西進運動和南北戰(zhàn)爭

WestwardMovementAIMS1.了解西進運動旳歷史背景和發(fā)展階段；2.了解西進運動在美國擴張歷史中旳主要性及對南北戰(zhàn)爭旳直接影響；1Presidentialelectionin1844ThesloganofthepresidentialelectionoftheDemocratsin1844:“Fifty-fourfortyorfight;There-annexationofTexasandre-occupationofOregon”DemocraticcandidateJamesK.Polk;Manifestdestiny—thatamajorityofpeopleweredeterminedthatthenationshouldoccupyallthevastareabetweentheMississippiRiverandthePacificOcean2Whatdoesfifty-fourmean?MissouriadmittedintotheUnionin1821Between1820sand1860s:TheAmericanIndustrialRevolutionTheGreatPlainsTheOregoncountryAndCalifornia3OregoncountryThePacificNorthwestareafrom42ndparallel,thenorthernborderofCa,tothe54°40′,thesouthernboundaryofAlaska.ThisareawassimultaneouslyclaimedbySpain,Russia,theU.K.andtheU.S.SpaingaveuptotheU.S.in1819;TheRussiantsarwithdrewalltheirclaimstothelandsouthofthe54°40′parallel.TheU.S.andtheU.K.agreedtojointoccupationofthelandin1818and1828,butgaveupitsclaimsin1846.4TheLoneStarRepublicofTexasTexaswasclaimedbySpainasearlyasthe1540s;DuringtheSpanishcontrol,theSpanishauthoritiestriedallmeanstoforbidalltradewithAmericansettlers,tradersandexplorers.However,thepolicybegantoweakenlatein1820,becausepeopleofMexicobegantorevoltandbecameindependentin1821.5TheMexicangovernment’sattitudeThenewgovernmentofMexicoadoptedamoreliberalattitudetowardsAmericansettlersandtraders;By1830,morethan20,000AmericansettlershadenteredTexas,mostofthemsoutherners;MexicanauthoritiessoonsawthattheirliberalpolicieswereactuallyencouragingthegrowthofanAmericancommunity,orevenanAmericanstateTheybegantoclozedoorstofurthersettlementinMexicanstatesborderingontheU.S.6Aftervigorousprotest,bloodyclashesanddesperatefightswiththeMexican,withthehelpoftheAmericanpeople,theAmericansettlersdeclaredtheirindependenceandcalledTexasaLoneStarofRepublic,andaskedforadmissionintotheUnion.Itsadmissionwasrefused.Why?Slavery,warwithMexico.7AmericanexpansionInthePresidentialelectionof1844,theDemocratsdemandedtheannexationofTexasaswellasOregon,andwontheelection.TheoutgoingPresident,JohnTyler,tookstepstoadmitTexastotheUnion,andtheMexicangovernmentbrokeoffdiplomaticrelationswiththeU.S.8InDec.1845,thenewPresidentJamesK.Polk(11th),waseagertoacquirefortheU.S.,theareastretchingfromTexastothePacific;SentAmbassadortoMexico,withanoffertobuyUpperCaliforniaandNewMexico;KnowingthatMexicowouldnevergiverupitscontrolofUpperCa.,NewMexicoandTexas,Polkwasreadytodeclarewar.TheNuecesRiverandthenorthbankofRioGrandeInMay,1846,MexicotroopscrossedtheRioGrandeandfoughtwithAmericantroops.9PolksentamessagetoCongress“MexicohaspassedtheboundaryoftheUnitedStates,hasinvadedourterritoryandshedAmericanblooduponAmericansoil.”O(jiān)nMay13,Congressdeclaredwar.In1848,theysignedtheTreatyofGuadalupeHidalgo—MexicowasforcedtoacknowledgetheAmericantitletoTexas,NewMexicoandUpperCalifornia—twofifthsofMexicanland.($15,000,000)PresidentPolk’sdreamcametrue.GadsdenPurchase,$10,000,00010SectionalstrifebecomesacuteIn1819,11freestatesand10slavestates;AlabamatobeadmittedtotheUnion;MissouriaskedtobeadmittedtotheUnion;Maine1.MissouriCompromise:36°30′SlaverywasprohibitedinallremainingpartsofLouisianaPurchasenorthoflatitude36°30′.112.Anti-slaverypeople—abolitionists;3.southerners;4.Afourthgroup,bySenatorLewisCassofMichiganandSenatorStephenA.DouglasofIllinois“popularsovereignty”:TherighttodecidewhetherornotslaveryshouldexistinaTerritorybelongedtothepeopleoftheTerritoryitself.12Inthelate1840s,anewparty,thefree-soilpartwasformed:abolitionists;Anti-slaveryWhigsandDemocrats;ThereformwingoftheDemocraticPartyinNewYorkcalled“Barnburners”.13In1852,HarrietBeecherStowe’santi-slaverybook,UncleTom’sCabin,createdasensation,whichshowedhowterribleslaverywas.“Youarethelittlewomanwhomadethebookthatmadethisgreatwar.”Controversy:FugitiveSlaveLawpassedbyCongressin1793:theownerofarunawayslavecouldrecoverhisslavemerelybyappearingbeforeanymagistrateanddeclaringthattheslaveinquestionbelongedtohim.14TheKansas-NebraskaActin1854:MissouriCompromise,Missouristatetheonlyexception;Popularsovereignty,StephenA.Douglas;Theactabolishedthedividingline;SouthernWhigsandDemocratsvotedforit,NorthernDemocratsandWhigsvotedagainstit;Bytheendof1855,twogovernments:pro-slaveryandanti-slavery;200peopledied,federaltroopstorestoreorder15abolitionists;Anti-slaveryWhigsandDemocrats;Theanti-slaverypeopledecidedthatthetimewasripefortheorganizationofanewpartytopreventthefurtherexpansionofslaveryintheTerritories.Jackson,Michigan,onJuly6,1854.16In1858inIllinois,senatorelection;“Ahousedividedagainstitselfcannotstand.Ibelievethisgovernmentcannotendurehalfslaveandhalffree.”17Inthefallof1859,JohnBrown’sraid:JohnBrown,arebellion,moneyfromNewYork,apartyof18men;OnOct.heseizedthefederalarsenalatthetownofHarper’sFerry,inthep