2022-2023年寧夏回族自治區(qū)固原市大學(xué)英語6級(jí)大學(xué)英語六級(jí)

2022-2023年寧夏回族自治區(qū)固原市大學(xué)英語6級(jí)大學(xué)英語六級(jí)學(xué)校:________班級(jí):________姓名:________考號(hào):________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20題)1.

ItisreportedbyRolandAndersonthattheGPOsarefilledwith______.

2.

Theauthorsaysthatforegoingacollegeeducationisoftennotawisechoicebecause______ofthe50highestpayingjobsrequireafour-yearcollegedegreeexceptforairtrafficcontrollersandnuclearpowerreactoroperators.

3.

TopeoplelivingintheArctic,themeltingofsomeglaciersmaypermitnewopportunitiesfor______.

4.

Themainmeasuretheforeignteachertakestogetpaidis______.

5.

Apersonwhothinksabouthavingweightlosssurgeryshouldfind______bariatricsurgeon.

6.

______paintiseasiertoapply,coversbetterandlastslonger.

7.

Thegrass-fed-beefburgersintheYaleSustainableFoodProjecthavebeenboughtfrom______.

8.

Somepeoplemayfailtofigureoutpuzzle2,possiblybecausetheydidn'trealize,withoutfoodfor3years,thelionsshouldhavebeen______ratherthanhungryandmoredangerous.

9.ContrarytotheopeningupofFacebook,theThunderbirdcanmakeusersminimize______.

10.

Therobot'sarmcan______thebodyofanautomobile.

11.TheLureofaBigCityVacation

[FromtheTowerofLondontoParis'EiffelTower,historiclandmarksandone-of-a-kindattractionshavelongluredtravelerstotheworld'sgreatcities.]

"Itbecomes,atleastforsomepeople,akindofpilgrimageinthesensethatyouwanttofinallyseetheStatueofLibertyandit'sinNewYorkandyouhavetogotoNewYorktoseeit,"saidWitoldRybczynski,aprofessorofurbanismatTheWhartonSchooloftheUniversityofPennsylvania.

"Thereisn'tasecondversionofitanywhereelse."

Thissortofuniqueattraction,combinedwiththeexcitementdcitylifeandaconcentrationofculturalopportunities,finedining,shoppingandaccommodationsbringssomevisitorsbackagainandagain.

"There'ssuchavastrangeofrichesinasmall,prettyeasilynavigatedspace.That'sdefinitelywhatattractsmetocities,"saidDonGeorge,globaltraveleditorforLonelyPlanetPublications.

Fewlargecitieshaveremarkablenaturalscenicattractionstobuildupon,sotheytendtorelyonheritageandculturalsitestosetthemselvesapart,accordingtoDouglasFrechtling,aprofessoroftourismstudiesatGeorgeWashingtonUniversity.

Visitingcitiesgainedpopularityinthe18thand19thcenturies,asthelandedaristocracyinBritainincreasinglysenttheirsons—andoccasionallytheirdaughters—toroundouttheireducationonaGrandTourofthecelebratedsightsandcitiesofcontinentalEurope,Frechtlingsaid.America'snouveauricheadoptedthistraditioninthelate19thandearly20thcenturies,andlater,lesswell-heeledtravelersjoinedthetouristranks.

"Intermsofwhatwemightcallmasstourismormiddle-classtourism,thatreallydidn'tdevelopuntilafterWorldWarII,"Frechtlingsaid."Itwasjusttoodifficultandtooexpensivetotravel."

Navigation101

Nowtheallureofbigcitiesseemsaspotentasever.ThenumberofvisitorstocentralParisin2004,forexample,isestimatedat25million,accordingtotheParisconventionandVisitorsBureau.

NewYorkCitywelcomed39.9millionvisitorstothefiveboroughsin2004andisexpectingatallyofnearly41millionfor2005,accordingtoNYC&Company,thecity'sofficialtourismmarketingorganization.

