2016年上外杯-初賽英語試題

2016年“上外杯”上海市高中英語競賽初賽試題考生注意：一、本卷共10頁、77小題，滿分100分。答卷時間90分鐘。二、本卷所有題目均為選擇題，請將所選答案用2B鉛筆點涂在答題卡上。I.Grammar（15分）Directions:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagestherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.(A)NowhereinItaly___1___acrisismorebeautifullyframedthaninVenice.Neitherlandnorwater,thecityliftslikeamiragefromalagoonattheheadoftheAdriatic.Forcenturiesithasthreatenedtovanish___2___thewavesoftheacquaalta,therelentlesslyregularfloodingcausedbyrisingtidesandsinkingfoundations.But___3___istheleastofitsproblems.JustaskMayorMassimoCacciari,professorofphilosophy,fluentinGerman,Latin,AncientGreek.AskabouttheacquaaltaandVenice___4___,andhesays,“Sogogetboots.”Bootsarefineforwater,butuselessagainsttheflood___5___causesmoreconcernforVenetiansthananylagoonspillover:thefloodoftourism.NumberofVenetianresidentsin2007:60,000.Numberofvisitorsin2007:21million.1.A.is B.has C.thereis D.isthere2.A.above B.beneath C.over D.in3.A.that B.it C.this D.here4.A.sunk B.beingsunk C.sinking D.sinks5.A.what B.that C.it D./【答案】1.D2.B3.A4.C5.B【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文。主要講述威尼斯的危機?！?題詳解】考查倒裝句。句意：在意大利，沒有哪個地方比威尼斯的危機描繪得更美了。分析句子可知，本句是一個therebe句型，表示在某個地方有什么，句首用的Nowhere，因此要用部分倒裝，應(yīng)用isthere，故選D【2題詳解】考查介詞。句意：幾個世紀以來，它一直威脅要淹沒在阿爾塔河的波浪下，這是由漲潮和下沉的地基造成的持續(xù)洪水。A.above在…上面；B.beneath在…下面；C.over超過；D.in在…里。分析句子可知，是淹沒在波浪的下面，故選B?！?題詳解】考查代詞。句意：但這只是它的問題中最小的一個。分析句子可知，指代上文出現(xiàn)過的事情，應(yīng)用that，故選A?！?題詳解】考查動名詞。句意：當被問及阿奎亞阿爾塔和威尼斯的沉沒時，他說，“那就去買雙靴子吧。”分析句子可知，空中的詞作為about的賓語，應(yīng)用動名詞sinking，故選C?！?題詳解】考查關(guān)系代詞。句意：靴子在水里很好，但在對付洪水時就沒用了。對威尼斯人來說，洪水比瀉湖帶來的溢出效應(yīng)，更令人擔憂：旅游業(yè)的泛濫。分析句子可知，空后面句子為定語從句，修飾先行詞theflood，在從句中作主語，故選B。(B)Ittookhumansthousandsofyearstoexploreourownplanet,andcenturies___6___(comprehend)ourneighboringplanets.Nowadays,newworlds___7___everyweek.Todate,astronomershaveidentifiedmorethan370“exoplanets”—worldsorbitingstarsotherthanthesun.Thereisa“hotSaturn”260light-yearsfromEarththat___8___itsparentssorapidlythatayeartherelastslessthanthreedays.Circlinganotherstar150light-yearsoutisascorched“hotJupiter,”___9___upperatmosphereisbeingblastedofftoformagiganticcomet-liketail.Astronomershavefoundthreeplanetsorbitingapulsar—theremainsofaoncemightystar___10___intoaspinningatomicnucleusthesizeofacity.Someworldshaveevidentlyfallenintotheirsuns.Others____11____outoftheirsystemstobecome“floaters”thatwanderineternaldarkness.Amongallthese,scientistsareeagertofindahintofthefamiliar:planetsresemblingEarth.Thatis,planetsorbitingtheirstarsatjusttherightdistance—neithertoohotnortoocold—___12___lifeasweknowit.Wehavenotyetfoundplanetsthatarequitelikeourown,presumably___13___they’reinconspicuous.___14___aplanetassmallandslimasoursamidtheglareofitsstarisliketryingtoseeafireflyinafirworksdisplay.Yetbypushingtechnologytothelimits,astronomersarerapidlyapproachingtheday_____15_____theycanfindanotherEarth.Andwhentheydo,theycaninvestigateitforsignsoflife.6.A.comprehend B.comprehends C.tocomprehend D.comprehending7.A.arediscovered B.arebeingdiscovered C.willbediscovered D.aretobediscovered8.A.orbit B.orbiting C.orbits D.hasorbited9.A.where B.whose C.inwhich D.which10.A.shrink B.shrinks C.shrinking D.shrunk11.A.havethrown B.arethrowing C.havebeenthrown D.arebeingthrown12.A.support B.supporting C.thatsupport D.tosupport13.A.when B.if C.because D.as14.A.Tosee B.See C.Seeing D.havingseen15.A.that B.which C.when D.onwhich【答案】6.C7.B8.C9.B10.D11.C12.D13.C14.A15.C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇科普說明文。