語言學名詞解釋

。1.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.2.Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguage精品文檔放心下載thatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.感謝閱讀3.Arbitrarinessrefersthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweena精品文檔放心下載linguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor(meaningandsounds).感謝閱讀4.Dualitymeansthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,such精品文檔放心下載thatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondary感謝閱讀levelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.感謝閱讀5.Creativity(productivity)meanslanguageisresourcefulbecauseofits精品文檔放心下載dualityandrecursiveness.謝謝閱讀6.Displacementmeanslanguagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremoved精品文檔放心下載fromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.謝謝閱讀7.Culturaltransmission:languageisnotbiologicallytransmittedfrom感謝閱讀generationtogeneration.Thedetailsofthelinguisticsystemmustbe精品文檔放心下載learnedbyeachspeaker.8.Interchangeability:meansthatanyhumanbeingcanbebothaproducer精品文檔放心下載andareceiverofmessages.精品文檔放心下載9.Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage精品文檔放心下載10.Descriptivemeansthelinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyze精品文檔放心下載thelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.謝謝閱讀Prescriptivemeansthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor謝謝閱讀correctandstandardbehaviorinusinglanguagetotellpeoplewhatthey感謝閱讀shouldsayandnotsay.11.Synchronic共時inwhichlanguagesaretreatedasself-contained精品文檔放心下載systemsofcommunicationatanyparticulartime在那一刻、時、塊的情況精品文檔放心下載（當代、古代）Diachronic歷時inwhichthechangestowhichlanguagesaresubject謝謝閱讀inthecourseoftimeandtreatedhistorically.(在過程中都有什么變化、感謝閱讀1。區(qū)別、有大時間變化)2個共時即為歷時12.Langueandparole找筆記重點。Competenceandperformance找筆記重精品文檔放心下載點。13.Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,and精品文檔放心下載perceived;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld感謝閱讀slanguages.14.Consonants：aresoundsproducedbyobstructingtheflowofairin精品文檔放心下載theoralcavity。Vowels：areproducedwhentheairstreammeetswith精品文檔放心下載noobstruction。15.diacritics：areadditionalsymbolsormarksusedtogetherwiththe感謝閱讀consonantandvowelsymbolstoindicatenuancesofchangeintheir精品文檔放心下載pronunciation.16.Phonologyisthestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsof感謝閱讀languages.Itaimstodiscovertheprinciplesthatgovernsthewaysounds謝謝閱讀areorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur.精品文檔放心下載17.Articulatoryphonetics發(fā)音語音學studiesoftheproductionofspeech感謝閱讀sounds.Acousticphonetics聲學語音學studiesofthephysicalpropertiesof感謝閱讀speechsoundsPerceptualphonetics感知聽覺isconcernedwiththeperceptionof感謝閱讀speechsounds18.Coarticulation協(xié)同發(fā)音meanswhenaspeechsoundchangesand謝謝閱讀becomesmorelikeanothersoundwhichfollowsitonprecedesit感謝閱讀Anticipatorycoarticulation:asoundbecomesmorelikethefollowing精品文檔放心下載sound.Eg:lambPerseverativecoarticulation:thesoundshowstheinfluenceofthe謝謝閱讀precedingsound.Eg:map19.Broadtranscription:thetranscriptionwithletters,symbolsonly.感謝閱讀Narrowtranscription:thetranscriptionwithletters,symbolstogether精品文檔放心下載2。withthediacritics.20.Phoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearand精品文檔放心下載produceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.Butaphonedoes感謝閱讀notdistinguishmeaning.21.Phonemeisaphonologicalunitwhichisthesmallestunitofsound精品文檔放心下載inalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwowords.感謝閱讀22.Allophonemeansthedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphoneme謝謝閱讀indifferentphoneticenvironmentarecalledtheallophonesofthat謝謝閱讀phoneme.Thechoiceofanallophoneisnotrandom,itisrule-governed謝謝閱讀indifferentcontexts23.Minimalpair:Aminimalpaircontainstwowordsinalanguagewhich精品文檔放心下載differfromeachotherbyonlyonedistinctivesoundandwhichalsodiffer精品文檔放心下載inmeaning.24.Allophonesofaphonemealwaysoccurindifferentphonetic謝謝閱讀environment,sotheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.精品文檔放心下載25.Ifthephoneticallysimilarsoundsare2distinctivephonemes,they謝謝閱讀aresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast.謝謝閱讀26.Freevariation:Whentwoormorelinguisticitemsoccurinthesame感謝閱讀positionwithoutanyapparentchangeofmeaningtheyareinfree感謝閱讀variation.27.Assimilation同化現(xiàn)象isaprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsome感謝閱讀orallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound。精品文檔放心下載Regressiveassimilation:afollowingsoundinfluencingaprecedingsound精品文檔放心下載Progressiveassimilation:aprecedingsoundinfluencesafollowing精品文檔放心下載sound.音位變化規(guī)則：threeaspects：asetofsoundstoundergotheprocess;謝謝閱讀asetofsoundsproducedbytheprocess;asetofsituationsinwhich感謝閱讀theprocessapplies.3。28.Wordisaminimumfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundand謝謝閱讀meaningandsyntacticfunction.感謝閱讀29.Morpheme語素isthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguageinterms精品文檔放心下載oftherelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannot感謝閱讀bedividedintofurtherwithoutdestroyingordrastically感謝閱讀alteringthemeaning,whetheritislexical詞匯的orgrammatical.精品文檔放心下載30．Morphology形態(tài)學studiestheinternalstructureofwordsandthe精品文檔放心下載rulesbywhichwordsareformed.精品文檔放心下載31.Endocentriccompound:isoneinwhichoneconstituentisthecenter精品文檔放心下載andtheotheristhemodifier.感謝閱讀Exocentriccompound:isoneinwhichthereisonfocalelementandthe精品文檔放心下載wholereferstosthelseratherthanwhateitheroftheconstituents謝謝閱讀denotes32.Allomorph:anyofthedifferentshapesorphoneticformsofamorpheme謝謝閱讀33.suppletion:atypeofirregularityinwhichthereisacompletechange謝謝閱讀intheshapeofawordinitsvariousforms謝謝閱讀34.Syntaxisthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferent感謝閱讀constituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudy謝謝閱讀oftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.感謝閱讀35.Grammaticalconstructioncanbeusedtomeananysyntacticconstruct精品文檔放心下載whichisassignedoneormoreconventionalfunctionsinalanguage,精品文檔放心下載togetherwithwhateverislinguisticallyconventionalizedaboutits精品文檔放心下載contributiontothemeaningorusetheconstructcontains.精品文檔放心下載36.Immediateconstituentsareconstituentsimmediately,ordirectly,感謝閱讀belowthelevelofaconstruction,evenawordwhichcanbefurther精品文檔放心下載analyzedintomorphemes(Bloomfield)感謝閱讀37.ICanalysis:theanalysisoftheasentenceintermsofitsimmediate

constituent-wordgroupswhichareinturnanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimate謝謝閱讀4。constituentarereached.38.TheimportanceofICanalysis:isthatitstressedthefunctionof謝謝閱讀theintermediatelevel-thewordgroup-intheanalysisofa精品文檔放心下載sentence,seeingahierarchicalstructureofthesentence.謝謝閱讀39.TheadvantagesofICanalysis：theinternalstructureofasentence謝謝閱讀isdemonstratedandambiguitycanberevealed.謝謝閱讀40.Endocentric向心性constructionisonewhosedistributionis感謝閱讀functionally功能相同equivalenttothatofoneormoreofits精品文檔放心下載constituents,awordoragroupofwords,whichservesasadefinable謝謝閱讀centerorhead一個詞或一組詞是整個結構的核心或中心感謝閱讀41.Exocentric離心性referstoagroupofsyntacticallyrelatedwords感謝閱讀wherenoneofthewordsisfunctionallyequivalenttothegroupasawhole,謝謝閱讀thatis,thereisnodefinablecentreorheadinsidethegroup.精品文檔放心下載42.Recursion:therepeateduseofthesameruletocreateinfinite精品文檔放心下載sentences.43.Deepstructure:theabstractrepresentationofthesyntactic精品文檔放心下載propertiesofaconstruction.感謝閱讀Surfacestructure:thefinalstageinthesyntacticderivationofa謝謝閱讀construction,whichcloselycorrespondtothestructuralorganization精品文檔放心下載ofaconstructionpeopleactuallyproduceandreceive.謝謝閱讀44.Textlinguistics:abranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesspokenor感謝閱讀writtentexts.45.Anaphora:theuseofawordorphrasewhichrefersbacktoanother謝謝閱讀wordorphrasewhichwasusedearlierinatextorconversation.謝謝閱讀46.Semanticsisthestudyoflinguisticmeaning,thewords,精品文檔放心下載phrases,andsentences.47.Reference指代meansthetheoryofmeaningwhichrelatesthemeaning精品文檔放心下載ofawordtothethingitrefersto,orstandsfor.精品文檔放心下載5。48.Semantictriangle(OgdenandRichards)meanstherelationbetweena謝謝閱讀wordandathingitreferstoisnotdirect.(concept)感謝閱讀49.Contextualism:onecanderivemeaningfromobservablecontextswhich感謝閱讀includesituationalcontextandthelinguisticcontext.感謝閱讀50.Behaviorism:meaningisthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersit精品文檔放心下載andtheresponseitcallsfortheinthehearer.精品文檔放心下載51.Componentialanalysis成分分析法istheapproachthatanalyzeword感謝閱讀meaningbydecomposingisintoitsatomic原子的features.Itshowsthe謝謝閱讀semanticfeatures語義特征ofaword.謝謝閱讀52.Entailment蘊涵XJohnkilledBill精品文檔放心下載YBilldiedIfXentailsY,themeaningofXisincludedinY.(ifxistrue,yis謝謝閱讀true;yisfalse,xisfalse)感謝閱讀41.Presupposition預設XJohn’sbikeneedsrepairing精品文檔放心下載YJohnhasabikeYisaprerequisiteofx.(ifxistrue,yistrue;ifxisfalse,yis感謝閱讀true)53.Pragmatics語用學isthestudyofthoserelationsbetweenlanguage精品文檔放心下載andcontextthataregrammatic