年考研英語沖刺班講義

07考研英語沖刺班講義及內(nèi)部模擬試題（周固）考研沖刺班講義[主講人：周固]一：英語知識運(yùn)用05版：Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals,(1)thisislargelybecause,(2)animals,westandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare(3)toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthoughtheair,(4)themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact,(5),weareextremelysensitivetosmells,(6)wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof(7)humansmellsevenwhentheseare(8)tofarbelowonepartinonemillion.Strangely,somepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother,(9)othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate(10)smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend(11)tothebrain.However,ithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell(12)cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen(13)toitoftenenough.Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatbrainfindsit(14)tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan(15)newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay(16)explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmellswesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot(17)oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe(18)newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse's.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors(19)forunfamiliarandemergencysignals(20)thesmellofsmoke,whichmightindicatethedangeroffire.1.［A］although［B］as［C］but［D］while2.［A］above［B］unlike［C］excluding［D］besides3.［A］limited［B］committed［C］dedicated［D］confined4.［A］catching［B］ignoring［C］missing［D］tracking5.［A］anyway［B］though［C］instead［D］therefore6.［A］evenif［B］ifonly［C］onlyif［D］asif7.［A］distinguishing［B］discovering[C]determining［D］detecting8.［A］diluted［B］dissolved［C］dispersed［D］diffused9.［A］when［B］since［C］for［D］whereas10.［A］unusual［B］particular［C］unique［D］typical11.［A］signs［B］stimuli［C］messages［D］impulses12.［A］atfirst［B］atall［C］atlarge［D］attimes13.［A］subjected［B］left［C］drawn［D］exposed14.［A］ineffective［B］incompetent［C］inefficient［D］insufficient15.［A］introduce［B］summon［C］trigger[D］create16.［A］still［B］also［C］otherwise［D］nevertheless17.［A］sure［B］sick［C］aware［D］tired18.［A］tolerate［B］repel［C］neglect［D］notice19.［A］available［B］reliable［C］identifiable［D］suitable20.［A］similarto［B］suchas［C］alongwith［D］asidefrom06版：ThehomelessmakeupagrowingpercentageofAmerica'spopulation.1,homelessnesshasreachedsuchproportionsthatlocalgovernmentscan'tpossibly2.Tohelphomelesspeople3independence,thefederalgovernmentmustsupportjobtrainingprograms,4theminimumwage,andfundmorelow-costhousing.5everyoneagreesonthenumberofAmericanswhoarehomeless.Estimates6anywherefrom600,000to3million.7_thefiguremayvary,analystsdoagreeonanothermatter:thatthenumberofthehomelessis8__.Oneofthefederalgovernment'sstudies9thatthenumberofthehomelesswillreachnearly19millionbytheendofthisdecade.Findingwaysto10thisgrowinghomelesspopulationhasbecomeincreasinglydifficult.11whenhomelessindividualsmanagetofinda12_thatwillgivethemthreemealsadayandaplacetosleepatnight,agoodnumberstillspendthebulkofeachday13_thestreet.Partoftheproblemisthatmanyhomelessadultsareaddictedtoalcoholordrugs.Andasignificantnumberofthehomelesshaveseriousmentaldisorders.Manyothers,14_notaddictedormentallyill,simplylacktheeveryday15skillsneededtoturntheirlives16_.BostonGlobereporterChrisReidynotesthatthesituationwillimproveonlywhenthereare17_programsthataddressthemanyneedsofthehomeless.18_EdwardZlotkowski,directorofcommunityserviceatBentleyCollegeinMassachusetts,19__it,“Therehastobe20__ofprograms.What'sneededisapackagedeal.”1.［A］Indeed［B］Likewise［C］Therefore［D］Furthermore2.［A］stand［B］cope［C］approve［D］retain3.［A］in［B］for［C］with［D］toward4.［A］raise［B］add［C］take［D］keep5.［A］Generally［B］Almost［C］Hardly［D］Not6.［A］cover［B］change［C］range［D］differ7.［A］Nowthat［B］Although［C］Provided［D］Exceptthat8.［A］inflating［B］expanding［C］increasing［D］extending9.［A］predicts［B］displays［C］proves［D］discovers10.［A］assist［B］track［C］sustain［D］dismiss11.［A］Hence［B］But［C］Even［D］Only12.［A］lodging［B］shelter［C］dwelling［D］house13.［A］searching［B］strolling［C］crowding［D］wandering14.［A］when［B］once［C］while［D］whereas15.［A］life［B］existence［C］survival［D］maintenance16.［A］around［B］over［C］on［D］up17.［A］complex［B］comprehensive［C］complementary［D］compensating18.［A］So［B］Since［C］As［D］Thus19.［A］puts［B］interprets［C］assumes［D］makes20.［A］supervision［B］manipulation［C］regulation［D］coordination英譯漢05版ItisnoteasytotalkabouttheroleofthemassmediainthisoverwhelminglysignificantphaseinEuropeanhistory.Historyandnewsbecomeconfused,andone'simpressionstendtobeamixtureofskepticismandoptimism.(46)TelevisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyedandperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.TheEuropethatisnowformingcannotbeanythingotherthanitspeoples,theirculturesandnationalidentities.WiththisinmindwecanbegintoanalyzetheEuropeantelevisionscene.(47)InEurope,aselsewhere,multimediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessfulgroupswhichbringtogethertelevision,radionewspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.OneItalianexamplewouldbetheBerlusconigroupwhileabroadMaxwellandMurdochcometomind.Clearly,onlythebiggestandmostflexibletelevisioncompaniesaregoingtobeabletocompeteinsucharichandhotlycontestedmarket.(48)Thisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurvivein,afactunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworks,nolessthan50%tookalossin1989.Moreover,theintegrationoftheEuropeancommunitywillobligetelevisioncompaniestocooperatemorecloselyintermsofbothproductionanddistribution.(49)Creatinga“Europeanidentity”thatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheoldcontinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoicethatofproducingprogramsinEuropeforEurope.ThisentailsreducingourdependenceontheNorthAmericanmarket,whoseprogramsrelatetoexperiencesandculturaltraditionswhicharedifferentfromourown.Inordertoachievetheseobjectives,wemustconcentratemoreonductions,theexchangeofnews,documentaryservicesandtraining.ThisalsoinvolvestheagreementsbetweenEuropeancountriesforthecreationofaEuropeanbankwillhandlethefinancesnecessaryforproductioncosts.(50)Indealingwithachallengeonsuchascale,itisnoexaggerationtosay“Unitywestand,dividedwefall”andifIhadtochooseasloganitwouldbe“Unityinourdiversity.”Aunityofobjectivesthatnonethelessrespectthevariedpeculiaritiesofeachcountry.06版IsittruethattheAmericanintellectualisrejectedandconsideredofnoaccountinhissociety?Iamgoingtosuggestthatitisnottrue.FatherBruckbergentoldpartofthestorywhenheobservedthatitistheintellectualswhohaverejectedAmerica.Buttheyhavedonemorethanthat.Theyhavegrowndissatisfiedwiththeroleofintellectual.Itisthey,notAmerica,whohavebecomeanti-intellectual.First,theobjectofourstudypleadsfordefinition.Whatisanintellectual?(46)IshalldefinehimasanindividualwhohaselectedashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlifetheactivityofthinkinginSocratic(蘇格拉底的)wayaboutmoralproblems.Heexploressuchproblemsconsciously,articulately,andfrankly,firstbyaskingfactualquestions,thenbyaskingmoralquestions,finallybysuggestingactionwhichseemsappropriateinthelightofthefactualandmoralinformationwhichhehasobtained.(47)Hisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,whomustaccepttheobligationofrevealinginasobviousamatteraspossiblethecourseofreasoningwhichledhimtohisdecision.Thisdefinitionexcludesmanyindividualsusuallyreferredtoasintellectuals—theaveragescientist,forone.