主要講了人類對宇宙的探索和新發(fā)現(xiàn)。【6題詳解】考查固定句式。句意：人類花了幾千年來探索我們自己的星球，花了幾個世紀來探索我們的鄰近星球?！癐ttakessb….todosth”是一個固定句式，意為花費某人（時間/金錢）做某事，故要用括號中所給詞的todo形式，故答案為C?！?題詳解】考查時態(tài)與語態(tài)。句意：現(xiàn)在，每周都有新的世界領(lǐng)域被發(fā)現(xiàn)。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知空格處要填謂語，主語newworlds與謂語之間是被動關(guān)系，根據(jù)時間狀語Nowadays可知要用現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)，結(jié)合主謂一致可知答案為B?！?題詳解】考查時態(tài)。句意：距離地球260光年的“熾熱土星”繞其母星公轉(zhuǎn)的速度如此之快，以至于一年的時間不到三天。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知空格所在的句子是一個定語從句，修飾先行詞hotSaturn，空格前的that充當定語從句的主語，空格處要填謂語成分，此處描寫一個客觀事實，故用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，故答案為C。【9題詳解】考查非限制性定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。句意：圍繞著150光年外的另一顆恒星運行的是一顆被燒焦的“熱木星”它的上層大氣正在被炸開，形成一個巨大的彗星般的尾巴。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知空格所在的句子是一個非限制性定語從句，先行詞是hotJupiter，upperatmosphere是從句的主語，先行詞與從句主語是所屬關(guān)系，故答案為B?！?0題詳解】考查時態(tài)。句意：天文學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)有三顆行星圍繞著一顆脈沖星旋轉(zhuǎn)——這顆曾經(jīng)強大的恒星的殘骸縮小成了一個城市大小的旋轉(zhuǎn)的原子核。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知空格所在的句子缺少謂語，前句“Astronomershavefoundthreeplanetsorbitingapulsar”是現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)，故空格所在的句子也要用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)，省略助動詞have，故答案為D。【11題詳解】考查時態(tài)。句意：另一些則被趕出了它們的系統(tǒng)，成為“漂浮物”，在永恒的黑暗中游蕩。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知空格處填謂語，空格所在句的前一句“Someworldshaveevidentlyfallenintotheirsuns.”為現(xiàn)在完成時，故空格處也要用現(xiàn)在完成時，故答案為C。【12題詳解】考查不定式做目的狀語。句意：也就是說，行星在合適的距離——既不太熱也不太冷——環(huán)繞它們的恒星運行，以維持我們所知的生命。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處填非謂語，此處用不定式做orbit的目的狀語，故答案為D?！?3題詳解】考查連詞。句意：我們還沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)和我們的行星很像的行星，大概是因為它們不太顯眼。分析空格前后句子的句意，可知后一句是前一句的原因，故答案為C?！?4題詳解】考查非謂語動詞。句意：在耀眼的星光中看到一顆像我們地球一樣纖細的行星，就像在煙花展覽中看到一只螢火蟲。分析句子“___9___aplanetassmallandslimasoursamidtheglareofitsstarisliketryingtoseeafireflyinafirworksdisplay.”的句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知is之前是句子的主語，故空格處要用非謂語，排除B項，不表示進行或伴隨，排除C選項，非謂語的動作與謂語的動作沒有先后順序，排除D選項，A選項不定式tosee表示“去看/要看”符合題意，故答案為A。【15題詳解】考查定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。句意：當他們能找到另一個地球的那一天很快就要到來了。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知空格所在的句子是一個定語從句，且從句主干成分完整，需要關(guān)系副詞來引導(dǎo)。先行詞為theday，在句中作時間狀語，用關(guān)系副詞when來引導(dǎo)，故答案為C。II.Vocabulary（10分）Directions:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.選詞填空(Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.)Allcompetitiveskiandsnowboardingeventsnowtakeplacelargelyonman-madesnow.Unlikeitsnatural___16___,themachine-madewhitestuffcanbecarefullytweakedtomakeamoredurableandconsistentsurface:oneperfectforrecord-breakingattempts.Snow-makingequipmentisviewedasessentialinmostskiareastoguarantee___17___throughouttheseasons.Thesnow“cannons”or“guns”thatmanufacturesnow___18___thenaturalformationofsnowflakes.Snowmachinestypicallyforcepressurizedwaterthroughanozzle(噴嘴),breakingintoamistoftinydroplets,andthenusecompressedairorfanstoblastthemintotheair.Asthedropletscool,themoleculeslineand___19___intoiceparticles.Thearttosnow-makingisadjustingthewaterandairtoensurethatthewaterdropsaresmallenoughandsentfarenoughsothattheywillfreezebeforetheyhittheground.Iftheairtemperatureisquitehigh,forexample,drippingthewatercontentanduppingtheairwouldcreatesmallerparticlesthataremorelikelytofreeze.Snow-makingmachinesalsofrequently____20____nucleatingagents(成核劑)inthewater:smallquantitiesofmaterialssuchasbacterialprotein,ontowhichthewatermoleculesattachandfreeze.By___21___freezing,theseagentsraisethetemperatureatwhichsnowcanbemade.Manyresortsnowusesophisticatedcomputersystemsthatautomaticallyadjusttheairandwater___22___fromsnowmachinesbasedonairtemperature,humidityandwind.Forracecourses,expertsadjustman-madesnowtocreateatough,fastandicycourseratherthanapowderyone.Askicourseisalsoheavily___23___andoftenintentionallyfloodedtocreatepatchesofice;thesefactorsgenerallydeterminethespeedofarace.Thereareotherreasonsforsnowmanufacturingtobeindemand,beyondthebenefitsofhavingasnowwhosepropertiescanbeorderedup.Somepredictthattheneedforsnowwill___24___withthewarmingeffectsofclimatechange,whicharealreadypushingsnowlinesuptheAlps.Butthiscomeswithenvironmentalcost.Makingsnow_____25_____energyandwater,andcanrobriversandcreeksinthesurroundingecosystems.Onewaytoconservethemountainenvironmentwouldbetoreusewintersportscompetitionfacilitiesratherthanbuildingnewones.【答案】16.E17.I18.A19.K20.D21.B22.F23.C24.G25.J【解析】【分析】這是一篇說明文。文章介紹了現(xiàn)在所有的滑雪和滑雪比賽都是在人造雪上進行的，以及造雪機的工作原理?！?6題詳解】考查名詞。句意：與天然材料不同的是，這種機器制造的白色材料可以仔細調(diào)整，使其表面更加耐用和一致。counterpart意為“對應(yīng)的事物”，根據(jù)Unlikeitsnatural(與其天然的對應(yīng)物不同的是)，可知counterpart符合語境，故選E?！?7題詳解】考查名詞。句意：在大多數(shù)滑雪場，造雪設(shè)備被認為是必不可少的，以保證所有季節(jié)雪的覆蓋。名詞coverage(覆蓋)作動詞guarantee(保證)的賓語，符合文意，故選I?！?8題詳解】考查動詞。句意：制造雪的雪“大炮”或“槍”模仿雪花的自然形成。句中的thatmanufacturesnow為定語從句，修飾先行詞Thesnow“cannons”or“guns”。動詞mimic(模仿)作句中的謂語，符合文意，故選A?！?9題詳解】考查動詞。句意：當水滴冷卻時，分子排列并結(jié)晶成冰粒子。根據(jù)iceparticles.可知，動詞crystallize(結(jié)晶)與and前的動詞line(排列)在句中作并列謂語動詞，符合文意，故選K?！?0題詳解】考查動詞。句意：造雪機也經(jīng)常在水中加入成核劑。根據(jù)上文Snow-makingmachines(造雪機)及下文nucleatingagentsinthewater(在水中成核劑)可知動詞incorporate(加入)在句中作謂語，符合文意，故選D?！?1題詳解】考查動詞。句意：通過觸發(fā)凍結(jié)，這些藥劑提高了造雪的溫度。動詞trigger意為“觸發(fā)”，根據(jù)空前的by可知應(yīng)使用triggering作介賓搭配，符合文意。故選B?！?2題詳解】考查名詞。句意：許多度假村現(xiàn)在使用先進的計算機系統(tǒng)，根據(jù)空氣溫度、濕度和風(fēng)自動調(diào)節(jié)造雪機的空氣和水分輸出。根據(jù)上文theairandwater及下文fromsnowmachines可知此處為and并列的兩個名詞，因此名詞output(輸出)符合語境，故選F。【23題詳解】考查動詞。句意：滑雪場也精心準備，并經(jīng)常被故意淹沒以形成一塊塊的冰;這些因素通常決定了比賽的速度。根據(jù)下文andoftenintentionallyfloodedtocreatepatchesofice(并且經(jīng)常故意淹沒以形成冰塊)可知動詞groomed(準備)符合文意，故選C?！?4題詳解】考查動詞。句意：有人預(yù)測，隨著氣候變化的升溫，對降雪的需求將急劇上升。根據(jù)上文theneedforsnowwill及下文withthewarmingeffectsofclimatechange可知此處用動詞rocket(急劇上升)作句中謂語，符合文意，故選G?！?5題詳解】考查動詞短語。句意：造雪會消耗能量和水資源，并會破壞周圍生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中的河流和小溪。根據(jù)上文Makingsnow及下文energyandwater可知此處用動詞短語chewsup(消耗)作句中謂語，符合文意，故選J。III.Cloze（25分）Directions:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagestherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.