中醫(yī)英語常用語

中醫(yī)英語常用語中醫(yī)英語常用語（一）中醫(yī)方劑名稱的翻譯方法從目前的翻譯實(shí)踐來看，方劑名稱均可以音譯。如“麻黃湯”可譯為MahuangDecoction，“桂枝湯”可譯為GuizhiDecoction。也有的將劑型也予以音譯。但也有不少人采用直譯或意譯的方式翻譯方劑名稱。但在具體翻譯時(shí)有的采用英語翻譯方劑名稱中的中藥名（如將“桂枝湯”譯為CinnamonTwigDecoction），有的則采用拉丁語翻譯（如將“桂枝湯”譯為RamulusCinnamoniDecoction）。有關(guān)中藥名稱的翻譯問題，請(qǐng)參見第二十課的有關(guān)內(nèi)容。就直譯和意譯而言，方劑名稱的翻譯可以有如下一些方式：１．以方中君藥命名的方劑譯式為：主藥名＋劑型名，如“麻黃湯”可譯為HerbaEphedraeDecoction或EphedraDecoction。２．以主治病證命名的方劑譯式為：病證名＋劑型名，如“疝氣湯”可譯為HerniaDecoction。３．以動(dòng)物命名的方劑譯式為：動(dòng)物名＋劑型名，如“白虎湯”可譯為WhiteTiger劑型名+plus（加）或minus（減）+加上或減去的藥物名稱，如“桂枝加（減）芍藥湯”可譯為RamulusCinnamoni（或CinnamonTwig）DecoctionPlusRadixPaeoniae（或Peony）。10．以方中所含諸藥數(shù)加功效命名的方劑譯式為：所含諸藥數(shù)+劑型名+for+功效，如“五味消毒飲”可譯為Five-IngredientDecoctionforEliminatingToxin。（三）中醫(yī)方劑常見劑型及其翻譯中醫(yī)方劑劑型比較多，現(xiàn)就其主要種類與譯法分述如下：1．湯劑：Decoction2．散劑：Powder3．丸劑：可譯為Bolus（大丸藥）、Pellet（小丸藥）或Pill（1）蜜丸：HoneyedBolus（2）水丸：WaterPellet（3）糊丸：PastePill（4）濃縮丸：CondensedPellet4．膏劑：Paste,Ointment,Plaster,Salve（1）流浸膏：LiquidExtract（2）浸膏：Extract（3）煎膏：DecoctedPaste（4）軟膏：Ointment,Paste（5）硬膏：Plaster5．丹劑：與丸劑同，只因多用精練藥品或貴重藥品制成，所以稱丹不稱丸。6．酒劑：Vinum7．茶劑：MedicinalTea8．藥露：Syrup9．錠劑：Lozenge,Pastille,Troche10．糖漿劑：Syrup11．片劑：Tablet12．沖服劑：Granule13．針劑：Injection14．栓劑：Suppository15．膠囊劑：Capsule（二）中藥藥性的翻譯1．Amongthesematerials,flowers,herbsandtreesaretheonesmostfrequentlyused,thatiswhyChinesemateriamedicaiscalledChinesemedicinalherbs.在這些藥物中，大多數(shù)是、草和樹木，所以中藥又稱為中草藥。2．TheChinesemedicinalherbsarecharacterizedbyfourproperties(cold,heat,warmandcool)andfivetastes(sour,bitter,sweet,acridorpungent-spicyandsalty).中草藥具有寒、熱、溫、涼四種不同的藥性（即四氣）和酸、苦、甘、辛、咸五種不同的味道（即五味）。3．Herbssuchaspreparedaconiteroot(Fuzi),whichrelievecoldsyndromes,arecharacterizedaswarmorhot.象附子這樣能解除寒證的草藥性屬溫?zé)帷?．Whenthetasteisnotobvious,itisknownasblandortasteless.味道不明顯的草藥為淡味或無味。5．Also,someherbsarecharacterizedasastringent.還有一些藥物具有收澀的作用。6．Herbsthathaveadispersingfunctionarepungent-spicy.辛味之藥具有宣散作用。7．Herbsmaybecold,slightlycoldandverycold;bitter,slightlybitterandverybitter;etc.藥物或者為寒、微寒和大寒；或者為苦、微苦和苦甚。8．Thefunctionaltendenciesofherbsaremarkedbyascending,descending,floatingandsinking.藥物的作用趨勢(shì)為升降沉浮。9．Herbsthatascendandfloatmoveupwardandoutward;theypromotesweating,raiseyang,causevomitingandopentheorifices.具有升浮作用的藥物有發(fā)汗、升陽、涌吐和開竅的功效。10．Herbsthatdescendandsinkmovedownwardandinward,conductqidownward,promoteurinationanddefecation,subdueyangandcalmthemind.具有降沉作用的藥物有行氣、通便、潛陽和安神的功效11．Inaddition,processingandpreparationmaychangethetasteandpropertyoftheherbandinfluenceitsfunctionaltendencies.另外，炮制有可能改變藥物的性味和影響藥物的作用趨向。12．Aherbmayselectivelyactuponaparticularpartofthebodytorelievepathogenicchangeinspecificmeridiansandorgans.一個(gè)藥物可以有選擇性地作用于人體的某一特定部位以消除某一經(jīng)絡(luò)或器官的病變。13．Themeridiansthataherbentersdependonthecorrespondingsymptomsrelieved.一個(gè)藥物歸于何經(jīng)取決于它所祛除之癥狀。14．IntheChineseMateriaMedica,thewords“toxic,nontoxic,verytoxicorslightlytoxic”oftenappear.在《中華本草》一書中，“有毒、無毒、有大毒或有小毒”等詞經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)。15．Nooverdoseoftoxicherbsshouldbegivenasthismayleadtosideeffects.使用有毒的藥物時(shí)不要多量，以免帶來副作用。（三）中醫(yī)治則的翻譯方法1．