Gettingacclimatedtothepaceandlogisticsofalargemetropolitanareacantakealittletime.

"Irecommendwhenyougetsomewhere,youeitheraskataxidrivertotakeyouaroundoryougetononeofthetouristbusesthatallowyoutopayaone-dayfeeandtravelinthecircuitasoftenasyouwant,sothatyougetavisualideaofthecity,"saidRuthJarvis,serieseditorforTimeOutGuides,inaphoneinterviewfromherLondonoffice.

Whetheryou'revisitingabigcityforthefirstor15thtime,agoodmapisessential.EvenlocalscarrymapstonavigateLondon,Jarvissaid,sothere'snoshameinstandingonastreetcomerpeeringatyours.

Insomecities,localvolunteerguideswillhelpguestsdiscoverthedestination,Jarvissaid.InNewYork,BigAppleGreetersoffersthisservice.

Jarvisrecommendswalkingasmuchaspossiblebecauseitgivesyoumoreopportunitiestodiscoverthelocalcultureandgetasenseofacity'slayout.Whenusingpublictransportation,Jarvissuggeststakingbusesoversubwaysforthesamereason."Ifyou'rejustalittlebolderandyougetbuses,thenyou'reabovegroundandyoucanpickupwhereyouaresoyouhavetheconfidencetomakeyourownexplorationsalittlelater."

Mostcitiesofferdiscounttransportationcardsthatcansaveyoumotleyifyouanticipatefrequentbusorsubwaytrips.Keepyourhotel'saddressonhandandhavethehotelgiveyouthenumberofareputablecabcompanytokeepwithyou,Jarvissuggests.Rentingacellphoneinaninternationalde

A.YB.NC.NG

12.WidelyusingPrEPsmaycausepotentialproblemslikeethicalissuesand______.

13.

Themostcommonmistakebeginningpaintersmakeisspendingtoo______timeandeffortlayingonthepaint.

14.WhatdidtheEastIndiaCompanygetfromBritishsovereignatitsexpansion?

A.Thequalificationofestablishingitsbranches.

B.ThepermissiontobuildYaleUniversity.

C.Financialaswellasmilitarysupport.

D.Theprivatearmytoprotectitsemployees.

15.

Peoplehadbettergiveprioritytotheretirementsavings,becausetheywillnot______whentheyareold.

16.

Whenstudentsfirstbecomeawareofthefactthattheyaresubvocalizing,theyoftentrytostopitbysheer______.

17.Cheating

TheKansanStateUniversityJuniorwasdesperate.Alreadyonacademicprobationafterstumblingthroughashakysophomoreyearwhilebattlingaseverecaseofasthma,hewasabouttoflunkpoliticalscienceformissingtwoexams.AnotherFcouldmeansuspension,whichwouldputatriskthecollegedegreehe'dalwayscountedon.Hecouldn'ttakethatchance.Instead,hetookadifferentone.

Thankstoapart-timejobintheuniversity'sinformation-technologydepartment,theyoungman--aborn-and-bredMidwesternerwholovedreadingandplayedtrumpetinhishighschoolbandhadaccesstohisprofessor'sonlinegradebook.withafewquickkeystrokes,hewasabletogivehimselfpassingscoresforthetestshehadn'ttaken.Hewasn'tcleverenough,though,tocoverhistracks.Hewassooncaughtandsuspended--andhasbeenrackedwithguilteversince.

Whilethisstudentandhisprofessorssaytheincidentresultedfromamomentarylapseinjudgment,thesadfactisthat,inabroadersense,it'shardlyanisolatedact.There'splentytosuggestthatacademiccheatingisepidemicinthecountry'shighschoolsandcolleges.Considerafewexamples:ninebusinessstudentsattheUniversityofMarylandcaughtreceivingtextmessagedanswersontheircellphonesduringanaccountingexam;aTexasteencriminallychargedforsellingstolentestanswers--allegedlyswipedviaakeystroke-decodingdeviceaffixedtoateacher'scomputer--tofellowstudents.