(48)Ihaveexcludedhimbecause,whilehisaccomplishmentsmaycontributetothesolutionofmoralproblems,hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthefactualaspectsofthoseproblems.Likeotherhumanbeings,heencountersmoralissuesevenintheeverydayperformanceofhisroutineduties—heisnotsupposedtocookhisexperiments,manufactureevidence,ordoctorhisreports.(49)Buthisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcode,whichgovernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductinbusiness.Duringmostofhiswakinglifehewilltakehiscodeforgranted,asthebusinessmantakeshisethics.Thedefinitionalsoexcludesthemajorityofteachers,despitethefactthatteachinghastraditionallybeenthemethodwherebymanyintellectualsearntheirliving.(50)Theymayteachverywell,andmorethanearntheirsalaries,butmostofthemmakelittleornoindependentreflectionsonhumanproblemswhichinvolvemoraljudgment.Thisdescriptionevenfitsthemajorityofeminentscholars.Beinglearnedinsomebranchofhumanknowledgeisonething;livingin“publicandindustriousthoughts”,asEmersonwouldsay,issomethingelse.——Q47滿分譯文參考：（1）他的功能是一個(gè)分析家，好比一個(gè)法官，他必須接受這個(gè)責(zé)任：用盡可能明顯的方式揭示導(dǎo)致他做出決定的這個(gè)原因的過程。（2）他的功能類似于一個(gè)有責(zé)任和義務(wù)用盡可能明顯的方式展現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致他做出決定的理性過程的法官。（3）他的功能與法官相似，必須以盡可能明顯的方式對引導(dǎo)他做出判斷的推理過程進(jìn)行揭示為己任。（4）他的作用被類比為一名法官，這個(gè)法官必須以顯而易見的方式盡可能接受導(dǎo)致他做出決定的推理過程所揭示的責(zé)任。（5）知識分子的職能是具有分析能力的審判官，他必須接受這樣的責(zé)任，用盡可能明顯的方式揭示出他得出結(jié)論的推理過程。寫作Directions：（04版）Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethedrawing.2)interpretitsmeaning,and.3)supportyourviewwithexamples.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)終點(diǎn)又是起點(diǎn)Sample1Asisshowninthepicture,onarrivingatthefinishinglineofaraceontheplayground,theactiveyoungmanhastocontinuehisnewjourneyinnotimeinsteadofstoppingtotakearest.Hehassuccessfullysettledthepuzzleof“stoppingorgoingon”whichmighthaveconfusedmanyothers.Withtheincreasingpaceofmodernlife,perhapsnochangehascharacterizedthepastdecademoredramaticallythatthatofpeople'sviewontheirlife.Itisgenerallyagreeduponthatpeoplehavetoadjustthemselvestothisnewchange.Ontheonehand,nodoubt,peoplewillgainalotbysettingnewgoalsintheirdailylife.TakethefamousscientistThomasEdisonforexample.Hehaddoneverywellinhisearlylife,butcontinuedtopursuesomethingmoredifficultallthroughhislife.Ontheotherhand,ifoneisobsessedwiththesuccesshehasachieved,hewouldlosethechancetopursuenewsuccess.What'smore,hemaybecometheslaveofhissuccess.Therearemanycasesshowingthatpeoplelosetheircouragetobetterthemselvesafterbecomingsuccessful.Tosumup,one'sviewonhissuccessdetermineshisfuture.Inmyopinion,itisnecessarytocarryoutanation-widecampaignpublicizingpeoplewhohaveaburningdesireformoreandevergreaterachievementwhentheyarealreadywellknown.Sothatpeopleinthesocietywilldevelopaforward-lookingattitudeandmaketheirlifeworthlivingandtheworldmorebeautifulaswell.Sample2Thedrawingdepictsthataboyafteralongdistancerunning,isjusthittingtheendingrod.Therearetwomarksontheground.Theoneaftertheboymarks“ending”andtheoneinfrontoftheboymarks“starting”.Fromthedrawing,wecanconcludeeasilythat“Endingmeansanotherbeginning”.Defferentracesthatcomeonearoundanotherconsistourlives.Wehavenochoicebuttofacethem.Incollege,we“run”withourclassmates.Incompany,we“run”withourcolleagues.Duringtherace,wemustalwaystryourbestforifyouarelazyyouwilllossyourposition.To“run”fasterandtokeepupwiththequickdevelopmentofmoderntechnologyandoursocietyistheprincipleoffuturesociety.Theearlyyouendtherace,theearlyyoucanbeginthenextone,themorechancesyoumayheld.Nowadayswiththequickdevelopmentoftechnology,wescientificcollegestudentmusttrytokeepupwithit.Weshouldn'tfeelsatisfiedwithwhatwehaveachieved.Developingisthefirstprinciple.Theonlythingwecandonowisrunninganddeveloping.Sample3Asisknowntoallpeopleshouldnevergiveuphardworking.Justlikeadrawinghastoldus.Inthedrawing,thereisarunnerwhohasreachedtheend,buthedoesn'tstop,heiskeepingonrunning.Therunnerdoesn'thavearestbecauseofheknowstheendisalsothenewbeing.Defferentpeople