Diaphoresis,alsoknownasexterior-relievingmethod,isatherapeuticmethodusedtoopenthemuscularintersticesandrelieveexteriorsyndromewiththeherbsforrelievingtheexteriorandinducingsweating.汗法，也叫解表法，是運(yùn)用解表發(fā)汗的方藥，開泄肌腠，解除表證的一種治療方法。2．Italsocanbeusedtotreatedemaseriousabovethewaist,earlystageofcarbuncleandulceraswellasinhibitederuptionofmeasleswiththesamemanifestationsmentionedabove.本法也可以用以治療水腫病腰以上腫甚、瘡瘍病初起，以及麻疹透發(fā)不暢等具有上述證候者。3．Diaphoresisiseitherinducedbyherbsacridintasteandwarminnatureorbyherbsacridintasteandcoolinnature.汗法有辛溫發(fā)汗和辛涼發(fā)汗之分。4．themethodofnourishingyintoinducesweating滋陰發(fā)汗5．thetherapyofsupportingyangtoinducesweating助陽發(fā)汗6．Emesisisatherapeuticmethodusedtodirectpathogenicfactorsortoxicmaterialstobevomitedoutthroughthemouth.吐法是引導(dǎo)病邪或有毒物質(zhì)，使之從口涌吐而出的一種治療方法。7．Emetictherapyisusuallyusedtotreatstheniasyndromewithurgencytovomitoutthingsretainedinside.吐法常用以治療病情急迫而必須迅速吐出積滯的實(shí)證。8．Purgationisatherapeuticmethodusedtodischargefeces,eliminateretentionofsubstanceandfluidinsidethebodyandrelieveaccumulationofsthenia-heatwiththeprescriptionsandherbseffectiveforcatharsis.下法是運(yùn)用具有瀉下作用的方藥，通過瀉下大便，攻逐體內(nèi)結(jié)滯和積水，并解除實(shí)熱蘊(yùn)結(jié)的一種治療方法。9．Mediationisatherapeuticmethodusedforeliminatingpathogenicfactorsandsupportinghealthyqi.和法是祛除病邪扶助正氣的一種治療方法。10．Thistherapyisusedtotreatavarietyofsyndromes,suchasshaoyangsyndromemarkedbyalternativechillsandfeverinthesemi-exteriorandsemi-interiorphase;irregularmenstruationduetodisharmonybetweentheliverandstomachandstagnationofliverqi;abdominalpainanddiarrheaduetohyperactivityoftheliverandastheniaofthespleen.這一療法應(yīng)用范圍廣，如往來寒熱于半表半里的少陽證，肝胃不和、肝氣郁結(jié)所致的月經(jīng)不調(diào)，以及肝旺脾虛的腹痛、瀉泄等。11．Clinicallymediationisdividedintofourtypes:mediatingshaoyang,relaxingtheliverandharmonizingthestomach,regulatingtheliverandspleen,andregulatingtheintestinesandstomach.臨床上和法分為四種：和解少陽，適用于邪在半表半里之間的少陽證；舒肝和胃，適用于肝氣犯胃，胃失和降；調(diào)和肝脾，適用于肝脾失調(diào)；調(diào)和腸胃，適用于邪在腸胃，寒熱互見。12．Warmingtherapy,alsoknownascold-eliminatingtherapy,isatherapeuticmethodusedtoeliminatepathogeniccoldandinvigorateyangqiwiththeprescriptionsandherbswarmandhotinnature.溫法，也叫祛寒法，是運(yùn)用性質(zhì)溫?zé)岬姆剿?，以祛除寒邪和補(bǔ)益陽氣的一種治療方法。13．Clinicallywarmingtherapyisdividedintothreetypes:warmingthemiddletoeliminatecold,resolvingphlegmandretentionoffluidbywarmingandrestoringyangtorescuecollapse.臨床上溫法分為三類：溫中祛寒、溫化痰飲、回陽救逆。14．Warmingtherapyalsoincludessuchtherapeuticmethodsaswarmingthelungtoresolvefluidretention,warmingthekidneytopromotewatermetabolism,warmingmeridiansandtheliverandwarmingthestomachtoregulateqi.溫法還包括溫肺化飲、溫腎利水、溫經(jīng)暖肝、溫胃利氣等。15．Heat-clearingtherapyisatherapeuticmethodusedtoclearawayheatbymeansofreducingfire,removingtoxinandcoolingbloodwiththeprescriptionsandherbscoldandcoolinnature.清法是運(yùn)用性質(zhì)寒涼的方藥，通過瀉火、解毒、涼血等作用，以清除熱邪的一種治療方法。16．Heat-clearingtherapyisclinicallydividedintofourtypes:clearingawayheattoreducefire,clearingawayheattoremovetoxin,clearingawayheatatyingphasetocoolblood,andnourishingyintoclearawayheat.臨床上清法分為四類：清熱瀉火、清熱解毒、清營(yíng)涼血、養(yǎng)陰清熱。17．Resolutionisatherapeuticmethodusedtoremovetheretentionoffoodandeliminatestagnationwithherbseffectiveforpromotingdigestion.消法是運(yùn)用助消化、導(dǎo)食滯的方藥，以消積導(dǎo)滯的一種治療方法。18．