(A)WhenyouwalkonthestreetsofcitieslikeNewYorkandWashington,D.C.,it’shardtomissthesculptures.Manymarkparksandneighborhoods.Historicfiguresoftencanbeseenstandingupright.Ortheycanbeseensittingontheirhorses,stoicallystrikingapose.Moreoftenthannot,thesestatueshaveanotherthingincommon.It’stheir___26___.ThemajorityofpublicstatuesintheUnitedStatesareofmen.Oftheestimated5,193publicstatuesdepictinghistoricfiguresondisplaythroughouttheU.S.,only394areof___27___.Thisisaccordingtoastorywrittenin2011byTheWashingtonPost’sCariShane.Compoundingthisnumber,noneofthe44memorialsmaintainedbytheNationalParksService,liketheLincolnMemorialortheJeffersonMemorial,specifically___28___women.Agroupislookingtochangethis___29___.Thegroupiscalled

WhereAreTheWomen?Recently,itsuccessfullycampaignedtohavestatuesofwomen’srightspioneersSusanB.AnthonyandElizabethCadyStantonaddedtoNewYork’sCentralPark.Thepark,___30___,hadnostatuesofnon-fictionalwomenonitsgrounds.The___31___ofwomen’srepresentationposesaproblem.Leavingtheirstoriesoutfrompublicart___32___thesignificantrolesthatwomenhaveplayedinhistory.Currently,fewofthestatuesthatdoshowwomenoncitystreetsare___33___historicfigures.Instead,womenoftenappearasarchetypes.Theyaresymbolsofabstractconcepts.Ortheyarenamelessfiguresinamemorial.Onecampaignisn’tenoughtosolveongoingissuesofgenderdiscriminationand___34___intheU.S..Butbypressingtohonorrealwomenfromhistory,citiescanrestorethemtoastorythathas_____35_____themforsolong.Afterall,asitstandsnow,onlyfivepublicstatuesofhistoricwomenremaininNewYorkCity.ThestatuesareofJoanofArc,GoldaMeir,GertrudeStein,EleanorRooseveltandHarrietTubman.26.A.style B.material C.size D.gender27.A.men B.women C.leaders D.politician28.A.contributesto B.devotesto C.focuseson D.dependson29.A.ratio B.unfairness C.prejudice D.reality30.A.particularly B.notoriously C.deliberately D.exclusively31.A.existence B.ignorance C.lack D.absence32.A.hidesaway B.takesaway C.putsaway D.clearaway33.A.modeledon B.basedon C.developedfrom D.derivedfrom34.A.poverty B.bias C.inequality D.gap35.A.shadowed B.faked C.concealed D.ignored【答案】26.D27.B28.C29.A30.B31.C32.B33.A34.C35.D【解析】【分析】這是一篇新聞報道。文章講述了，從美國公眾雕像中缺乏女性形象可以看出美國社會中持續(xù)存在的性別歧視和不平等問題。【26題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：就是他們的性別。A.style風(fēng)格；B.material材料；C.size尺寸；D.gender性別。由下文的ThemajorityofpublicstatuesintheUnitedStatesareofmen可知，美國公眾雕像的性別是男性。故選D項?！?7題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：在全美展出的5193座描繪歷史人物的公共雕像中，只有394座是女性。A.men男人；B.women女人；C.leaders領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者；D.politician政客。由上文的ThemajorityofpublicstatuesintheUnitedStatesareofmen可知，美國公眾雕像大部分是男性，只有少數(shù)是女性。故選B項?！?8題詳解】考查動詞短語辨析。句意：加上這個數(shù)字，國家公園管理局維護的44個紀念館，如林肯紀念堂或杰斐遜紀念館，都沒有一個特別關(guān)注女性。A.contributesto導(dǎo)致；B.devotesto致力于；C.focuseson關(guān)注；D.dependson依靠。由上文語境可知，美國公眾雕像只有少數(shù)是女性，可推斷出44個紀念館中也不怎么關(guān)注女性。故選C項?！?9題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：一個團體正在尋求改變這個比例。A.ratio比率；B.unfairness不公平；C.prejudice偏見；D.reality現(xiàn)實。由上文語境可知，美國公共雕像中，男女性別比例差距太大，此處指一個團體想要改變這個不平等的比例。故選A項?！?0題詳解】考查副詞詞義辨析。句意：眾所周知，公園里沒有非虛構(gòu)的女性雕像。A.particularly尤其；B.notoriously眾所周知地；C.deliberately故意地；D.exclusively排他地。由下文語境可知，美國社會把女性從公共藝術(shù)中抹去，城市街道上展示女性的雕像中，很少有是模仿歷史人物的，說明紐約中央公園眾所周知只有虛構(gòu)的女性雕像。故選B項?！?1題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：缺乏婦女代表性是一個問題。A.existence存在；B.ignorance無知；C.lack缺乏；D.absence缺席。由下文的Leavingtheirstoriesoutfrompublicart可知，美國社會把女性從公共藝術(shù)中抹去，說明了缺乏婦女代表性的問題。故選C項。32題詳解】考查動詞短語辨析。句意：把她們的故事從公共藝術(shù)中抹去，就剝奪了女性在歷史上所扮演的重要角色。