Beyondtheanecdotes,expertspointtoastreamofdata--muchofitfromstudentsthemselves--thatindicatescheatingisrampant.AreportlastJunebyRutgersUniversityprofessorDonaldMcCabeforTheCenterforAcademicIntegrityshowed70percentofstudentsat60collegesadmittingtosomecheatingwithinthepreviousyear;oneinfouradmittedtoengaginginseriouscheating(copyingfromanotherstudent,usingconcealednotes,orhelpingsomeoneelsecheat).McCabe'shighschoolfindingsweresimilarlygrim:Of18,000highschoolstudentssurveyedacrossthecountryoverthepastfouryears,70percentofthoseinpublicschoolsadmittedtoatleastonecaseofserioustestcheating;aboutsixintenadmittedtosomeform.ofplagiarism.Justunderhalfofallprivateschoolstudentsacknowledgedsimilarlapses.

Cheatingisn'tnew.Aslongastherehavebeenroles,therehavebeenpeopleintentonbreakingthem.What'salarmingnow,saysInstitutefounderMichaelJosephson,ishowwidespreadandblatantthepracticehasbecome.

"Peoplewhocheatedwereintheminorityandtheykeptitsecret,evenfromtheirfriends,"hesays."Nowtheyarethemajority,andtheyareboldaboutit.Today,ifyouaskkidsaboutcheating,youwillgetsuchcavalierattitudesthatthestatisticsarealmostsecondary."

SuccessatAnyCost

Josephsonandothersgrapplingwiththeissuesaytwoforcesarebehindtheerosioninethics.First,advancesintechnology--chieflytheInternetandportabledigitaldevices--havemadecheatingeasier.Abiggerfactor,though,isthewaybadbehavior.acrosssociety--ballplayerspoppingsteroids,businessexecutivescookingcorporatebooks,journalistsfabricatingquotes,eventeachersfakingtestscorestomakeschoolslookgood--signalsthatnothingisoutofboundswhensuccessisatstake.

Thepressuretosucceedthatdrivessometocheatstartsearly,saysTomasRua,asenioratFriendsSeminary,aNewYorkCityprivateschool."Everythingthatyoudoandworkforistomaximizeyourpotential,"hesays."Andmanypeoplefeeldriventouseanyrecoursesothattheycangetthatgrade.Thereisalotofhysteriaaboutcollege,andyoustarthearingaboutitinthemiddleschool."

Daniel,astudentatTurlockHighSchoolinCalifornia'sCentralValley,certainlytakesthatattitude:"IfIwanttogetthebetter

A.YB.NC.NG

18.

Naturalgastrappedinundergroundreservoirsisextractedby__________________.

19.

Theissueofperformers'ethicshasalwaysbeentoleratedby______.

20.

Accordingtosomescientists,______isthesinglegreatestcauseofthefreshwatershortageintheworld.

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20題)21.(29)

A.Gettingtheworkdoneinmixedgroupsofsizes.

B.Havingcleardivisionoflaborasasociety.

C.Eachanthelpingwithallthetasks.

D.Allsizegroupsareideallysuitedtotheirjobs.

22.聽力原文：It'sgenerallyagreedthatserious,violentcrimehasreachedalarminglaroportionsintheUnitedStates.AsurveybytheLawEnforcementAssistanceAdministrationfoundthat61%ofallwomenfeelunsafeintheirownneighborhoodsatnight;that45%ofthepopulationisafraidtowalkaloneatnightneartheirownhomes;andthat47%ownguns,largeforself-protection.