Clinicallyresolutionisdividedintothreetypes:promotingdigestiontoeliminatefoodretention,removingmassandresolvingaccumulationandregulatingqitoresolvestasis.臨床上消法分為三類：消食導(dǎo)滯、消痞化積、行氣消瘀。19．Otherresolvingtherapiesincluderesolvingphlegmtoremovefluidretention,resolvingwatertosubsideswellingandsofteninghardnesstoresolvestagnation.消法還包括消痰化飲、消水散腫及軟堅(jiān)散結(jié)。20．Invigoratingtherapyisatherapeuticmethodusedtotreatastheniaandweaknessbymeansofsupplementingessence,bloodandbodyfluidwiththeprescriptionsandherbseffectivefortonifyingandreinforcingthebody.補(bǔ)法是運(yùn)用滋養(yǎng)強(qiáng)壯作用的方藥，以補(bǔ)充精、血、津液等物質(zhì)，消除虛弱證候的一種療法。21．Clinicallyinvigoratingtherapyisdividedintofourtypes:invigoratingqi,tonifyingblood,invigoratingyin,invigoratingyang.臨床上補(bǔ)法分為五類：補(bǔ)氣、補(bǔ)血、補(bǔ)陰、補(bǔ)陽。（四）病機(jī)病癥翻譯1.Pathogenesisreferstothemechanisminvolvedintheoccurrence,developmentandchangesofdisease.病機(jī)即疾病發(fā)生、發(fā)展與變化的機(jī)理。2．Suchacombatbetweenhealthyqiandpathogenicfactorsdamagestherelativeequilibriumbetweenyinandyanginthebody,orleadstodysfunctionofthevisceraandmeridians,orresultsindisturbanceofqiandblood,whichconsequentlybringonvariouslocalorgeneralpathologicalchanges.正邪相爭(zhēng)破壞了人體陰陽的相對(duì)平衡，或使臟腑、經(jīng)絡(luò)功能失調(diào)，或使氣血功能紊亂，從而產(chǎn)生全身或局部的多種多樣的病理變化。3．Althoughdiseasesarevariousandclinicalmanifestationsarecomplicated,thepathogenesis,ingeneral,involvesnomorethansuchfactorsassuperabundanceordeclinebetweenhealthyqiandpathogenicfactors,imbalancebetweenyinandyang,disorderofqiandbloodaswellasdysfunctionofthevisceraandmeridians.盡管疾病的種類繁多，臨床征象錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜，但總離不開邪正盛衰、陰陽失調(diào)、氣血失常、經(jīng)絡(luò)和臟腑功能紊亂等病機(jī)變化的一般規(guī)律。4．Inthiscasethehealthyqiisdifficulttolaunchanintensestruggleagainstpathogenicfactorsandeventuallyleadstoanastheniasyndrome.在這種情況下，正氣難以有力抗擊邪氣，引起虛證。5．Theclinicalmanifestationsofastheniasyndromearespiritualandphysicallassitude,lusterlesscomplexion,palpitationandshortnessofbreath,spontaneoussweating,nightsweating,orfeverishsensationoverfivecenters(palms,solesandchest),oraversiontocoldandcoldlimbsandweakpulse,etc.虛證的臨床表現(xiàn)是神疲體倦、面容憔悴，心悸氣短，自汗，盜汗，五心煩熱，畏寒肢冷，脈虛無力等。6．Undersuchacondition,theconflictbetweenhealthyqiandpathogenicfactorsisintenseandbringsonastheniasyndrome.在這種情況下，邪正之爭(zhēng)激烈，導(dǎo)致實(shí)證。7．Theclinicalmanifestationsofstheniasyndromeareprofusephlegm,indigestion,accumulationoffluidanddampness,interiorretentionofbloodstasis,highfever,mania,highandcoarsevoice,unpalpableabdominalpain,constipation,dysuriaandpowerfulpulse,etc.實(shí)證的臨床表現(xiàn)是壯熱，狂燥，聲高氣粗，腹痛拒按，二便不通，脈實(shí)有力等8．Thepathologicalchangesofimbalancebetweenyinandyangmainlyincluderelativepredominance,relativedecline,mutualconsumption,mutualrejectionanddepletionofyinandyang.陰陽失調(diào)的病理變化包括陰陽偏勝、陰陽偏衰、陰陽的護(hù)損、陰陽的格拒和陰陽的亡失。9．“exuberanceofpathogenicfactorsleadstosthenia”“邪氣盛則實(shí)”10．ThatiswhyitissaidinSuWenthat“predominanceofyangcausesexternalheat”.所以《素問》說：“陽盛則外熱”。11．Relativedeclineofyinandyangreferstoastheniasyndromebecause“l(fā)ossofessenceleadstoasthenia”.陰陽的偏衰指的是“精氣奪則虛”的虛證。12．Relativedeclineofyangismainlycausedbycongenitaldeficiency,orpostnatalmalnutritionandendogenousimpairmentduetooverstrain,orprolongedillnessconsumingyangqi.