A.hidesaway躲開；B.takesaway奪走；C.putsaway收起；D.clearaway收拾餐具。由本處語境可知，此處指把女性從公共藝術(shù)中抹去，就會剝奪女性在歷史上所扮演的重要角色，忽視女性的作用。故選B項?！?3題詳解】考查動詞短語辨析。句意：目前，在城市街道上展示女性的雕像中，很少有是模仿歷史人物的。A.modeledon仿照；B.basedon根據(jù)；C.developedfrom從……中發(fā)展；D.derivedfrom源于。由上文語境可知，紐約中央公園眾所周知只有虛構(gòu)的女性雕像，把女性從公共藝術(shù)中抹去，就會剝奪女性在歷史上所扮演的重要角色和下文的theyarenamelessfiguresinamemorial可知，說明城市街道上展示的女性雕像，很少是模仿歷史人物的。故選A項?！?4題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：一場運動不足以解決美國持續(xù)存在的性別歧視和不平等問題。A.poverty貧窮；B.bias偏見；C.inequality不平等；D.gap差距。由全文語境可知，本文從美國公眾雕像中缺乏女性形象可以看出美國社會中持續(xù)存在的性別歧視和不平等問題。故選C項?！?5題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：但通過敦促人們尊重歷史上真正的女性，城市可以讓她們重回一個長期以來忽視她們的故事。A.shadowed跟蹤；B.faked偽造；C.concealed隱藏；D.ignored忽視。由全文語境可知，美國公眾雕像中缺乏女性形象，把女性從公共藝術(shù)中抹去，剝奪女性在歷史上的重要作用，說明女性長期以來是被忽視的。故選D項。(B)Supposethat54.3percentofyourcountry’spopulationhadcancer.Thatfiguremightsetoffanationwide___36___—asearchforsomethingwrongwithpeople’sdiet,theenvironment,aciditylevels.Infact,that’sthepercentageofAmericanswhoshowapositiveskinresponsetooneormoreallergens.The___37___ofallergy—sneezing,itching,rashes—aresignsofanimmunesystemrunningamok,attackingforeigninvaders—allergens—thatmeannoharm.Allergies___38___kill.Theyjustmakethesufferermiserable—sometimesforbriefperiods,andsometimesforlife.Allergiesareessentiallyanepidemicofmodernity.Ascountriesbecomemoreindustrialized,thepercentageofpopulationaffectedbythemtendstogrowhigher.ThereareremoteareasofSouthAmericaorAfricawhereallergiesarevirtually___39___.Here’showanallergydevelops:Oneday,abodyisexposedtoaproteininsomethingthatseemsperfectly____40____—thewheatflour,say,inahome-bakedmuffin.Butforsomeunclearreason,thebodylooksattheproteinandseestrouble.Therewillbeno___41___atfirst,butthebodyisremembering—andplanning.ThatfirstexposurecausestheimmunesystemtoproduceanantibodycalledIgE(immunoglobulinE).ThenIgEantibodiesattachtocertaincells,calledmastcells,intissuethroughoutthebody.Theretheystaylike___42___soldierswaitingforwar.Withasecondexposure,evenmonthslater,someoftheallergenbindswiththeIgEonthemastcell.Thistimethemastcellreleasesafloodof___43___chemicals,whichcauseinflammationanditching.Thereis,unquestionably,a___44___componenttoallergies.Achildwithoneasthmaticparenthasagoodchanceofdevelopingthecondition.Ifbothparentshaveasthma,thechanceofoccurrenceincreases.Still,theriseinallergiesistoorapidtobeexplained____45____bygenetics.“Thegeneticpoolcan’tchangethatmuchinsuchashorttime,”saysDonaldLeung,directorofanallergy-immunologyprogramintheU.S.“Therehavetobeenvironmentaland___46___factorsaswell.”Dozensoftheorieshaveblamedeveryonefromurbanlandscapersfor___47___maleplants(theonesthatproducepollen),towomenwhodon’tbreastfeed.Breastfeeding,thetheorygoes,confersgreaterprotectionagainstallergies.Anotherprobablefactor:diet.