水化學(xué)Analysis of Water Chemistry教學(xué)課件

AnalysisofWaterChemistryUrbanStreamRestorationProjectOutlineWaterChemistryBackgroundChemistryinUrbanStreamsMethods2019ResultsComparisonto2019ConclusionsOutlineWaterChemistryBackgroundChemistryinUrbanStreamsMethods2019ResultsComparisonto2019ConclusionsTemperatureMostaquaticorganismsarecold-bloodedandhaveanidealtemperaturerange,specifictotheorganism:Diatoms15-25degreesCGreenalgae25-35degreesCBluegreens30-40degreesCSalmonids–coldwaterfishTemperature,continuedAffectsdevelopmentofinvertebrates,metabolismoforganismsAffectsdissolvedoxygen(warmwaterholdslessoxygen)Warmwatermakessomesubstancesmoretoxic(cyanide,phenol,xylene,zinc)and,ifcombinedwithlowDO,theybecomeevenmoretoxicDissolvedOxygenOxygenthatisdissolvedinwaterDOincreaseswithcoolerwaterandmixingofwaterthroughriffles,storms,windNutrientloadingcanleadtoalgalbloomswhichresultindecreasedDO4-5ppmDOistheminimumthatwillsupportlarge,diversefishpopulations.IdealDOis9ppm.Below3ppm,allfishdie.DissolvedOxygen,continuedDissolvedoxygencanalsobeexpressedas%saturation80-124%=excellent60-79%=ok<60%=poorConductivityMeasurestheabilityofwatertocarryanelectriccurrentMeasurestheionssuchasNa+,Cl-inthewaterDifferencesinconductivityareusuallyduetotheconcentrationofchargedionsinsolution(andioniccomposition,temp.)ReportedasmicrosiemenspercmpHpHmeasuresthedegreeofacidityoralkalinityofthewater(eachnumberisa10-folddifference)0-6=acid;7=neutral;8-14=baseIdealforfish=6.5–8.2Idealforalgae=7.5–8.4Acidwatersmaketoxicchemicals(Al,Pb,Hg)moretoxicthannormal,andaltertrophicstructure(fewplants,algae)TurbidityMeasuresthecloudinessofthewaterTurbiditycausedbyplankton,chemicals,silt,etc.Mostcommoncausesofexcessturbidityareplanktonandsoilerosion(duetologging,mining,farming,construction)Turbidity,continuedExcessTurbiditycanbeaproblem:Lightcan’tpenetratethroughthewater–photosynthesismaybereducedorevenstop–algaecandieTurbiditycancloggillsoffishandshellfish–canbefatalFishcannotseetofindfood,butcanhidebetterfrompredatorsPhosphorus(Reactive)IsnecessaryforplantandanimalgrowthNaturalsource=phosphate-containingrocksAnthropogenicsource=fertilizerandpesticiderunofffromfarmingCanstimulatealgalgrowth/bloomNitratesFormedbytheprocessofnitrification(additionofO2toNH3bybacteria)UsedbyplantsandalgaeIsmildlytoxic,fatalathighdosesLargeamounts(leakingsewerpipes,fertilizerrunoff,etc.)canleadtoalgalblooms,whichcanaltercommunitystructure,trophicinteractionsandDOregimes)Below90mg/Lseemstohavenoeffectonwarmwaterfish,butcoldwaterfisharesensitiveAlkalinityAmeasureofthesubstancesinwaterthatcanneutralizeacidandresistchangesinpHNaturalsource=rocksIdealwaterforfishandaquaticorganismshasatotalalkalinityof100-120mg/LGroundwaterhashigheralkalinitythansurfacewaterHardnessTheamountofCalciumandMagnesiuminthewater(thetwomineralsmostlyresponsible)Naturalsource=rocksLimestone=hardwater,granite=nothardwaterHardness,continuedSoftwatercanbeaproblem:insoftwater,heavymetalsaremorepoisonous,somechemicalsaremoretoxic,drinkingsoftwateroverlongperiodscanincreasechanceofheartattack0–60=softwater61-120=moderatelyhardwater121-180=hardwater181+=veryhardwaterHardnessandalkalinityarerelatedOutlineWaterChemistryBackgroundChemistryinUrbanStreamsMethods2019ResultsComparisonto2019ConclusionsPhysicalEffectsofUrbanizationRelatedtoWaterChemistryRiparianVegetationRemovalDecreasedGroundwaterRechargeHeatIslandEffectIncreasedSurfaceRunoff/ImperviousSurfacesLeakyStorm-water/SewagePipesPointSourcePollutionTrendsinWaterChemistryTemperatureincreasesNitrateincreasesPhosphorusincreasesConductivityincreases(Increasedionconcentration)O2demandincreasesOutlineWaterChemistryBackgroundChemistryinUrbanStreamsMethods2019ResultsComparisonto2019ConclusionsFieldMeasurementsDissolvedOxygenTemperatureConductivitypHWaterCollectionForLaboratoryAnalysisGrabSamplesThreereplicates(frommultiplesamples)Measuredwithin24hours(fewexceptions)PictureSource:ci.gresham.or.us/departments/des/stormwater/water_quality.htmLaboratoryAnalysisNitrateReactivePhosphorusAlkalinityHardnessTurbidityOutlineChemistryinUrbanStreamsWaterChemistryMeasurementsandTheoryMethods2019ResultsComparisonto2019ConclusionsFieldMeasurements2019

SALPBTurbidityAllvaluesfor2019<5jtuFor2019,allbutonesamplingdate<5jtuTheonedatefor2019>5wasduringastormeventReactivePhosphorus2019

PBSALNitrate2019

PBSALAlkalinity2019

PBSALHardness2019

PBSALOutlineChemistryinUrbanStreamsWaterChemistryMeasurementsandTheoryMethods2019ResultsComparisonto2019ConclusionsFieldMeasurementPB

20192019FieldMeasurementForSAL

20192019PaintBranch

20192019StewartAprilLane

20192019OutlineChemistryinUrbanStreamsWaterChemi