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/102TheeffectivenessofhumanimpactassessmentintheFinnishHealthyCitiesNetwork
OriginalResearchArticle
PublicHealth,Volume120,Issue11,November2006,Pages1033-1041?T。Kauppinen,K。Nelimarkka,K.Perttil?
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Abstract|Figures/Tables|ReferencesSummaryObjectivesTodevelopaframeworkforanalysingthee(cuò)ffectivenessofprospectiveassessmentandtoapplytheframeworktohumanimpactassessments(HuIA)carriedoutintheFinnishHealthyCitiesNetwork。MethodsTheframeworkwasformedbysynthesizinganddevelopingthethemesthatemergedfromthepublishedliterat(yī)ureoneffectiveness。Theresearchmaterialconsistsofinterviewswithpeoplewhoparticipatedintheassessmentprocessinthemunicipalities(19interviews)。Theresearchmat(yī)erialalsoincludedassessmentdocuments,proceedingsofworkingmee(cuò)tings,municipalpolicydocuments,backgroundmaterialandprojectreportsproducedinthemunicipalitiesstudied.Theresearchdatasetswereexaminedbycontentanalysis。ResultsHuIAincreasedthedecision-makers’awarenessofeffectsandfunctionedasatoolforempowerment.Thelatterwasapparent,forinstance,inthesocialwelfareandhealthcaresector,findingaroleforitselfindecisivelyco-ordinatinginterdisciplinaryworkandactivelyseekingtoalleviateidentifiednegat(yī)iveeffects.Theassessmentprocessalsoopeneduptheplanningprocess,committedvariousactorstothedecision,helpedselecttherightalternativeandpromotedsociallearning。ConclusionsFromtheviewpointofpreparationanddecision—making,theeffectivenessofaHuIAincreaseswhenassessmentbecomesarecurringprocessandanintegralpartofanorganization’sactivities。Integrationofanassessmentintopermanentstructuresoractivities,suchasdrawingupprogrammesorpreparingstrat(yī)egies,helpstheresultsoftheassessmenttobeseenmoreclearly.Fromtheviewpointofdecision—making,itisalsoimportanttostrengthenthedecision-makers’expertiseinprospectiveassessment.WhentheeffectivenessofHuIAislookedatinanewway(i.e。fromtheviewpointofgoalachievement,decision—makingorlearning),amorecomprehensiveinterpretat(yī)ioncanbegiven。ArticleOutlineHYPERLINK""\l”secx2"HuIAintheHealthyCitiesNetworkHYPERLINK""\l"secx3"EasternH?memunicipalitiesHYPERLINK””\l"secx4”EmergencydutyarrangementsHYPERLINK"”\l”secx5"CityofJyv?skyl?HYPERLINK”"\l”secx6”Ensuringsocialintegritythroughland-useplanningHYPERLINK""\l"secx7"CityofKajaaniHYPERLINK""CityofKeravaHYPERLINK""DevelopmentoftheworkoftheemploymentunitHYPERLINK””\l”secx11"Oulunkaarisub-regionandmunicipalityofVaalaHYPERLINK""CityofTurkuHYPERLINK"”\l”secx14"AmeetingplaceforyoungpeopleinasuburbHYPERLINK""\l"secx15”MethodsHYPERLINK””\l”secx16”TheoryHYPERLINK""\l"secx17"Frameworkforthee(cuò)ffectivenessofHuIAHYPERLINK""\l"secx18”AchievingthegoalsHYPERLINK""\l”secx19"Programme,planorprojectpreparationanddecision-makingHYPERLINK""\l"secx20"LearningandchangesinviewsHYPERLINK"”\l"secx21”ResultsHYPERLINK""\l”secx22”AchievingthegoalsHYPERLINK"”\l”secx23”Programme,planorprojectpreparationanddecision—makingHYPERLINK””\l”secx24"FacilitationofplanningHYPERLINK"”\l"secx25"IncreasingtheknowledgebaseHYPERLINK""\l”secx26"CommitmentHYPERLINK"”\l"secx27”AtoolforempowermentHYPERLINK""\l"secx28"ChoosingtherightalternativeHYPERLINK"”\l"secx30"Content-relatedlearningHYPERLINK"”\l"secx31”Method—relatedlearningHYPERLINK””\l"secx32"Learningaboutinteraction,co-operat(yī)ionandinterdisciplinarityHYPERLINK"”\l”secx33"DiscussionReferences103DiagnosisandManagementofArteriovenousMalformationsinChildren
ReviewArticle?NeurosurgeryClinicsofNorthAmerica,Volume21,Issue3,July2010,Pages443-456?TobaN。Niazi,PaulKlimoJr。,RichardC.E。Anderson,CoreyRaffel