Thosearrestedforcrimesanddisproportionatelylikelytobemale,young,amemberofaracialminority,andacityresident.Malesarearrestedaboutfourtimesasoftenasfemales.Onlyinjuvenilerunawaycasesandprostitutionarefemalesmoreoftenarrested.Oneisthesexrolestereotypingwhichencouragesmalestobemoreaggressiveanddaring,whilefemalesareencouragedtobemorepassiveandconformingtotherulesandnorms.Thesecondreasonisthetendencyofpoliceofficersandthecourtstodealmorekindlywithfemaleoffenders.However,itshouldbenoted,inthepastdecade,crimeamongfemaleshasbeenincreasingatmuchfasterratethanamongmales,anegativesideeffectwhichhasbeenattributedtowomenchallengingthetraditionalsexroleofpassivityandconformity.

Youngpeopleappeartocommitfarmorethantheirshareofcrime,includingthecrimesthatareclassifiedbytheFBIasmostserious-rape,murder,robbery,arson,burglary,aggravatedassault,autotheft.In1985,31%ofallarrestswereofpersonundertheageof21,and50%ofallarrestswereofpersonsunder25.

(30)

A.Forhunting.

B.Forprotectinghimself.

C.Forstimulation.

D.Forprotectingthecountry.

23.(17)

A.Larrywasprobablyjustifiedtogetsoangry.

B.Larrymaybejusthavingadifficulttimeatschool.

C.Larrydoesn'tlosehiscoolandshedoesn'tbelievethathedid.

D.TheprofessorprobablyhadagoodreasontolosehiscoolatLarry.

24.(24)

A.BecauseDiegocamefromafamousfamily.

B.BecauseDiegowashighlyintelligent.

C.BecauseDiegowasamanwithagreatfortune.

D.Becausehecouldnotpayhisdaughter'smedicalexpenseanymore.

25.SectionC

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthe

Lifeonearthdependsonthesun.Dayafterdayweseeitslightandfeelits【B1】______,butwedonotoftenknowor【B2】______thebirthorthebeginningoftheir【B3】______.Yetthereareamountof【B4】______thingsaboutthesun.Oneisitsdistancefromtheearth.Thisisaboutninety-three【B5】______miles.Itistous,alongdistance.A【B6】______ofthisdistance,evenifitcouldbemade,wouldtake【B7】______hundredyearseveninthe【B8】______rocket.

Thesunmakesusfeelheat,evenatadistanceofninety-threemillionmiles.Thisisnotsurprising.【B9】______.Butwereceiveonlyasmallpartofthisheat.Thetotalheatofthesuncouldmeltacolumnoficetwoandaquartermilesthickandninety-threemillionmileshighinonesecond.

Thebrightnessofthesunisequallyastonishing.Aswesaidearlier,wereceiveonlyaverysmallpartofthesun'sheat.【B10】______Thisissufficientforthegrowthoftreesandplants,andfortheexistenceoflivingcreaturesonearth.【B11】______.Theheatandlightfromthesuncomeinjusttherightquantitiesforlifeonearth.

【B1】

26.(36)

A.Cancerscausedbyinfectionsaremorecommon.

B.Theycanhardlybeprevented.

C.Therewillaseventeenpercentincreaserateincancers.

D.Theyresultfromsmoking.

27.

【B2】

28.聽力原文：Yearsagobeforetherewererefrigerators,anicehousewasabuildingusedforstoringice.Thefirsticehouseswereinthecellarsoffarmhouses.Piecesofice,mixedwithsnowandmeadowgrass,werepiledinwinterandkeptuntilthefollowingsummer.Soonfarmersbegantobuildseparatehousesforstoringice.Theseicehouseshaddoublewallswithhaystuffedbetweentokeepoutanyheat.Blocksoficewereputinsidetheicehouseandpackedwithstraworsawdust.

