TwoLesson1專題培訓(xùn)課件

HowSpeechSoundsAreMade?LessonOneAboutspeechSpeechandwritingaretwomediaforlanguage.Speechispriortowriting,sospeechismorebasicthanwriting.Speechsounds:areproducedonlybyhumans,meaningfulinhumancommunicationandwithwhichlinguistsareconcerned.Ashumanbeingswearecapableofmaking

allkindsofsounds,butonlysomeofthese

soundshavebecomeunitsinthelanguage

system.Wecananalyzespeechsoundsfrom

variousperspectivesandthetwomajorareas

ofstudyarephonetics

andphonology.1.PhoneticsanditsbranchesPhonetics:

Phoneticsisthesciencewhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofhumansound-making,especiallythosesoundsusedinspeechandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived.ArticulatoryPhoneticsisthestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.AcousticPhoneticsisthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeech.AuditoryPhoneticsisconcernedwith

theperceptionofspeechsounds.PhonologyPhonologyisthestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguages.Itaimsto‘discovertheprinciplesthatgovernthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur’.Inphonologywenormallybeginbyanalyzinganindividuallanguage,sayEnglish,inordertodetermineitsphonologicalstructure,i.e.whichsoundunitsareusedandhowtheyareputtogether.音系學(xué)研究的一般方法是：首先從一門具體語(yǔ)言（如英語(yǔ)）開始，確定其音系結(jié)構(gòu)，即使用了哪些語(yǔ)音單位，這些語(yǔ)音單位如何進(jìn)行組合。Thenwecomparethepropertiesofsoundsystemsindifferentlanguagesinordertomakehypothesesabouttherulesthatunderlietheuseofsoundsinthem.然后把不同語(yǔ)言語(yǔ)音系統(tǒng)的特征進(jìn)行比較，得出對(duì)于某些語(yǔ)言群體語(yǔ)音使用潛在規(guī)律的假設(shè)。ultimatelyweaimtodiscovertherulesthatunderliethesoundpatternsofalllanguages.最后，得出有關(guān)所有語(yǔ)言語(yǔ)音規(guī)律的假設(shè)。HowspeechsoundsaremadeSpeechorgansSpeechOrgansItisalsonamedasVOCALORGANS,arethosepartsofthehumanbodyinvolvedintheproductionofspeech.Theorgansinvolvedintheproductionofspeech:

lung,trachea(windpipe),throat(larynx),nose,mouth

VocalTract(聲腔)Vocaltractismadeofpharynx,mouseandnose.TheybelongtoPHARYNXCAVITY,ORALCAVITY,ANDNASALCAVITYrespectively.oral(mouth)VOCALTRACTpharynx(throat)nasal(nose)Oralcavity(mouth)Theupperpart:

theupperlip,theupperteeth,thealveolarridge(齒齦),thehardpalate,thesoftpalate(velum，軟腭),theuvula（小舌）.

Thebottompart:

thelowerlip,thelowerteeth,thetongue,themandible（下頷骨）Inphonetics,thetongueisdividedintofiveparts:tip,blade,front,backandroot.Inphonology,thecorrespondingsoundsmadewiththesepartsofthetongueareoftenreferredtoas:CORONAL(舌尖音，tipandblade),DORSAL(舌背音，frontandback),RADICAL(舌根音，root)pharynxcavity

Pharynx(咽):theupperpartofthroat

Larynx（喉）:thelowerpartofthroatPositionofthevocalfolds:

voicelessPositionofthevocalfolds:voicing

(initial&thewidestaperture)Positionofthevocalfolds:

glottalstopNewwordsTrachea氣管[?tre?ki:?]

larynx喉[?l?r??ks]

vocalfolds聲帶Epiglottis會(huì)厭[?ep??gl?t?s]

glottis聲門

pharynx咽[?f?r??ks]Uvula小舌[?ju:vj?l?]

palate腭[?p?l?t]alveolarridge齒齦[?l?vi:?l?(r)]Velum膜[?vi:l?m]bronchiole細(xì)支氣管['br??k???l]bronchi支氣管[?br??ka?]coronal舌尖音[k?'r??n?l]dorsal舌背音[?d?:sl]radical舌根音[?r?d?kl]

mandible下頜[?m?nd?bl]2.TheIPAIn1886,thePhoneticTeachers’AssociationwasinauguratedbyasmallgroupoflanguageteachersinFrancewhohadfoundthepracticeofphoneticsusefulintheirteachingandwishedtopopularizetheirmethods.ItwaschangedtoitspresenttitleoftheInternationalPhoneticAssociation(IPA)in1897.Oneofthefirstactivitiesoftheassociationwastoproduceajournalinwhichthecontentswereprintedentirelyinphonetictranscription.TheideaofestablishingaphoneticalphabetwasfirstproposedbytheDanishgrammarianandphoneticianOttoJespersen(1860-1943)in1886,andthefirstversionoftheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(theIPAchart)waspublishedinAugust1888.Itsmainprincipleswerethatthereshouldbeaseparateletterforeachdistinctivesound,andthatthesamesymbolshouldbeusedforthatsoundinanylanguageinwhichitappears.ThealphabetwastoconsistofasmanyRomanalphabetlettersaspossible,usingnewlettersanddiacriticsonlywhenabsolutelynecessary.Theseprinciplescontinuetobefollowedtoday.DefinitionforIPAItistheabbreviationofInternationalPhoneticAlphabet,whichisdevisedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationin1888onthebasisofthephoneticalphabetproposedatthetime.Sincethenithasundergoneanumberofrevisions.國(guó)際音標(biāo)國(guó)際音標(biāo)，又稱國(guó)際語(yǔ)音字母（英文InternationalPhoneticAlphabet，簡(jiǎn)稱IPA），是用于為全世界所有語(yǔ)言注音的符號(hào)系統(tǒng)。其最早源于1888年，由國(guó)際語(yǔ)音協(xié)會(huì)制定。國(guó)際音標(biāo)遵循一音一符的嚴(yán)格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[1]，最初用于為西方語(yǔ)言、非洲語(yǔ)言等的標(biāo)音。經(jīng)過多年發(fā)展，在中國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)者趙元任等人的努力下，國(guó)際音標(biāo)逐漸完善，已可為漢語(yǔ)等東方語(yǔ)言注音。2005年后，通行表上的音標(biāo)計(jì)有輔音72個(gè)，元音23個(gè)。直到2007年，國(guó)際音標(biāo)共有107個(gè)單獨(dú)字母，以及56個(gè)變音符號(hào)和超音段成分。國(guó)際語(yǔ)音學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)偶爾會(huì)增刪一些符號(hào)，或者修正某些符號(hào)。注：有關(guān)英語(yǔ)中所用到的“國(guó)際音標(biāo)”，僅為國(guó)際音標(biāo)其中一部分。The

International

Phonetic

Alphabet

(Revisedin2005)FivepartsofIPA(1)CONSONANTSIntheIPAchart,thesoundsegmentsaregroupedintoCONSONANTSandVOWELS.Theconsonantsarethendividedintopulmonic（肺氣流音）andnon-pulmonic（非肺氣流音）consonants.(2)VOWELS(3)othersymbols

The“othersymbols”areactuallyagroupofconsonantsthatinv