陽偏衰主要由先天稟賦不足，或后天飲食失養(yǎng)和勞倦內(nèi)傷，或久病損傷陽氣所致。13．Thecausesofrelativedeclineofyinarevarious,suchaspathogenicfactorsofyangnatureimpairingyin,firetransformedfromextremechangesofemotionsdamagingyinandprolongedillnessconsumingyin.陰偏衰多由陽邪傷陰，或因五志過極，化火傷陰，或因久病耗傷陰液所致。14．Theusualsymptomscausedbyrelativedeclineofyinarefeverishsensationoverthefivecenters(palms,solesandchest),bone-steaming,tidalfever,flushedcheeks,emaciation,nightsweating,drymouthandthroatandreddishtonguewithscantycoatingaswellasthin,rapidandweakpulse.陰偏衰的常見癥狀為五心煩熱、骨蒸、潮熱、面赤、消瘦、盜汗、口干咽燥、舌紅少苔、脈細(xì)數(shù)無力等。15．Mutualconsumptionmeansthattheastheniaordeficiencyofyinoryangaffectsitsopponent,consequentlybringingonsimultaneousastheniaofbothyinandyang.互損指的是陰或陽任何一方的虛損影響及相對(duì)的一方，形成陰陽兩虛的病機(jī)。16．Theastheniaofyinleadingtoastheniaofyangisknownasyinconsumingyangandtheastheniaofyangresultinginastheniaofyiniscalledyangconsumingyin.陰虛而導(dǎo)致陽虛稱為陰損及陽，陽虛導(dǎo)致陰虛稱為陽損及陰。17．Theformerreferstoamorbidstatemarkedbyastheniaofbothyinandyangresultingfromyinastheniaduetolossofyin-fluidthatmakestheproductionofyangqideficient.前者指陰液虧損累及陽氣化生不足，形成以陰虛為主的陰陽兩虛病理狀態(tài)。18．Thelatterreferstoamorbidstatemarkedbyastheniaofbothyinandyangresultingfromastheniaofyangthataffectstheproductionofyin-fluid.后者指陽氣虛累及陰液的化生，從而形成以陽虛為主的陰陽兩虛病理狀態(tài)。19．Mutualrejectionbetweenyinandyangmeansthattheextremesuperabundanceofeitheryinoryangstagnatesinsideandrejectsitsopponent,consequentlybringingoncomplicatedpathologicalphenomenasuchastruecoldandfalseheatortrueheatandfalsecold.陰陽格拒指陰或陽的一方偏勝至極，因而壅遏于內(nèi)，將另一方排斥格拒于外，從而出現(xiàn)真寒假熱或真熱假寒等復(fù)雜的病理現(xiàn)象。20．Superabundanceofyinrejectingyang,alsoknownasrejectionofyang,meansthatinteriorexuberanceofyindrivesyangtofloatexteriorly,clinicallyleadingtosuchfalse-heatsymptomsasflushedcheeks,dysphoricfever,thirstandlargepulse.陰盛格陽，又稱格陽，指陰寒之邪壅盛于內(nèi)，逼迫陽氣浮越于外的病理狀態(tài)，臨床表現(xiàn)為面紅、煩熱、口渴、脈大等假熱之象。21．Exuberanceofyangrejectingyin,alsoknownasrejectionofyin,meansthatinteriorpredominanceofpathogenicheatstagnateyangandpreventsitfromreachingthelimbs,clinicallyresultinginsuchfalse-coldsymptomsasdeepcoldsensationofthelimbsandsunkenpulse.陽盛格陰，又稱格陰，指熱邪內(nèi)盛，陽氣被遏，不能外達(dá)于肢體，臨床表現(xiàn)為四肢逆冷、脈象沉伏等假寒之象。22．Lossofyinoryangreferstoacriticalmorbidstateduetosuddenandexcessivelossofyin-fluidoryangqi.陰陽亡失指機(jī)體的陰液或陽氣的突然大量亡失，導(dǎo)致生命垂危的一種病理狀態(tài)。22．Lossofyinisfrequentlycausedbysuperabundanceofpathogenicheatorprolongedretentionofpathogenicheatthatscorchesyin-fluid,orbyotherfactorsthatexcessivelyconsumesyin-fluid.亡陰常由熱邪熾盛，或邪熱久留，大量灼陰液所致，也可由其它因素大量耗損陰液而致。23．“fiveendogenouspathogenicfactors”內(nèi)生五邪（五）有關(guān)痰的翻譯1.Theexperiencewasunique,attimeshardortrying—yettakenasawhole,invaluableandenriching.(在該院的)經(jīng)歷是不同尋常的,雖然有時(shí)艱難或者難堪,但總的來說是很有價(jià)值的和豐富的。2.IntraditionalChinesemedicine,theterm“phlegm”hastwomeanings.Inanarrowsense,itisthatsubstancewhichoneexpectorates.Inabroadersense,itisthesubstancewhichcanlodgeinthemeridiansandorgans,manifestingasphlegmsyndromes.在中醫(yī)里，痰有兩層意思。狹義的痰指的是由喉嚨咯出的痰;廣義的痰指的是可以停滯在經(jīng)絡(luò)和器官里并引起痰證的痰。