中國介紹英文版

President:HuJintao(2023)PrimeMinister:WenJiabao(2023)Landarea:3,600,927sqmi(9,326,411sqkm);totalarea:3,705,407sqmi(9,596,960sqkm)1Population(2023est.):1,336,718,015(growthrate:0.493%);birthrate:12.29/1000;infantmortalityrate:16.06/1000;lifeexpectancy:74.68Capital(2023est.):Beijing,12.214millionLargestcities:Shanghai,16.575million;Chungking(Chongquing)9.401million;Shenzhen9.005million;Guangzhou8.884million(2023)Monetaryunit:Yuan/RenminbiTHEMAPOFCHINAIndexGeographyThegreaterpartofthecountryismountainous.ItsprincipalrangesaretheTienShan,theKunlunchain,andtheTrans-Himalaya.InthesouthwestisTibet,whichChinaannexedin1950.TheGobiDesertliestothenorth.Chinaproperconsistsofthreegreatriversystems:theYellowRiver(HuangHe),2,109mi(5,464km)long;theYangtzeRiver(ChangJiang),thethird-longestriverintheworldat2,432mi(6,300km);andthePearlRiver(ZhuJiang),848mi(2,197km)long.HistoryTheearliestrecordedhumansettlementsinwhatistodaycalledChinawerediscoveredintheHuangHebasinanddatefromabout5000B.C.DuringtheShangdynasty(1500–1000B.C.),theprecursorofmodernChina'sideographicwritingsystemdeveloped,allowingtheemergingfeudalstatesoftheeratoachieveanadvancedstageofcivilization,rivalinginsophisticationanysocietyfoundatthetimeinEurope,theMiddleEast,ortheAmericas.Itwasfollowingthisinitialflourishingofcivilization,inaperiodknownastheChoudynasty(1122–249B.C.),thatLao-tse,Confucius,MoTi,andMenciuslaidthefoundationofChinesephilosophicalthought.Thefeudalstates,oftenatwarwithoneanother,werefirstunitedunderEmperorCh'inShihHuangTi,duringwhosereign(246–210B.C.)workwasbegunontheGreatWallofChina,amonumentalbulwarkagainstinvasionfromtheWest.AlthoughtheGreatWallsymbolizedChina'sdesiretoprotectitselffromtheoutsideworld,undertheHandynasty(206B.C.–A.D.220),thecivilizationconductedextensivecommercialtradingwiththeWest.IntheT'angdynasty(618–907)—oftencalledthegoldenageofChinesehistory—painting,sculpture,andpoetryflourished,andwoodblockprinting,whichenabledthemassproductionofbooks,madeitsearliestknownappearance.TheMings,lastofthenativerulers(1368–1644),overthrewtheMongol,orYuan,dynasty(1271–1368)establishedbyKublaiKhan.T