,however,havedifferentopinionsonwhetherweshouldkeeponrunningorhavearestattheendofajob.Somepeoplethinkweshouldkeeponrunning,becausetheendisalsothenewbeing.Intheiropinionifonewanttobeasuccessormustalwaysworkhard.Othersthinkwewon'tkeeponrunning,weshouldtakearest.Intheiropiniontheycan'tdoapainswork.Tomyview,Ithinktheendisalsothenewbeing,wemustdoourbesttokeeponrunning,working.Forexample,ChinesepeoplehasfightagainstSARSforseveralmonths,andwegotastagesuccess,butweshouldn'thavearest,becauseifwedon'ttakecareofSARSandifwedon'tkeeponworkinghard,perhapswewillbeillagain.AsfarasIamconcerned,Ithinkweshouldkeeponrunningattheendbecausetheendisalwaysthenewbeing,andIbelieveifwewanttobesuccesskeeponrunningisbothsoundableandwell-grounded.Sample4Therunnergettotheendoftherun-waybuthegettothebeganoftherun-waytoo.Theoveristhebegain,itisnotmeaningthatthebegainisnotaccordingtotheend.Thebegainisneuwlevel'sbegain.Itmeansthattheonethingbegainingtodo.Thethingmustgototheothebegainofonethebegain.Thesuccessmustbaseontheothersuccess,ifnot,theworldwouldnotdevelop.Tome,itisthissureaction.Ihavefinishedminlityschool,itistheend,butIbegaintostudy,universityclass,itisthebegain.Ibegaintostudyuniversityclassisbaseonthathavingfinishedtheminlingschoolclass.Ifnot,Ican'tstudyuniversityclass.Thebegainisnewbegain.閱讀理解A節(jié)Text1Inspiteof“endlesstalkofdifference,”Americansocietyisanamazingmachineforhomogenizingpeople.Thereis“thedemocratizinguniformityofdressanddiscourse,andthecasualnessandabsenceofdeference”characteristicofpopularculture.Peopleareabsorbedinto“acultureofconsumption”launchedbythe19th-centurydepartmentstoresthatoffered“vastarraysofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere.Insteadofintimateshopscateringtoaknowledgeableelite”thesewerestores“anyonecouldenter,regardlessofclassorbackground.Thisturnedshoppingintoapublicanddemocraticact.”Themassmedia,advertisingandsportsareotherforcesforhomogenization.Immigrantsarequicklyfittingintothiscommonculture,whichmaynotbealtogetherelevatingbutishardlypoisonous.WritingfortheNationalImmigrationForum,GregoryRodriguezreportsthattoday'simmigrationisneitheratunprecedentedlevelnorresistanttoassimilation.In1998immigrantswere9.8percentofpopulation;in1900,13.6percent.Inthe10yearspriorto1990,3.1immigrantsarrivedforevery1,000residents;inthe10yearspriorto1890,9.2forevery1,000.Now,considerthreeindicesofassimilation—language,homeownershipandintermarriage.The1990Censusrevealedthat“amajorityofimmigrantsfromeachofthefifteenmostcommoncountriesoforiginspokeEnglish‘well'or‘verywell'aftertenyearsofresidence.”ThechildrenofimmigrantstendtobebilingualandproficientinEnglish.“Bythethirdgeneration,theoriginallanguageislostinthemajorityofimmigrantfamilies.”HencethedescriptionofAmericaasa“graveyard”forlanguages.By1996foreign-bornimmigrantswhohadarrivedbefore1970hadahomeownershiprateof75.6percent,higherthanthe69.8percentrateamongnative-bornAmericans.Foreign-bornAsiansandHispanics“havehigherratesofintermarriagethandoU.S.bornwhitesandblacks.”Bythethirdgeneration,onethirdofHispanicwomenaremarriedtonon-Hispanics,and41percentofAsian-Americanwomenaremarriedtonon-Asians.RodrigueznotesthatchildreninremotevillagesaroundtheworldarefansofsuperstarslikeArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooks,yet“someAmericansfearthatimmigrantslivingwithintheUnitedStatesremainsomehowimmunetothenation'sassimilativepower.”AretheredivisiveissuesandpocketsofseethingangerinAmerica?Indeed.Itisbigenoughtohaveabitofeverything.ButparticularlywhenviewedagainstAmerica'sturbulentpast,today'ssocialindiceshardlysuggestadarkanddeterioratingsocialenvironment.21.Theword“homogenizing”(Line2,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans［A］identifying.［B］associating［C］assimilating.［D］monopolizing.22.Accordingtotheauthor,thedepartmentstoresofthe19thcentury［A］playedaroleinthespreadofpopularculture.