)的信息如下：資料

1、用鐵酸鎳（NiFe2O4）做催化劑，用艙外太陽能電池發(fā)電，通電分解二氧化碳可生成氧氣和碳。資料

2、氮氣的沸點-196℃：氫氣的沸點-253℃。肼（分子式為

N2H4，讀音：jing）的沸點

114℃：肼是一種無色、易揮發(fā)、有刺激性氣味的油狀液體，有腐蝕性，能腐蝕玻璃和橡膠，有劇毒。肼是航空器上常用的燃料。請根據(jù)提供的信息，探究制取氧氣、水和鐵的方法。①在密閉的太空艙中，用資料

1

中的方法制備氧氣的優(yōu)點是

，該反應的化學方程式為

。②肼在氧氣中燃燒是否有可能