“Reducedfreshfruitandvegetableintake,moreprocessedfood,fewerantioxidants,andlowintakeofsomeminerals—theseareallshowntobea___48___,”saysprofessorofmedicineHaroldNelson,consideredoneoftheforemostexpertsonallergiesintheU.S.Anotherprimeculprit:environmentalpollutants.Exactlywhatpollutantsandinwhatquantitiesarea___49___ofheateddebate.Oneofdozensofexamples:Childrenwhoareraisednearmajorhighwaysandareexposedtodieselfumesfromtrucksregistera(n)___50___sensitivitytoallergenstheyalreadyreactto.36.A.awareness B.shame C.panic D.campaign37.A.causes B.diagnosis C.features D.manifestation38.A.absolutely B.rarely C.normally D.randomly39.A.prevalent B.nonexistent C.available D.extinct40.A.harmless B.popular C.nutritious D.common41.A.warns B.unease C.symptoms D.mistakes42.A.brave B.sophisticated C.wary D.skillful43.A.infectious B.poisonous C.annoying D.irritating44A.relative B.hereditary C.occasional D.natural45.A.mainly B.definitely C.necessarily D.solely46.A.behavioral B.human C.social D.emotional47.A.avoiding B.promoting C.planting D.favoring48.A.venture B.reason C.risk D.chance49.A.source B.pool C.focus D.topic50.A.flexible B.mild C.increased D.threatening【答案】36.C37.D38.B39.B40.A41.C42.C43.D44.B45.D46.A47.D48.C49.A50.C【解析】【分析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要講述了過敏的形成及引起過敏的因素。【36題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：那個數(shù)據(jù)可能會引起全國范圍內(nèi)的恐慌。A.awareness意識；B.shame羞愧；C.panic恐慌，驚慌；D.campaign運動。上一句提到“假設(shè)全國有54.3%的人口患有癌癥”及空后“尋找人們的飲食，環(huán)境、酸度水平的問題”可知，此處指這個數(shù)據(jù)會引起“恐慌”，故選C項?！?7題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：過敏癥狀——打噴嚏，瘙癢，皮疹——是免疫系統(tǒng)紊亂，攻擊外來入侵者的信號。A.causes原因；B.diagnosis診斷；C.features特點；D.manifestation表現(xiàn)。根據(jù)“sneezing,itching,rashes”可知，這些是過敏的“表現(xiàn)”，故選D項?！?8題詳解】考查副詞詞義辨析。句意：過敏很少致命。A.absolutely絕對地；B.rarely很少，罕見地；C.normally正常地；D.randomly隨便地。根據(jù)下一句“Theyjustmakethesufferermiserable”可知，過敏“很少”致命，只是讓一些過敏的人生活悲慘，故選B項?！?9題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：在南美洲或者非洲有一些偏遠地區(qū)過敏實際上不存在。A.prevalent普遍的，流行的；B.nonexistent不存在的；C.available可獲得的，可利用的；D.extinct滅絕的。上文提到“過敏實質(zhì)上是現(xiàn)代的流行病。國家變得越工業(yè)化，被過敏影響的人口比例就越高”，所以在南美洲或者非洲的偏遠地區(qū)應(yīng)是“不存在”，故選B項?！?0題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：一天，身體接觸了看起來完全無害的蛋白質(zhì)。A.harmless無害的；B.popular流行的，受歡迎的；C.nutritious有營養(yǎng)的；D.common普通的。根據(jù)“thewheatflour,say,inahome-bakedmuffin”及下一句的轉(zhuǎn)折詞But和“thebodylooksattheproteinandseestrouble”可知，此處指蛋白質(zhì)看起來“無害”，故選A項?！?1題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：起初不會有癥狀，但是身體記得——并且計劃著。A.warns警告；B.unease不安，憂慮；C.symptoms癥狀；D.mistakes錯誤。本段主要講過敏是如何引起的，結(jié)合空后的轉(zhuǎn)折可知，此處指起初沒有“癥狀”，故選C項?！?2題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：它們在那兒像等待戰(zhàn)爭的機警的戰(zhàn)士一樣。A.brave勇敢的；B.sophisticated復(fù)雜的，老練的；C.wary機警的，留神的；D.skillful熟練的，有技巧的。根據(jù)“waitingforwar”可知，此處指“機警的”戰(zhàn)士，故選C項?！?3題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：這時肥大細胞釋放出大量的刺激性化學(xué)物質(zhì)，引起炎癥和瘙癢。A.infectious傳染的；B.poisonous有毒的；C.annoying討厭的，惱人的；D.irritating刺激性的，激怒的。根據(jù)“whichcauseinflammationanditching”可知，肥大細胞會釋放“刺激性的”化學(xué)物質(zhì)，引起炎癥和瘙癢，故選D項。【44題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：毫無疑問，過敏有遺傳成分。A.relative相關(guān)的；B.hereditary遺傳的；C.occasional偶然的；D.natural天然的。根據(jù)下文“父母中有一方得哮喘，孩子過敏的幾率更大”可知，此處指“遺傳的”成分，故選B項?！?5題詳解】考查副詞詞義辨析。句意：還有，過敏增加得太快而不能僅僅通過基因解釋。A.mainly主要地；B.definitely肯定，當然；C.necessarily必要地；D.solely單獨地，僅僅。根據(jù)下一句“基因庫不能在如此短的時間內(nèi)改變那么多”及“Therehavetobeenvironmentaland___11___factorsaswell.”可知，此處指不能“僅僅”通過基因解釋。故選D項。【46題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：也必須有環(huán)境和行為方面的因素。A.behavioral行為的，行為方面的；B.human人類的；C.social社會的；D.emotional情感的。根據(jù)下一句“urbanlandscapersfor___12___maleplants”及“womenwhodon’tbreastfeed”可知，下文列舉了景觀設(shè)計師和一些女性的行為，所以此處指“行為方面的”因素，故選A項?！?7題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：很多理論把過敏歸咎于每個人，從支持雄株（產(chǎn)生花粉的植物）的城市景觀設(shè)計師到不用母乳喂養(yǎng)的女性。