［B］becameintimateshopsforcommonconsumers.［C］satisfiedtheneedsofaknowledgeableelite.［D］oweditsemergencetothecultureofconsumption.23.ThetextsuggeststhatimmigrantsnowintheU.S.［A］areresistanttohomogenization.［B］exertagreatinfluenceonAmericanculture.［C］arehardlyathreattothecommonculture.［D］constitutethemajorityofthepopulation.24.WhyareArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooksmentionedinParagraph5?［A］Toprovetheirpopularityaroundtheworld.［B］Torevealthepublic'sfearofimmigrants.［C］Togiveexamplesofsuccessfulimmigrants.［D］ToshowthepowerfulinfluenceofAmericanculture.25.Intheauthor'sopinion,theabsorptionofimmigrantsintoAmericansocietyis［A］rewarding.［B］successful.［C］fruitless.［D］harmful.Text2Stratford-on-Avon,asweallknow,hasonlyoneindustry—WilliamShakespeare—buttherearetwodistinctlyseparateandincreasinglyhostilebranches.ThereistheRoyalShakespeareCompany(RSC),whichpresentssuperbproductionsoftheplaysattheShakespeareMemorialTheatreontheAvon.Andtherearethetownsfolkwholargelyliveoffthetouristswhocome,nottoseetheplays,buttolookatAnneHathaway'sCottage,Shakespeare'sbirthplaceandtheothersights.TheworthyresidentsofStratforddoubtthatthetheatreaddsapennytotheirrevenue.TheyfranklydisliketheRSC'sactors,themwiththeirlonghairandbeardsandsandalsandnoisiness.It'salldeliciouslyironicwhenyouconsiderthatShakespeare,whoearnstheirliving,washimselfanactor(withabeard)anddidhisshareofnoise-making.Thetouriststreamsarenotentirelyseparate.Thesightseerswhocomebybus—andoftentakeinWarwickCastleandBlenheimPalaceontheside—don'tusuallyseetheplays,andsomeofthemareevensurprisedtofindatheatreinStratford.However,theplaygoersdomanagealittlesight-seeingalongwiththeirplay-going.Itistheplaygoers,theRSCcontends,whobringinmuchofthetown'srevenuebecausetheyspendthenight(someofthemfourorfivenights)pouringcashintothehotelsandrestaurants.Thesightseerscantakeineverythingandgetoutoftownbynightfall.Thetownsfolkdon'tseeitthiswayandthelocalcouncildoesnotcontributedirectlytothesubsidyoftheRoyalShakespeareCompany.Stratfordcriespoortraditionally.Neverthelesseveryhotelintownseemstobeaddinganewwingorcocktaillounge.Hiltonisbuildingitsownhotelthere,whichyoumaybesurewillbedecoratedwithHamletHamburgerBars,theLearLounge,theBanquoBanquetingRoom,andsoforth,andwillbeveryexpensive.Anyway,thetownsfolkcan'tunderstandwhytheRoyalShakespeareCompanyneedsasubsidy.(Thetheatrehasbrokenattendancerecordsforthreeyearsinarow.Lastyearits1,431seatswere94percentoccupiedallyearlongandthisyearthey'lldobetter.)Thereason,ofcourse,isthatcostshaverocketedandticketpriceshavestayedlow.ItwouldbeashametoraisepricestoomuchbecauseitwoulddriveawaytheyoungpeoplewhoareStratford'smostattractiveclientele.Theycomeentirelyfortheplays,notthesights.Theyallseemtolookalike(thoughtheycomefromallover)—lean,pointed,dedicatedfaces,wearingjeansandsandals,eatingtheirbunsandbeddingdownforthenightontheflagstonesoutsidethetheatretobuythe20seatsand80standing-roomticketsheldforthesleepersandsoldtothemwhentheboxofficeopensat10:30a.m.26.Fromthefirsttwoparagraphs,welearnthat［A］thetownsfolkdenytheRSC'scontributiontothetown'srevenue.［B］theactorsoftheRSCimitateShakespeareonandoffstage.［C］thetwobranchesoftheRSCarenotongoodterms.［D］thetownsfolkearnlittlefromtourism.27.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that［A］thesightseerscannotvisittheCastleandthePalaceseparately.［B］theplaygoersspendmoremoneythatthesightseers.［C］thesightseersdomoreshoppingthantheplaygoers.［D］theplaygoersgotonootherplacesintownthanthetheater.28.Bysaying“Stratfordcriespoortraditionally”(Lines2—3,Paragraph4),theauthorimpliesthat［A］Stratfordcannotaffordtheexpansionprojects.［B］Stratfordhaslongbeeninfinancialdifficulties.［C］thetownisnotreallyshortofmoney.［D］thetownsfolkusedtobepoorlypaid.29.Accordingtothetownsfolk,theRSCdeservesnosubsidybecause［A］ticketpricescanberaisedtocoverthespending.