Wheredidtheicefortheseicehousescomefrom?Workerstookitfromafrozenpondorriver.Theysawedtheiceintoevenblocks.Thentheypulledtheiceblocksfromthewaterwithhooksandcarriedthemtotheicehousesonsleds.Specialtoolshelpedtheworkerscutandhandletheice.Iceaxeschoppedlargeholes!ntheice.Icesawscuttheiceintoevenblocks.Choppersloosenedtheseblocksfromoneanother.Icehooksfastenedthemselvesintothelargeblocks.Thentheycouldbecarriedoverthefrozensurfaceofthepondorriver.Tongswereusedtopickupthesmallerblocksofice.Shipscardediceallovertheworld.In1799thefirstboatloadintheUnitedStateswassentfromNewYorkCitytoicehousesinNewOrleans,Louisiana.AboatloadwassentfromBoston,Massachusetts,totheWestIndiestohelpfightyellowfeverin1805.IcemerchantsinBostonalsoshippedtonsoficefrompondsandriverstocitiesinEurope.

(30)

A.Separatehouseswerebuiltforstoringice.

B.Doublewallswerebuiltinicehousestokeepcool.

C.Blocksoficewerepackedwithweedinicehouses.

D.Icewasputintoicehousesinwinter.

29.

【B10】

30.聽力原文：M：Jimmyisgoingonajourneytomorrow．Shallwehaveafarewelldinnertonight?

W：Doyouthinkit'snecessary?Youknowhe'llbeawayjustforafewdaysandbebacknextweek．

Q：Whatdoesthewomanmean?

(16)

A.Jimmyisgoingtosetouttonight.

B.Jimmyhasnotdecidedonhisjourney.

C.Thereisnoneedtohaveafarewelldinner.

D.TheymayhaveadinnerwhenJimmy'sback.

31.【B5】

32.SectionC

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthe

Whatdoesitmeantosaythatweliveinaworldofpersuasion?Itmeansthatweliveamong【B1】______interests.Yourroommate'sneedtostudyforanexammaytake【B2】______overpizza.Yourinstructormayhavegoodreasonsnottochangeyourgrade.Andthe【B3】______ofyourromanticinterestmayhaveotheroptions.

Insuchaworld,persuasionistheartofgettingotherstogivefairandfavorable【B4】______toourpointofview.Whenwepersuade,wewantto【B5】______howothersbelieveandbehave.Wemaynotalways【B6】______otherpointsofviewmaybemorepersuasive,dependingonthelistener,thesituation,andthe【B7】______ofthecase.Butwhenwepracticetheartofpersuasion,wetrytoensurethatourpositionreceivestheattentionit【B8】______.

Somepeople,however,objecttotheveryideaofpersuasion.Theymayregardit【B9】______.Incontrast,webelievethatpersuasionisinevitable—toliveistopersuade.Persuasionmaybeethicalorunethical,selflessorselfish,inspiringordegrading.【B10】______.Ethicalpersuasion,however,callsforsoundreasoningandissensitivetothefeelingsandneedsoflisteners.Suchpersuasioncanhelpusapplythewisdomofthepasttothedecisionswenowmustmake.Therefore,【B11】______.

【B1】

33.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

聽力原文：Agoodmarriagemeansgrowingasacouplebutalsogrowingasindividuals.Thisisn'teasy;marriagehasalwaysbeendifficult.Whythenareweseeingsomanydivorcesatthistime?Yes,ourmodemsocialfabricisthin,andyes,thepermissivenessofsocietyhascreatedunrealisticexpectationsandthrewthefamilyintodisorder.Butdivorceissocommonbecausepeopletodayareunwillingtoexercisetheself-disciplinethatmarriagerequires.Theyexpecteasyjoy,liketheentertainmentonTV,thethrillofagoodparty.

Marriagetakessomekindofsacrifice,notdreadfulself-sacrificeofthesoul,butsomelevelofcompromise.Someofone'sfantasies,someofone'slegitimatedesires,havetobegivenupforthevalueofthemarriageitself."Whileallmartialpartnersfeelshackedattimes,itistheywhoreallychoosetomakethemartialtiesintoconfiningchainsorsupportingbonds,"saysDr.Walter.Marriagerequiressexual,financialandemotionaldisciple.Amanandawomancannotfolloweveryimpulse,cannotallowthemtostopgrowingorchanging.