3.Theproductionofphlegmismainlyassociatedwithadysfunctioninthetransformation,transportationandeliminationoffluidresultingfromdisordersofthelungs,spleenandkidneys.Phlegmisaprogressionofdampness,butisheavierandthickerthandampness,andevenmorelikelytocauseblockageandobstruction.Phlegmisboththeresultandcauseofdisharmony.痰的生成主要與肺脾和腎臟病變引起的運(yùn)化和排泄水液功能失調(diào)有關(guān)。痰是濕之甚,但比濕厚重,甚至更易于引起阻滯和閉塞。痰既是失調(diào)的結(jié)果,有時(shí)失調(diào)的原因。4.Thespleenissaidtoformphlegm,andthelungsaresaidtostoreit.Phlegmmaybeboththecauseandresultofthefailureofthedispersinganddescendingfunctionofthelungs.脾是生痰之源,肺為儲(chǔ)痰之器。肺失宣降可以引起痰，痰也可以導(dǎo)致肺失宣降。5.Thiscanmanifestasfullnessanddistensionintheepigastrium,borborygmus,loosestools,lethargy[?leθ?d?i:],andgeneralizedheavysensation.這可以表現(xiàn)為胃脘部脹滿,腸鳴,便溏,昏睡,及全身困重。6.Deficiencyofkidneyyangmayleadtoadysfunctioninthetransformationofwater,causingwatertofloodupward,andresultingintheformationofphlegm.腎陽虛可導(dǎo)致水濕運(yùn)化失常,從而引起水液上泛,形成痰液。7.Exophthalmicgoiterisaconditionmarkedbyprotrusionoftheeyeballs,increasedheartaction,enlargementofthethyroidgland,weightloss,nervousness,finetremoroftheextendedfingersandtongue,alteredbowelactivity,heatintolerance,andexcessivesweating.眼球突出性甲狀腺的特征是眼球突出,心跳加快，甲狀腺增大，體重下降，緊張,指端微微顫動(dòng),大便失常,惡熱,多汗等。8.IntraditionalChinesemedicine,thisconditionisregardedasarisingfromemotionaldistressorfrustration,whichmaycausestagnationoftheliverqiandspleenqiandtheaccumulationofphlegm.在中醫(yī)里，這中病理狀態(tài)被看作是情志不遂所致,可引起肝脾之氣郁結(jié)及痰液聚積。9.If,inaddition,thisprolongedstagnationoftheqihastransformedintofire,theremaybedamagetotheheartyinwithirritability,mentalrestlessness,andpalpitations.另外，如果氣郁化火,則可傷心陰,癥見易怒,心煩和心悸等。(六)八綱相關(guān)翻譯1．Themanifestationsofdiseases,thoughcomplicated,canbegeneralizedintocertainpatternsinthelightoftheeightprinciples.疾病的表現(xiàn)盡管極其復(fù)雜，但基本上都可以用八綱加以歸納。2．SoitissaidinSuWen“theexperienceddiagnosticiansinspectcomplexionandtakepulsetodifferentiateyinandyangfirst.”所以《素問》說：“善診者，察色按脈，先別陰陽?！?．Generallyspeaking,anysyndromesthatcorrespondto“yin”innaturearetermedyinsyndromes,suchasinteriorsyndrome,coldsyndromeandastheniasyndrome;whileanysyndromesthatcorrespondto“yang”innaturearetermedyangsyndromes,suchasexteriorsyndrome,heatsyndromeandstheniasyndrome.一般地講，凡符合“陰”的屬性的證候稱為陰證，如里證、寒證、虛證等；凡符合“陽”的屬性的證候稱為陽證，如表證、熱證、實(shí)證等。4．lyingwiththekneesdrawnup蜷臥5．Thedifferentiationofsyndromesaccordingtotheexteriorandinteriorsyndromesisapplicabletoexogenousdiseasesforthepurposeofdetectingthedepthoftransmissionandthedevelopmentofpathologicalchanges.表里辨證適用于外感病，可察知病情的輕重深淺及病理變化的趨勢(shì)。6．Interiorpenetrationoftheexogenouspathogenicfactorsindicatesprogressofthediseasewhileexteriorwithdrawaloftheendogenouspathogenicfactorssuggestsrecedingofthedisease.表邪入里為病進(jìn)，里邪出表為病退。7．Theinteriorsyndrome,usuallyseenatthemiddleandlatestagesofexogenousdiseasesorendogenousdiseases,isusuallycausedbyinteriortransmissionoftheunrelievedexogenouspathogenicfactorsintotheviscera,orbydirectinvasionofexogenouspathogenicfactorsintotheviscera,orbyimpairmentoftheviscerabyemotionalfactors,improperdietandoverstrain.里證多見于外感病的中后期或內(nèi)傷病，一般由外邪不解內(nèi)傳入里，侵犯臟腑所致，或外邪直接侵犯臟腑而成，或情志內(nèi)傷，飲食勞倦等因素直接損傷臟腑。8．Thatiswhatimpliedinthestatementof“predominationofyanggeneratingheatandpredominationofyingeneratingcold”.