［B］thecompanyisfinanciallyill-managed.［C］thebehavioroftheactorsisnotsociallyacceptable.［D］thetheatreattendanceisontherise.30.Fromthetextwecanconcludethattheauthor［A］issupportiveofbothsides.［B］favorsthetownsfolk'sview.［C］takesadetachedattitude.［D］issympathetictotheRSC.Text3Whenprehistoricmanarrivedinnewpartsoftheworld,somethingstrangehappenedtothelargeanimals:theysuddenlybecameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived.Thelarge,slow-growinganimalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceans.Thattheseasarebeingover-fishedhasbeenknownforyears.WhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormhaveshownisjusthowfastthingsarechanging.Theyhavelookedathalfacenturyofdatafromfisheriesaroundtheworld.Theirmethodsdonotattempttoestimatetheactualbiomass(theamountoflivingbiologicalmatter)offishspeciesinparticularpartsoftheocean,butratherchangesinthatbiomassovertime.AccordingtotheirlatestpaperpublishedinNature,thebiomassoflargepredators(animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals)inanewfisheryisreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelong-fishedareas,ithashalvedagainsincethen.Dr.Wormacknowledgesthatthesefiguresareconservative.Onereasonforthisisthatfishingtechnologyhasimproved.Today'svesselscanfindtheirpreyusingsatellitesandsonar,whichwerenotavailable50yearsago.Thatmeansahigherproportionofwhatisintheseaisbeingcaught,sotherealdifferencebetweenpresentandpastislikelytobeworsethantheonerecordedbychangesincatchsizes.Intheearlydays,too,longlineswouldhavebeenmoresaturatedwithfish.Someindividualswouldthereforenothavebeencaught,sincenobaitedhookswouldhavebeenavailabletotrapthem,leadingtoanunderestimateoffishstocksinthepast.Furthermore,intheearlydaysoflonglinefishing,alotoffishwerelosttosharksaftertheyhadbeenhooked.Thatisnolongeraproblem,becausetherearefewersharksaroundnow.Dr.MyersandDr.Wormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrectbaseline,whichfuturemanagementeffortsmusttakeintoaccount.Theybelievethedatasupportanideacurrentamongmarinebiologists,thatofthe“shiftingbaseline”.Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlyarelativelyshorttimeintothepast.Thatmattersbecausetheorysuggeststhatthemaximumsustainableyieldthatcanbecroppedfromafisherycomeswhenthebiomassofatargetspeciesisabout50%ofitsoriginallevels.Mostfisheriesarewellbelowthat,whichisabadwaytodobusiness.31.Theextinctionoflargeprehistoricanimalsisnotedtosuggestthat［A］largeanimalswerevulnerabletothechangingenvironment.［B］smallspeciessurvivedaslargeanimalsdisappeared.［C］largeseaanimalsmayfacethesamethreattoday.［D］slow-growingfishoutlivefast-growingones.32.WecaninferfromDr.MyersandDr.Worm'spaperthat［A］thestockoflargepredatorsinsomeoldfisherieshasreducedby90%.［B］thereareonlyhalfasmanyfisheriesastherewere15yearsago.［C］thecatchsizesinnewfisheriesareonly20%oftheoriginalamount.［D］thenumberoflargerpredatorsdroppedfasterinnewfisheriesthanintheold.33.Bysaying“thesefiguresareconservative”(Line1,Paragraph3),Dr.Wormmeansthat［A］fishingtechnologyhasimprovedrapidly.［B］thecatch-sizesareactuallysmallerthanrecorded.［C］themarinebiomasshassufferedagreaterloss.［D］thedatacollectedsofarareoutofdate.34.Dr.Myersandotherresearchersholdthat［A］peopleshouldlookforabaselinethatcanworkforalongertime.［B］fisheriesshouldkeeptheiryieldsbelow50%ofthebiomass.［C］theoceanbiomassshouldberestoredtoitsoriginallevel.［D］peopleshouldadjustthefishingbaselinetochangingsituation.35.Theauthorseemstobemainlyconcernedwithmostfisheries,［A］managementefficiency.［B］biomasslevel.［C］catch-sizelimits.［D］technologicalapplication.Text4Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweird.Buttheweirdestmaybethis:artists'onlyjobistoexploreemotions,andyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeelbad.Thiswasn'talwaysso.