A.avoiding避免；B.promoting提升，促進；C.planting種植；D.favoring支持，贊成。根據(jù)“maleplants(theonesthatproducepollen)”并結(jié)合常識可知，花粉會造成過敏，所以很多理論譴責(zé)景觀設(shè)計師是因為他們“支持”產(chǎn)生花粉的雄株，故選D項?！?8題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：這些都被表明是一種風(fēng)險。A.venture冒險；B.reason理由；C.risk風(fēng)險，危險；D.chance機會。根據(jù)本段首句“Anotherprobablefactor:diet.”可知，本段是講述另一種可能的因素——飲食，結(jié)合“Reducedfreshfruitandvegetableintake,moreprocessedfood,fewerantioxidants,andlowintakeofsomeminerals”可知，減少新鮮水果和蔬菜的攝入，更多加工食品，更少的抗氧化劑和礦物質(zhì)的低攝入都是可能造成過敏的“風(fēng)險”因素，故選C項?！?9題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：究竟何種污染以及多大的量則是討論的熱點。A.source來源，源頭；B.pool游泳池，池塘；C.focus焦點；D.topic話題。根據(jù)上一句可知，上文提到導(dǎo)致過敏的另一個元兇：環(huán)境污染物，此處指何種污染物以及多大的量引起了激烈的討論，asourceof意為“……的來源，……的原因”，符合語境，故選A項。50題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析，句意：住在主要干道附近和接觸卡車排出的柴油煙霧的孩子對過敏原顯示出提高的敏感性。A.flexible靈活的；B.mild溫和的，輕微的；C.increased增加的，提高的；D.threatening威脅性的，危險的。根據(jù)“Childrenwhoareraisednearmajorhighwaysandareexposedtodieselfumesfromtrucks”并結(jié)合常識可推知，住在主要干道附近和接觸卡車排出的柴油煙霧的孩子受到環(huán)境污染物的影響，應(yīng)是更容易過敏，所以對過敏原顯示出“提高的”敏感性。故選C項。IV.ReadingcomprehensionSectionA(10分)Directions:(YouaregoingtoreadfourreviewofasciencedocumentaryseriesonTV.Forquestions1-10,choosefromthereviews(A-D).Thereviewsmaybechosenmorethanonce.)ReviewsofTVsciencedocumentaryseriesPaulHansenlooksatthelatestscienceprogrammes.AScienceforAllFortunatelyformeandnon-scientistseverywhere,themakersofScienceforAllaretheretoplugthegapsinourknowledge.Theseriesisratherlikeaknowledgeableparentwhodoesn’tmindbeingpesteredbywide-eyedandcuriouschildren:Ittakesthetimetoexplainallthosefascinatingmysteriesofnatureinanentertainingandunderstandableway.Thelastseriesopenedmyeyestoallmannerofinterestingfactsanddemystifiedsomeoftheproblemsfacedbymodernphysics.Andthenewseriesshownolackofinspirationforsubjectstotackle:everythingfromtheexistenceoflifeonotherplanetstotheoddpropertiesofhumanmemoryarerightlyconsideredsuitablesubjects.So,whileit’sashamethatfactualprogramsaregettingincreasinglyscarcethesedays,it’sacomfortthatScienceforAllshowsnosignsofdippinginqualityordisappearingfrompublicview.BOutinSpaceAlthoughIwasn’texpectingmuchfromthisseries,I’mpleasedthattheproducersofOutinSpacepersistedwiththeirunpromisingsubject.Inthecourseofthefirstprogramwelearnabouthurricanes,deserts,andevenhowtheMoonwasmade;abewilderingmixofphenomenathat,wewereassured,wereallcausedbyeventsbeyondourplanets’atmosphere.That’snottosaytheprogramexploredtheminanygreatdetail,preferringtoskipbreathlesslyfromonetothenext.Theessentiallogicoftheseriesseemedtobethatifyoutakeanynaturalphenomenonandask“why?”enoughtimes,theanswerwilleventuallybethatit’ssomethingtodowithspace.Thetwopresentersattemptedtogetitalltofittogether,bytakingpartinexcitingactivities.Sadly,theseonlyoccasionallysucceeded.CStarsandPlanetsThesecondseriesofStarsandPlanetsisanattempttotakeadvantageofthesuccessofthefirst,whichunexpectedgainedasubstantialgeneralaudience.Likeitspredecessor,thisisbigonamazingphotographyandfabulousgraphics,mostofwhicharemuchlesssuccessfulatcommunicatingtheimmensityoftheideasinvolvedthanonehumanbeingtalkingtoyoudirectly.Thistimethescopeisgivenwider,astronomicallyspeaking.Whatwearebeingintroducedtohereareambitiousideasabouttimeandspace,andthepresentersucceedsratherbetterthanyoumightexpect.Ithelpsthathedoesn’tgotoodeep,asonceyoustartthinkingaboutitthisistrickystufftogetyourheadaround.Thepointofsuchprogramsislesstoexplaineverydetailthantoarouseageneralizedsenseofamazementthatmightleadtofurtherthinking,andStarsandPlanetsiscertainlygoodatthat.DRobotTechnologyThisground-breakingsciencedocumentaryseriesfollowsagroupofexpertsastheyattempttobuildacompleteartificialhumanfromroboticbodyparts.Theprojectseesscientistsusethelatesttechnologyfromtheworld’smostrenownedresearchcentersandmanufacturers.Itistherealizationofalong-helddreamtocreateahumanfrommanufacturedparts,usingeverythingfrombionicarmsandmechanicalhearts,eyeimplantsandmicrochipbrains.Theseriesexplorestowhatextentmoderntechnologyiscapableofreplacingbodyparts—orevenimprovingtheirabilities.Thepresenter,veryappropriately,hasanartificialhandhimself.Thisambitiousseriesgivesusaguidedtourofthewondersofmoderntechnology.Thoughitcanbeaslightlyupsettingjourneyattimes,itengagestheaudienceinarevolutionthatischangingthefaceofmedicine.Inwhichreviewdoesitsaythat:51.aneffortwasmadetoconnectanumberofunrelatedissues?52.thetopicscoveredarewellchosen?53.viewersareshownhowsciencecanoccasionallydobetterthannature?54.theseriesdealswithsomethingpeoplehavehopedtoachieveforawhile?55.theseriesunfortunatelydidn’tspendalotoftimeexplainingthetopicscovered?56.viewersareclearlyinformed?57.it’sgoodthatviewersarenotrequiredtoconsiderallaspectsofthesubjectcarefully?58.theserieswasworthmakingdespitethetopicnotappearingveryinterestingatfirst?59.viewersmaynotalwaysfindtheseriescomfortabletowatch?60.theseriesachievesitsaimsbyastonishingitsviewers?【答案】51.B52.A53.D54.D55.B56.A57.C58.B59.D60.C【解析】【分析】文章是應(yīng)用文，主要是關(guān)于科學(xué)記錄片的四個回顧?！?1題詳解】小題意思是“努力把不相關(guān)的問題聯(lián)系起來”，符合B中說到的“Theessentiallogicoftheseriesseemedtobethatifyoutakeanynaturalphenomenonandask“why?”enoughtimes,theanswerwilleventuallybethatit’ssomethingtodowithspace.”這個系列的基本邏輯似乎是，如果你對任何自然現(xiàn)象問“為什么?”“很多次，答案最終會是，這與空間有關(guān)。文章說到無論說什么都會和空間聯(lián)系起來，所以符合第一小題。故選B項?！?2題詳解】小題意思是“所涵蓋的主題都選得很好”，A中說到“everythingfromtheexistenceoflifeonotherplanetstotheoddpropertiesofhumanmemoryarerightlyconsideredsuitablesubjects.”從其他星球上是否有生命存在到人類記憶的奇怪特性，一切都被正確地認為是合適的主題。所以這里是主題都選得很好。故選A項。【53題詳解】小題意思是“在哪一個回顧中觀眾可以看到，科學(xué)有時可以比自然做得更好”。D中提到“Theseriesexplorestowhatextentmoderntechnologyiscapableofreplacingbodyparts—orevenimprovingtheirabilities.”這個系列探索了現(xiàn)代科技在多大程度上可以替換身體的部分，甚至提高他們的能力。可知，現(xiàn)代科技可以替換身體部分，強調(diào)科技的先進。故選D項?！?4題詳解】小題意思是“哪個系列涉及的是人們一直以來希望實現(xiàn)的目標”。D中提到“Itistherealizationofalong-helddreamtocreateahumanfrommanufacturedparts,”它實現(xiàn)了一個長期以來的夢想，用人造零件創(chuàng)造出人類。所以這里D涉及了人們一直以來希望實現(xiàn)的目標。故選D項?！?5題詳解】小題意思是“哪個系列并沒有花很多時間來解釋所涉及的主題”。B中提到“That’snottosaytheprogramexploredtheminanygreatdetail,preferringtoskipbreathlesslyfromonetothenext.”這并不是說，這個項目探索了任何偉大的細節(jié)，寧愿從一個跳到下一個?？芍狟系列沒有討論細節(jié)，所以沒有花時間解釋主題。故選B項。56題詳解】小題意思是“哪個系列中觀眾被清楚地告知”。A中提到“Fortunatelyformeandnon-scientistseverywhere,themakersofScienceforAllaretheretoplugthegapsinourknowledge.”對我和其他地方的非科學(xué)家來說，幸運的是，為所有人創(chuàng)造科學(xué)的人在那里填補我們知識的空白。提到了觀眾是非科學(xué)家。故選A項?！?7題詳解】小題意思是“觀眾不需要仔細考慮主題的所有方面，這很好”。C中提到“Thepointofsuchprogramsislesstoexplain