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Abstract|Figures/Tables|ReferencesNoabstractisavailableforthisarticle.ArticleOutlineHYPERLINK"”\l"sec2"IncidenceandnaturalhistoryHYPERLINK""\l"sec3"PathologyHYPERLINK"”\l"sec4”DiagnosisHYPERLINK""\l"sec5”TreatmentHYPERLINK””GeneralConsiderationsHYPERLINK”"\l"sec5。2”SurgicalResectionHYPERLINK"”SurgicalPearlsHYPERLINK""\l"sec5.4"EmbolizationHYPERLINK”"\l”sec5.5"RadiosurgeryHYPERLINK”"\l”sec6”Follow-upHYPERLINK”"\l"sec7"SummaryHYPERLINK"”\l"bibl001”ReferencesArteriovenousmalformation(AVM)isthemostcommoncauseofspontaneousintraparenchymalhemorrhageinchildren,excludinghemorrhagesofprematurityandearlyinfancy。BecausemostchildrendiagnosedwithanA(yù)VMundergoinitialtreatmentemergently,thenaturalhistoryofAVMsinthepediatricpopulationisnotwellunderstood.Mostpediat(yī)ricAVMsdonotcometoclinicalattentionunlesstheyhemorrhage.Therefore,theiroptimalmanagementremainscontroversial.ChildrenwithintracranialAVMsrepresentaspecialchallengeinthattheyharborunacceptablelifelongrisksofhemorrhageandpotentialneurologicdeficits。Patientsshouldbeevaluatedonacase-by—casebasistodeterminethebestmultidisciplinarytreatmentregimenthatcanbeusedtopreserveneurologicfunctionanderadicat(yī)etheAVMwiththelowestriskofmortality。SuccessfultreatmentdependsonthelocationandsizeoftheAVM,itshemodynamicproperties,theclinicalconditionofthepatient,andthetreatmentmodalityselected.ThearmamentariumforAVMmanagementhasgrownwithtechnologicaladvancesandnowincludesmicrosurgicalresection,endovascularembolization,radiosurgery,oranycombinationofthesemodalities.Microsurgicalresectionremainsthegoldstandardfortreatmentofaccessiblepediat(yī)ricAVMs,especiallyincasesthatpresentwithintracranialhemorrhage。Newermodalities,suchasembolizationandradiosurgery,haveprovidedadditionaltoolstohelpchildrenwithlargeordee(cuò)p-seat(yī)edlesionsthatwouldbedee(cuò)medunresectablewithmicrosurgicaltechniquesalone。Long-termfollow—upwithrepeateddiagnosticimagingisimportantdespitecompleteobliterationofthelesiontoruleoutthesmallpossibilityofAVMrecurrence。104Bathymetryfromspace:Rat(yī)ionaleandrequirementsforanew,high-resolutionaltimetricmission
OriginalResearchArticle
ComptesRendusGeosciences,Volume338,Issues14—15,November-December2006,Pages1049-1062?DavidT。Sandwell,WalterH.F.Smith,SarahGille,EllenKappel,StevenJayne,KhalidSoofi,BernardCoakley,LouisGéli
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張華是某跨國醫(yī)療器材公司的金牌銷售員,連續(xù)兩年蟬聯(lián)該公司中國區(qū)銷售榜的冠軍,一個(gè)人的銷售額就占了中國區(qū)總銷售額的10%。工作3年,他就買了房和車,順風(fēng)順?biāo)纳?、輝煌的業(yè)績,令同齡人艷羨不已。
但是張華的苦惱卻鮮為人知。他出色的工作能力不僅沒有得到頂頭上司的肯定,還經(jīng)常被“穿小鞋":比如他在銷售額奪冠的兩年中沒有得到過一次晉升,銷售額不及他1/5的同事年終獎(jiǎng)都比他拿得多,公司甚至另外招聘了兩個(gè)人來切分他的銷售區(qū)域,就連部門同事也常在主管面前打他小報(bào)告,編派他和客戶勾結(jié),克扣提成。
而在張華看來,他對公司可謂“仁至義盡”。
雖然與父母居住在同一個(gè)城市,去年他只回過5次家,反倒是父母從城市的另一頭趕來看他。平日里,張華總是把日程表填得滿滿的,工作日的晚上經(jīng)常要開銷售會議,不到10點(diǎn)回不了家,每到周末他又要安排見客戶,女友總是抱怨十天半個(gè)月才能見他一面,兩人就跟牛郎織女似的.
?張華也問過部門主管,但是部門主管說:“不是你干得好,而是公司領(lǐng)導(dǎo)工作做得好?!敝劣谀杲K獎(jiǎng),公司也指出,由于當(dāng)初在合同中并沒有規(guī)定獎(jiǎng)金金額,所以年終獎(jiǎng)和銷售額是否掛鉤,也無據(jù)可循。?
張華實(shí)在想不通,向好友抱怨。好友呢,一邊為張華打抱不平,一邊分析,在公司層面,跨國公司往往講究團(tuán)隊(duì)合作精神,不鼓勵(lì)鋒芒畢露.況且,公司規(guī)模龐大,依靠好的制度和流程來發(fā)展,淡化個(gè)人價(jià)值,畢竟太過依賴于個(gè)人會給公司運(yùn)行帶來風(fēng)險(xiǎn).??而對于同事而言,張華的工作能力也令他們感到壓力巨大。在部門會議上,主管往往會以張華的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來要求其他員工,而有的人卻并不愿意與張華一樣在工作中投入大量的時(shí)間和精力,他們更愿意在周末看看球賽,睡個(gè)懶覺.
?張華的助理也因此感到郁悶,因?yàn)殇N售額加大帶來了額外的工作量,簽合同、到貨、催貨等,往往一個(gè)人要干四五個(gè)人的活兒。
尤其是張華的部門主管,需要處處提防著他,因?yàn)楣疽坏┲赜脧埲A,就意味著他那把主管的交椅坐不穩(wěn)了。
?被好友這么一分析,張華心里一涼,他仿佛看到了自己在公司的發(fā)展已經(jīng)走進(jìn)了死胡同。于是
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