(27)

A.Becauseitisdifficulttomaintainamarriage.

B.BecausepeoplelikewatchingTVprograms.

C.Becausepeoplepreferfreedomtoself-discipline.

D.Becauseoursocietyispermissivetowardsdivorces.

34.聽力原文：W:Wow,lookatalltheseoldbooksonthisShelf.They'vegottobeatleastonehundredyearsold.I'llbetthey'reworthalottocollectors.

M:Well,they'vegotalotofsentimentalValueforme,butthat'saboutit.

Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?

(15)

A.Heplanstosellthebookstoacollector.

B.Theoldbooksareworthalottocollectors.

C.Hewon'tsellthebooksuntilhehasreadthem.

D.Thebooksprobablyaren'tworthmuchintermsofmoney.

35.聽力原文：W:Goodevening,sir.I'mtheAssistantManager.

M:Hownice.

W:Yes,I'mafraidwe'vehadacomplaintaboutthenoisefromyourneighboracrossthecorridor.He'stryingtogetsomesleepashehasanearlystarttomorrow.I'msureyouunderstand.

M:Oh,Isee.

W:Doyouthinkitmightbepossibletoaskyourfriendstobealittlequieter?Wedoliketogiveourguestsachanceofgettingagoodnight'ssleep.Itiswellaftereleven.

M:Oh,I'msosorry.Idoapologize.Isupposeweweretalkingratherloudly.It'sjustthatwe'vesignedaveryimportantcontract.Wewerehavingabitofacelebration.

W:I'mpleasedtohearit.ShallIaskRoomServicetobringyousomecoffee?

M:No,thatwon'tbenecessary.Wewerejustabouttopackupanyway.

W:Thankyou,sir,andgoodnighttoyou.

(20)

A.Shewantstogreettheman.

B.Shewantstosendthemansomecoffee.

C.Shewantstoinform.theguestofacomplaintfromhisneighbor.

D.Shewantstojointheircelebration.

36.(41)

37.(26)

A.Reading.B.Sheffield.C.Manchester.D.Egypt.

38.(21)

A.TheconstructionoftheAmericanspacestation.

B.Budgetproblems.

C.Delays.

D.Technicaldifficulties.

39.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.

聽力原文：W:ThisschoolisluckytohaveateacherasgoodasProf.HelenJohnson.

M:Sheisoneinamillion.We'veallbenefitedfromwhatsheimpartedtous.IwishIcouldhavetakenmorecoursessheteaches.

Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?

(12)

A.OutstandingteacherslikeProfessorJohnsonarerare.

B.ProfessorJohnsonhaswonamilliondollarsasanaward.

C.ProfessorJohnsonislikelytogetthebenefitsfromtheschool.

D.TherearemanyteachersasgoodasProfessorJohnson.

40.聽力原文：W:Whydowehavetofinishthisproposaltonight?It'salready6p.m.Can'twecompleteittomorrow?

M:Ithastogotothepostofficebeforetwelvetonight.Wemustmakesurethatallthefiguresarecorrect.

Q:Howmanyhoursatmostdotheyhavetofinishtheproposal?

(18)

A.4hours.B.6hours,C.12hours.D.18hours.

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20題)41.

Althoughsomepeoplehadanexcessiveuseoftheword"love",theauthorthought______.

42.

Theresearcherstendtosuggestthatweshouldbe______insocializing.

43.

TheLend-LeaseActwasdesignedto______.

44.

Theauthor'sattitudetowardsTumitin'santi-plagiarismsoftwaremaybe______.

A.doubtfulB.indifferentC.objectiveD.favorable

45.

WhatdoesthefirstparagraphtellusaboutWesthusin'sdogcloningproject?

A.Itssuccessisalreadyinsight.