這就是“陽盛則熱，陰盛則寒”的含義。9．floatingwhitishcomplexion[k?m?plek??n]（面色）晄白10．blandtasteinthemouth口淡11．profuseandclearurine小便清長(zhǎng)12．interiorpenetrationofheattransformedfrompathogeniccold,orheattransformedfromextremechangesofemotions,orheataccumulatingfromimproperdiet寒邪化熱入里，或七情過激，郁而化熱，或飲食不節(jié)，積蓄為熱。13．scantyandbrownishurine小便短赤14．Astheniameansinsufficiencyofhealthyqiandstheniameansexuberanceofpathogenicfactors.虛指正氣不足，實(shí)指邪氣盛實(shí)。15．Astheniasyndrome,includingastheniaofyin,yang,qi,blood,essence,bodyfluidandtheviscera,iscausedeitherbycongenitalinsufficiencyorpostnatalmalnutrition.虛證包括陰、陽、氣、血、精、津，以及臟腑等各種不同的虛損，由先天不足和后天失調(diào)所引起。16．However,themaincauseofastheniasyndromeisusuallythepostnatalmalnutrition,suchasweaknessofthestomachandspleenduetoimproperdiet,impairmentofvisceralqiandbloodduetoemotionalfactorsandoverstrain,consumptionofkidneyessenceduetoexcessivesexualactivityanddamageofhealthyqiduetoprolongedillnessorimpropertreatment.但虛證主要還是由后天失調(diào)所引起，如飲食失調(diào)、后天不固；七情勞倦，內(nèi)傷臟腑氣血；房室過度，耗傷腎臟元真之氣；或久病失治療誤治等。17．palewhitishorsallow[?s?l??]complexion,面色淡白或萎黃18．light-coloured,bulgyandtendertongue舌淡胖嫩19．feverishsensationoverthefivecenters(palms,solesandchest)五心煩熱20．unpalpableabdominalpain腹痛拒按21．Thoughclassifiedintodifferentcategories,theyareinseparableandinterconnected.八綱雖然可以分為不同的類型，但實(shí)際上是相互關(guān)聯(lián)的，不可截然分開。(七)望診Inspectionofcomplexionmeanstoobservethefacialchangesincolourandluster.Generallyspeaking,reddishcomplexionindicatesheatsyndromes;whitishcomplexionindicatescoldandastheniasyndrome;yellowishcomplexionindicatesasthenia[?s?θi:nj?]（虛弱）anddampnesssyndromes;bluishcomplexionsuggestspainandcoldsyndrome,bloodstasis[?steisis]（停滯）andconvulsion[k?n?v?l??n]（驚厥、抽搐）;andblackishcomplexionshowsastheniaofthekidney,bloodstasisandfluidretention[ri?ten??n]（阻滯）.（八）脈象Floatingpulse(FuMai):Exteriorsyndrome(floatingandforcefulpulseindicatingexteriorstheniasyndromewhilefloatingandweakpulseindicatingexteriorastheniasyndrome);Deeppulse(ChenMai):Interiorsyndrome(deepandforcefulpulseindicatinginteriorstheniasyndromewhiledeepandweakpulseindicatinginteriorastheniasyndrome);Slowpulse(ChiMai):Coldsyndrome(slowandforcefulpulseindicatingcold-stheniasyndromewhileslowandweakpulseindicatingasthenia-coldsyndrome);Rapidpulse(ShuoMai):Heatsyndrome(rapidandforcefulpulseindicatingsthenia-heatwhilerapidandweakpulseindicatingasthenia-heat);Weakpulse(XuMai):Astheniasyndrome(oftenastheniaofbothqiandblood);Forcefulpulse(ShiMai):Stheniasyndrome;Slipperypulse(HuaMai):Retentionofphlegmandfood,sthenia-heat;Astringentpulse(SeMai):Consumptionofessence,deficiencyofblood,stagnationofqiandstasisofblood;Fullpulse(HongMai):Exuberanceofheatandpathogenicfactors;Thinpulse(XiMai):Astheniaofyin-bloodanddampness;Softpulse(RuMai):Variousconditionsofastheniaanddampness;Tautpulse(XianMai):Liverandgallbladderdisease,variouskindsofpainproblems,phlegmandretentionoffluid;Tensepulse(JinMai):Painandcold;Rapidirregularintermittentpulse(CuMai):Sthenia-heatduetoexuberanceofyang,phlegm,retentionoffluidandfood;Knottedpulse(JieMai):Qistagnationduetopredominationofyin,phlegmstagnationandbloodstasis;Slowregularintermittentpulse(DaiMai):Declinationofvisceralqi,windandpainsyndrome,frightandtraumaticinjury.1．