B.Itisdoomedtoutterfailure.

C.Itisprogressingsmoothly.

D.Itsoutcomeremainsuncertain.

46.ThoughKimiyukiSudausedtoownasportutilityvehicle,henowtravelsby______inmostcases.

47.Whatfoundbelowthewaterscouldshowthatthecitieswereoncethedestinationsforreligiouspilgrims?

48.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.

Iflifeexpectancywereamarathon,theUnitedStatesisfadingfromthepack.Althougheveryoneislivinglonger,theinhabitantsofotherindustrializednationshavemademoredramaticstridesinlifeexpectancythanAmericanshave,whichconsequentlyleadstotheresultthatAmericans,whoareonceonparwithItalyandNewZealandinthemiddleofthepacknowrankbelowSpainandGreeceneartheend.

Onthefaceofit,thisshouldn'tbehappening.

Healthiernationsareusuallywealthiernations.TheUnitedStatesranksonlyafterLuxembourgandNorwayofthe30richestnationsbelongingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD),butitnowranks22ndinlifeexpectancy.

Theproblemcouldbeanythingbutinadequatehealthcarespending.TheUSspends＄1ofevery＄7ofitsgrossdomesticproductonhealthcare,morethananyotherOECDnationthattypicallydevoteslessthan＄1in＄10ofGDPtothesector.Perperson,thatworksouttoanextra＄1,800comparedwiththeSwissor＄2,300comparedwiththeCanadians,eventhoughboththosegroupslivelongerthanAmericans.

Sowhat'satwork?Onefactorcouldbediet.Physiciansmaintainthatoverweight,whichhasbecomeamajorproblemfortheAmericans,oftenshrinksaperson'slifespan.Onthepositiveside,USalcoholandtobaccoconsumptionismoremoderatethantheOECDaverage.Anotherfactorholdingbacklongevity(長(zhǎng)壽)fallsintopoverty.ThequartertoathirdofAmericanswithlowincomesoftenhavelessmoneythanthesamelow-incomegroupsinseveralotherrichcountries.Athirdfactorcomesfrominequality,whichexacerbates(惡化)theproblem.Themostprosperous10percentofAmericansreceive17timesasmuchincomeasthoseinthebottom10percent.Incountrieswithhighlifeexpectanciesamongthoseat65--suchasJapan,Sweden,andNorway--thetop10percentmakesonlyfivetimesasmuchincome.

TheUSalsostruggleswithinequalityinhealthcare.Whilemostrichnationshaveuniversalcover-age,45millionintheUSdidn'thavehealthinsurancelastyear,accordingtocensusstatistics--ariseof5.2millionsince2000.Millionsmorehaveinsuranceonlypartoftheyear.Manyofthosewithouthealthinsurancetendtopostponemedicalcareforchronicproblems,thoughinemergenciestheymayseekforhospitalfacilities.

Thus,abetterpredicatoroflifeexpectancythanGDPmaybetheaverageGDPforthebottom40percentofthepopulation.HeretheUSfallsinthemiddleofthepackofrichcountries,ratherthanatthetop.

Bysaying"TheUnitedStatesranksonlyafterLuxembourgandNorwayofthe30richestnationsbelongingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD),butitnowranks22ndinlifeexpectancy"(Line1,Para.3),theauthorsuggeststhatwealthiernationsare______.

49.

Developmentsininternationalcooperationareoftenconsideredtheresultof______.

A.articlesinlearnedjournals

B.programmesinitiatedbygovernments

C.friendshipsformedbyscholarsatmeetings

D.theworkofinternationalagencies

50.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Youseethemeverywhere:harriedparentshaulingtheirlittleonesofftoclassesinMandarin,gymnasticsorclassicalviolin.Athome,they'refillingnurserieswith"educational"rattles(響尾蛇)andmobiles.It'sallforaworthygoal:makingthemostofthefirstthreeyearsoflife,whencriticalchanges