TraditionalChinesemedicineholdsthat,withtheoppositionandunityrelationshipsthebodykeepsadynamicequilibriumbetweentheinternalandexternalenvironmentsandthevisceraandthetissuesduetotherelationshipsofoppositionandunityamongthem.（八）病因中醫(yī)學(xué)認(rèn)為，人體各臟腑組織之間，以及人體與外界環(huán)境之間，既對(duì)立又統(tǒng)一，維持著相對(duì)的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡。2．Pathogenicfactorsarevarious,suchasabnormalchangesofweather,infectionofpestilence,mentalstimulation,improperdiet,overstrain,traumaduetoheavyload,injurycausedbyfalling,incisedwoundandinsectoranimalbites,etc.病邪多種多樣，如氣候的異常、疫癘的傳染、精神刺激、飲食勞倦、持重努傷、跌仆金刃外傷，以及蟲獸所傷等等。3．Duringthecourseofadisease,thecauseandeffectareofteninteractingwitheachother.Theeffectatacertainpathologicalstagemayturnintocauseandviceversa.在疾病過程中，原因和結(jié)果是互相作用著的，在某一病理階段中是結(jié)果的東西，在另一階段中則可能成為原因。4．InSuWen,forexample,itsays:“Thepathogenicfactorsoriginateeitherfromtheyinaspectoryangaspect.Thosefromtheyangaspectarecausedbywind,rain,coldandsummer-heat;whilethosefromtheyinaspectarecausedbyimproperdietandlivingconditionsaswellassexualactivityandemotionalchanges.”比如，《素問》中說：“夫邪之生也，或生于陰，或生于陽。其生于陽者，得之風(fēng)雨寒暑。其生于陰者，得之飲食居處，陰陽喜怒。”5．“Diseasesareexclusivelycausedbythreekindsofpathogenicfactors.Thefirstgroupareendogenousfactorscausedbyinvasionofexogenouspathogenicfactorsintotheviscerafromthemeridians;thesecondgrouparetheonesattackingtheskinandbringingonstagnationofthevesselsthatconnectthefourlimbsandnineorifices;andthethirdgrouparetheinjuriescausedbysexualactivity,incisedwoundandinsectandanimalbites.”“千般災(zāi)難，不越三條，一者，經(jīng)絡(luò)受邪入臟腑，為內(nèi)所因也；二者，四肢九竅，血脈相傳，壅塞不通，為外皮膚所中也；三者，房室、金刃、蟲獸所傷?！?．IntheJinDynasty,TaoHongjingalsosummarizedthecausesofdiseasesintothreecategories,namely“endogenousfactors,exogenousfactorsandothers”.在晉代，陶弘景將病因歸納為三類，即“一為內(nèi)疾，二為外發(fā)，三為它犯?！?．Inordertodistinguishthemfromthesixexogenouspathogenicfactors,theyarecalled“fiveendogenouspathogenicfactorsorfiveendogenousevils”,namelyendogenouswind,endogenouscold,endogenousdampness,endogenousdrynessandendogenousfire.為了將其區(qū)分開來，它們被稱為“內(nèi)生五邪”，即內(nèi)風(fēng)、內(nèi)寒、內(nèi)濕、內(nèi)燥、內(nèi)火。8．Sinceabnormalchangeofemotionsisthemajorfactorcausinginternalproblems,itistermed“internalinjuryduetosevenemotions”.由于情志異常是造成內(nèi)傷病的主要原因，所以稱為“內(nèi)傷七情”。9．ThatiswhyitissaidinSuWenthat“angerimpairstheliver”;”excessivejoyimpairstheheart”;“excessivecontemplationimpairsthespleen”;“anxietyimpairsthelung”;and“frightorfearimpairsthekidney”.這就是為什么《素問》中說“怒傷肝”；“喜傷心”；“憂傷肺”；“思傷脾”；“驚恐傷腎”。10．Itisalsosaidthat“angerdrivesqitoflowupward;joymakesqisluggish;griefconsumesqi;feardrivesqitoflowdownward…frightdisordersqi…andovercontemplationstagnatesqi.”“怒則氣上；喜則氣緩；悲則氣消；恐則氣下……驚則氣亂……思則氣結(jié)?！?1．However,improperdietorpartialityindietfrequentlyleadstodiseases.但飲食不節(jié)或偏食常可引起疾病。12．“Phlegm”notonlyreferstosputumexpectoratedfromthethroat,butalsoincludesscrofula,nodulesandthethickliquidsubstanceretainedorstagnatedinthevisceraandmeridians.“痰”不僅僅指從喉嚨咯吐出來的痰，也包括瘰疬、痰核和停滯在臟腑經(jīng)絡(luò)等組織中而未被排出的痰液。13．Bloodstasiscanbecausedeitherbyastheniaandstagnationofqi,blood-coldandblood-heatorbyendogenousandexogenousinjuryorextravasationofbloodduetoblood-heat.瘀血或由氣虛、氣滯、血寒、血熱等原因所造成，或由內(nèi)外傷或血熱妄行等原因所引起。（九）血1．InSuWen,itsaysthat“themiddleenergizerreceivesqi(foodnutrients),takesthejuiceandtransformsitintoredliquidknownasblood”《素問》說：“中焦受氣取汁，變化而赤，是謂血?！?．LingShusaysthat“Yingqiseparatesitsliquid,infusesitintothevesselsandtransformsitintobloodtonourishthefourlimbsandtheviscera.”《靈樞》說：“營(yíng)氣者，泌其津液，注之于脈，化以為血；以榮四末，內(nèi)注五臟六腑……”3．nourishandmoisten[?m??s?n]thewholebody.營(yíng)養(yǎng)和滋潤(rùn)全身。4．IntheChapteroftheGenerationoftheFiveZang-OrgansinSuWen,itsays:“Withthenourishmentofblood,theliverisabletomaintainnormalvision;withthenourishmentofblood,thefeetareabletowalk;withthenourishmentofblood,thepalmsareabletogripobjects;withthenourishmentofblood,thefingersareabletograsp”.《素問?五臟生成篇》說：“肝受血而能視，足受血而能步，掌受血而能握，指受血而能攝?！?．Thenourishingandmoisteningfunctionsaresignifiedbysuchmanifestationsasruddycomplexion,well-developedandstrongmuscles,lustrousskinandhairaswellasnimbleandflexiblesensationandmovement.血的營(yíng)養(yǎng)和滋潤(rùn)的生理功能主要體現(xiàn)在面色的紅潤(rùn)、肌肉的豐滿和壯實(shí)、皮膚和毛發(fā)的潤(rùn)澤有華、感覺和運(yùn)動(dòng)的靈活自如等方面。6．Insufficiencyofbloodorcontinuousexcessiveconsumptionofbloodorhypofunctionofbloodinnourishingandmoisteningthebodywillinevitablyleadtosuchgeneralorlocalpathologicalchangesasvertigo[?v?:t??g??],blurredvision,paleorsallow[?s?l??]complexion,dryhairorskin,numbnessoflimbsorextremities.血的生成不足或持久地過度耗損，或血的營(yíng)養(yǎng)和滋潤(rùn)作用減弱，均可引起全身或局部血虛的病變，出現(xiàn)頭昏目花、面色不華或萎黃、毛發(fā)干枯、肌膚干燥、肢體或肢端麻木等臨床表現(xiàn)。7．SoitissaidinSuWenthat“bloodandqiconstitutethespiritofmanandmustbecarefullynourished.”所以《素問》說：“氣血者，人之神，不可不謹(jǐn)養(yǎng)?！?．ThatiswhyitissaidinLingShuthat“harmonyofbloodandsmoothnessofthevesselsarekeytothenormalstateofthespirit.”這就是為什么《靈樞》說：“血脈和利，精神乃居?！?．Sincethepumpingoftheheartpropelsbloodtocirculate,itsaysinSuWenthat“theheartdominatesthebloodvessels.”由于心臟的搏動(dòng)推動(dòng)血液的運(yùn)行，所以《素問》說：“心主身之血脈?！?0．Thedispersionandconnectionwithvariousvesselsofthelungaswellasthedredgingandreleasingfunctionsoftheliverarealsoessentialfactorsinpromotingthecirculationofblood.肺的宣發(fā)和朝百脈，肝的疏泄等，是推動(dòng)和促進(jìn)血液運(yùn)行的重要因素。11．Thefunctionofthespleentocommandbloodandthefunctionofthelivertostorebloodarethekeyfactorsinkeepingthebloodcirculatinginsidethevesselandpreventingitfromextravasating.脾的統(tǒng)血和肝的藏血等，是固攝血液、防止外溢的重要因素。12．Clinicallyfourtypesofblooddisordersarecommonlyencountered,namelybloodasthenia[?s?θi:nj?],bloodstasis,blood-heatandblood-cold.臨床常見的血病證候有血虛、血瘀、血熱和血寒等四種。13．Bloodastheniareferstoasyndromemarkedbygeneralweaknessduetoconsumptionorinsufficiencyofbloodandmalnutritionofthewholebody.血虛證是血液虧虛，臟腑百脈失養(yǎng)，表現(xiàn)全身虛弱的證候。14．Theclinicalmanifestationsofbloodastheniaarepaleorsallowcomplexion,light-colouredlipsandnails,dizziness,palpitation[p?lpi?tei?(?)n](心悸),insomnia,numbness[?n?mn?s](麻木)ofhandsandfeet,light-colouredandscanty[?sk?nti:]（稀少的）menstruation,delayedmenstruationoramenorrhea,light-colouredtonguewithwhitishcoating,thinandweakpulse.血虛的臨床表現(xiàn)為面白無華或萎黃，唇色淡白，爪甲蒼白，頭暈眼花，心悸失眠、手足發(fā)麻，婦女經(jīng)血量少色淡，衍期甚或閉經(jīng)，舌淡苔白，脈細(xì)無力。15．Theclinicalmanifestationsofbloodstas